@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Carol Berkower and Abigail Ulman and Alex Reich", title = "Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "As the effects of climate change become more widespread and significant, communities least able to respond are bearing the largest burden. In the United States, communities disadvantaged by a legacy of racial segregation and environmental injustice struggle with disparate health outcomes, are vulnerable to the effects of climate change (e.g., severe flooding in low-lying areas and extreme heat in urban neighborhoods), and lack sufficient resources to recover from and rebuild for resilience against future events.\nOn October 12 and 14, 2021, the 2-day virtual workshop \"Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity - A New Vision\" brought together environmental health experts, resilience practitioners, climate scientists, and people with lived experience to discuss the disproportionate impact of climate change on communities experiencing health disparities and environmental injustice. During the workshop, the first in a four-part series, 41 speakers shared their perspectives on the topic and suggested specific actions that decision-makers can take to address the intersecting crises of climate change and health inequity. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26435/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-proceedings-of-a-workshop", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Anne Johnson and Alex Reich", title = "Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity—State-Level Implementation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "Because of historic and ongoing discriminatory policies and practices, certain populations - namely people of color, Indigenous people, and low-income communities - disproportionately suffer from the adverse impacts of extreme weather and other disasters that are exacerbated by climate change. To examine actions that could help improve climate-related health outcomes in disproportionately impacted communities, the Environmental Health Matters Initiative, a program spanning all major units of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, convened a two-day workshop Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity - State-Level Implementation on May 24 and 26, 2022. The workshop brought together representatives from state and federal agencies, universities, community-based organizations, state and national advocacy organizations, foundations, and private sector organizations. This publication highlights the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26693/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-state-level-implementation-proceedings", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Anne Johnson and Audrey Thévenon and Sabina Vadnais", title = "Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Lessons Learned in Addressing Inequities in Heat-Related Climate Change Impacts: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "Extreme heat is a pervasive and critical hazard of climate change. While heat poses a significant threat to large swaths of the human population, it is not affecting all people or all communities equally. To explore what it takes to prevent and mitigate inequitable health impacts from extreme heat, the National Academies Environmental Health Matters Initiative (EHMI) organized a workshop on June 20-21, 2023, titled Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Lessons Learned in Addressing Inequities in Heat-Related Climate Change Impacts.\nThe workshop was the third in a series of EHMI events exploring the state of knowledge about climate-related health disparities. This hybrid event convened people with lived experience in communities affected by extreme heat; experts in environmental health, economic, and racial justice; climate scientists; energy specialists; and people involved in sustainable planning and disaster relief. Through presentations, shared stories, and interactive discussions, participants explored real-world challenges related to extreme heat, along with actions being pursued to prevent, adapt to, or mitigate the health consequences.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27204/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-lessons-learned-in-addressing-inequities-in-heat-related-climate-change-impacts", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Christine Gerencher and Anne Johnson", title = "How We Move Matters: Exploring the Connections Between New Transportation and Mobility Options and Environmental Health: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "Recent years have brought dramatic changes to the ways people and goods move around their communities. Many of these changes have important ramifications - for better or worse - for human health, equity, pollution, and climate. The workshop How We Move Matters: Exploring the Connections Between New Transportation and Mobility Options and Environmental Health, held over three virtual sessions from July 13-21, 2021, provided a forum to discuss these developments, consider the risks and benefits, and identify opportunities to chart a healthier and more equitable mobility future.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26382/how-we-move-matters-exploring-the-connections-between-new-transportation", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Joe Alper and Andrew Bremer and Anne Linn", title = "Leveraging Advances in Remote Geospatial Technologies to Inform Precision Environmental Health Decisions: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "Leveraging Advances in Remote Geospatial Technologies to Inform Precision Environmental Health Decisions, a virtual workshop held on April 14-15, 2021, explored how advances in geospatial technologies can inform precision environmental health, the targeted public health interventions that reach the right populations at the right time. The workshop was organized by a planning committee of the Standing Committee on the Use of Emerging Science for Environmental Health Decisions, a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine program\nthat examines and discusses issues regarding the use of new science, tools, and methodologies for environmental health research and decisions. The workshop included plenary and scientific presentations that focused on technical advances and applications of remote\ngeospatial technologies in environmental health. The workshop was organized around three main sessions: leveraging geospatial technologies to advance environmental justice and health equity; personalizing exposure science to improve environmental health; and geospatial science for preparing for and responding to environmental disasters. The workshop's final session centered on breakout discussions on major cross-cutting themes including data availability; data integration;\ntraining and capacity building; and privacy and ethics.\nThis publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26265/leveraging-advances-in-remote-geospatial-technologies-to-inform-precision-environmental-health-decisions", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Engineering and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "New Directions for Chemical Engineering", isbn = "978-0-309-26842-4", abstract = "Over the past century, the work of chemical engineers has helped transform societies and the lives of individuals, from the synthetic fertilizers that helped feed the world to the development of novel materials used in fuels, electronics, medical devices, and other products. Chemical engineers' ability to apply systems-level thinking from molecular to manufacturing scales uniquely positions them to address today\u2019s most pressing problems, including climate change and the overuse of resources by a growing population.\nNew Directions for Chemical Engineering details a vision to guide chemical engineering research, innovation, and education over the next few decades. This report calls for new investments in U.S. chemical engineering and the interdisciplinary, cross-sector collaborations necessary to advance the societal goals of transitioning to a low-carbon energy system, ensuring our production and use of food and water is sustainable, developing medical advances and engineering solutions to health equity, and manufacturing with less waste and pollution. The report also calls for changes in chemical engineering education to ensure the next generation of chemical engineers is more diverse and equipped with the skills necessary to address the challenges ahead.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26342/new-directions-for-chemical-engineering", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Risk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water", isbn = "978-0-309-06292-3", abstract = "The Safe Drinking Water Act directs the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate the quality of drinking water, including its concentration of radon, an acknowledged carcinogen.\nThis book presents a valuable synthesis of information about the total inhalation and ingestion risks posed by radon in public drinking water, including comprehensive reviews of data on the transfer of radon from water to indoor air and on outdoor levels of radon in the United States. It also presents a new analysis of a biokinetic model developed to determine the risks posed by ingestion of radon and reviews inhalation risks and the carcinogenesis process. The volume includes scenarios for quantifying the reduction in health risk that might be achieved by a program to reduce public exposure to radon.\nRisk Assessment of Radon in Drinking Water, reflecting research and analysis mandated by 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act, provides comment on a variety of methods to reduce radon entry into homes and to reduce the concentrations of radon in indoor air and in water. The models, analysis, and reviews of literature contained in this book are intended to provide information that EPA will need to set a new maximum contaminant level, as it is required to do in 2000.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6287/risk-assessment-of-radon-in-drinking-water", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Anne Johnson", title = "Toward a Future of Environmental Health Sciences: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "What could the future of environmental health sciences hold, and what steps might be taken now to guide the field's trajectory? To envision a future research enterprise that integrates environmental health sciences, biomedical science, prevention research, and disease-specific research across the continuum from fundamental discovery research through the application of this research to population health, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop titled Towards a Future of Environmental Health Sciences on April 26-27, 2022. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26639/toward-a-future-of-environmental-health-sciences-proceedings-of-a", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Carolyn Whelan and Kaley Beins and Kathryn Z. Guyton", title = "Triangulation in Environmental Epidemiology for EPA Human Health Assessments: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-68670-9", abstract = "Human health risk assessments provide the basis for public health decision-making and chemical regulation in the United States. Three evidence streams generally support the development of human health risk assessments - epidemiology, toxicology, and mechanistic information. Epidemiologic studies are generally the preferred evidence stream for assessing causal relationships during hazard identification. However, the available studies may be limited in scope, subject to bias, or otherwise inadequate to inform causal inferences. In addition, there are challenges in assessing coherence, validity, and reliability during synthesis of individual epidemiological studies with different designs, which in turn affects conclusions on causation.\nTriangulation aims to address the challenge of synthesizing evidence from diverse studies with distinct sources of bias. Bias is a systematic error that leads to inaccurate study results. Tools for assessing risk of bias provide a structured list of questions for systematic consideration of different domains (such as confounding, selective reporting, and conflict of interest). These tools also provide a structured framework for identifying potential sources of bias and informing judgments on individual studies. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to understand and explore triangulation and opportunities to use the practice to enhance the EPA's human health assessments. The workshop was held virtually on May 9 and 11, 2022. This publication summarizes the key presentations and discussions conducted during the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26538/triangulation-in-environmental-epidemiology-for-epa-human-health-assessments-proceedings", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Joe Alper and Alexandra Andrada and Andrew Bremer and Marilee Shelton-Davenport", title = "The Interplay Between Environmental Exposures and Mental Health Outcomes: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "Mounting evidence shows that the environment can play an important role in mental health, yet comparatively few studies have focused on the mental or behavioral health outcomes of environmental stressors. The Interplay Between Environmental Exposures and Mental Health Outcomes, a virtual workshop held on February 2-3, 2021, provided mental health and environmental health research experts from government, academia, and the private sector with the opportunity to explore emerging research on the relationships between environmental exposures and mental health. Workshop presentations covered a broad array of the diverse makeup of environmental exposures, including those that are chemical, biological, or physical, and either natural or human-made in origin. Furthermore, while the historical definition of an environmental exposure refers to a contact that causes a negative health effect, some presenters highlighted how a person's environment can lead to positive mental health outcomes. Workshop participants also discussed approaches to better integrate mental and behavioral health into multidisciplinary considerations of environmental health; considered how mental and behavioral health impacts could become part of environmental risk assessments and public health choices; and highlighted new tools and technologies to assess ways in which the environment can affect mental health. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief provides the rapporteurs' high-level summary of the topics addressed in the workshop and suggestions provided by workshop participants for ways of integrating mental and behavioral health research and environmental research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26201/the-interplay-between-environmental-exposures-and-mental-health-outcomes-proceedings", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Improving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment", isbn = "978-0-309-21883-2", abstract = "Factoring health and related costs into decision making is essential to confronting the nation's health problems and enhancing public well-being. Some policies and programs historically not recognized as relating to health are believed or known to have important health consequences. For example, public health has been linked to an array of policies that determine the quality and location of housing, availability of public transportation, land use and street connectivity, agricultural practices and the availability of various types of food, and development and location of businesses and industry.\nImproving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment offers guidance to officials in the public and private sectors on conducting HIAs to evaluate public health consequences of proposed decisions\u2014such as those to build a major roadway, plan a city's growth, or develop national agricultural policies\u2014and suggests actions that could minimize adverse health impacts and optimize beneficial ones.\nSeveral approaches could be used to incorporate aspects of health into decision making, but HIA holds particular promise because of its applicability to a broad array of programs, consideration of both adverse and beneficial health effects, ability to consider and incorporate various types of evidence, and engagement of communities and stakeholders in a deliberative process. The report notes that HIA should not be assumed to be the best approach to every health policy question but rather should be seen as part of a spectrum of public health and policy-oriented approaches.\nThe report presents a six-step framework for conducting HIA of proposed policies, programs, plans, and projects at federal, state, tribal, and local levels, including within the private sector. In addition, the report identifies several challenges to the successful use of HIA, such as balancing the need to provide timely information with the realities of varying data quality, producing quantitative estimates of health effects, and engaging stakeholders.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13229/improving-health-in-the-united-states-the-role-of-health", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Kavita Berger and Jessica De Mouy and Audrey Thévenon and Sabina Vadnais", title = "Management of Indoor Air and Airborne Pathogens: Proceedings of a Workshop Series–in Brief", abstract = "The presence of virus particles and other contaminants provides unique challenges in indoor air environments, particularly if these contaminants can infect people through respiratory routes. These challenges were emphasized during the COVID-19 pandemic because of the documented human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the air, but they also apply to other airborne pathogens. The Environmental Health Matters Initiative of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a three-part series on Indoor Air Management of Airborne Pathogens to consider the state of knowledge about building management, ventilation, and air cleaning for respiratory airborne pathogens; discuss experiences with management of indoor spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically of schools and public transportation; and suggest mitigation strategies to be adopted to make these spaces safer. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the series.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27316/management-of-indoor-air-and-airborne-pathogens-proceedings-of-a", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Anthony DePinto", title = "Representing Lived Experience in the Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "This new publication presents highlights of a June 2023 workshop that focused on a new geospatial tool developed by the White House Council on Environmental Quality to identify communities experiencing climate and economic burdens. The tool, called the Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool, will be used to guide federal investments to further the White House\u2019s Justice40 Initiative. The workshop explored how well data in the tool represents the lived experiences of historically marginalized and overburdened communities in the United States. \nParticipants included researchers, policy makers and community members from a wide range of regional, cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Topics discussed included potential data gaps, the impact of climate and economic burdens, regional differences in data, historical factors that affect community health and wellbeing, and other inputs to the tool that might help it accurately identify disadvantaged communities.This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27158/representing-lived-experience-in-the-climate-and-economic-justice-screening-tool", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "The Chemistry of Fires at the Wildland-Urban Interface", isbn = "978-0-309-27705-1", abstract = "Wildfires in America are becoming larger, more frequent, and more destructive, driven by climate change and existing land management practices. Many of these fires occur at the wildland-urban interface (WUI), areas where development and wildland areas overlap and which are increasingly at risk of devastating fires as communities continue to expand into previously undeveloped areas. Unlike conventional wildfires, WUI fires are driven in part by burning of homes, cars, and other human-made structures, and in part by burning vegetation. The interaction of these two types of fires can lead to public health effects that are unique to WUI fires.\nThis report evaluates existing and needed chemistry information that decision-makers can use to mitigate WUI fires and their potential health impacts. It describes key fuels of concern in WUI fires, especially household components like siding, insulation, and plastic, examines key pathways for exposure, including inhalation and ingestion, and identifies communities vulnerable to exposures. The report recommends a research agenda to inform response to and prevention of WUI fires, outlining needs in characterizing fuels, and predicting emissions and toxicants.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26460/the-chemistry-of-fires-at-the-wildland-urban-interface", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Ourania Kosti", title = "Long-Term Health Monitoring of Populations Following a Nuclear or Radiological Incident in the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-49263-8", abstract = "Accidents and terrorist attacks that lead to the release of radioactive materials can cause deaths, injuries, and a range of psychosocial effects in the surrounding community and team of emergency responders. In the United States, federal, state, and local agencies respond with the necessary resources to address the consequences of nuclear and radiological incidents and monitor the affected population. Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident and the 2017 Gotham Shield National Level Exercise, the CDC recognized an opportunity to improve their practices by establishing a more efficient and timely health effect surveillance system before another incident occurs. \nOn March 12-13th, 2019, the National Academies convened a workshop to discuss the process for preparing a radiation registry for monitoring long-term health effects of populations affected by a nuclear or radiological incident. Participants assessed existing information, useful practices, and tools for planning a radiation registry that will enhance incident monitoring and response methods. This publication summarizes the discussions and presentations from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25443/long-term-health-monitoring-of-populations-following-a-nuclear-or-radiological-incident-in-the-united-states", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Technical Input on the National Institutes of Health's Draft Supplementary Risk Assessments and Site Suitability Analyses for the National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Boston University: A Letter Report", abstract = "The state of Massachusetts requested that the National Research Council evaluate a draft supplemental risk assessment prepared by the National Institutes of Health (see http:\/\/www.nems.nih.gov\/aspects\/nat_resources\/programs\/nepa2.cfm) associated with a proposed biocontainment laboratory at Boston University. This risk assessment is intended to form the scientific basis for an environmental impact report that was requested by the state. The National Research Council report indicates that the draft does not adequately develop worst case scenarios or alternative site comparisons for the release and spread of a pathogen. While the report commended NIH for working with the community to identify pathogens to include in the scenarios, this process appears to have led to the selection of pathogens that are not representative of a worst case scenario. A more acceptable analysis would have included agents that are readily transmissible and would have demonstrated that the modeling approach used recognizes biological complexities, reflects what is known about disease outbreaks, and is appropriately sensitive to population density. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12073/technical-input-on-the-national-institutes-of-healths-draft-supplementary-risk-assessments-and-site-suitability-analyses-for-the-national-emerging-infectious-diseases-laboratory-boston-university", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Health Risk Considerations for the Use of Unencapsulated Steel Slag", isbn = "978-0-309-70011-5", abstract = "The predominant way of making steel in the United Sates is by using an electric arc furnace (EAF) to melt scrap steel, which results in the formation of a rock-like material called slag. Among its various applications, EAF slag is used in a loose or unencapsulated form as ground cover material for residential landscaping. However, the slag generated from the EAF process can contain toxic metals, which can be hazardous to human and environmental health.This report, conducted at the request of the U.S. EPA, discusses the relative hazard of key EAF slag constituents, the extent to which they may be released into the environment, and important aspects in assessing human exposures and risk. Due to uncertainties in the current evidence stream, the report was unable to make an overall characterization of risk related to unencapsulated EAF slag use in the United States and cautions against making generalizations from conclusions in published risk assessments. The report also identifies research needs to better understand factors considered to have the potential to contribute to the highest risks from the use of unencapsulated EAF slag, such as human exposure to dust particles that may be released over time from applied slag.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26881/health-risk-considerations-for-the-use-of-unencapsulated-steel-slag", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy", isbn = "978-0-309-26468-6", abstract = "From the use of personal products to our consumption of food, water, and air, people are exposed to a wide array of agents each day\u2014many with the potential to affect health. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy investigates the contact of humans or other organisms with those agents (that is, chemical, physical, and biologic stressors) and their fate in living systems. The concept of exposure science has been instrumental in helping us understand how stressors affect human and ecosystem health, and in efforts to prevent or reduce contact with harmful stressors. In this way exposure science has played an integral role in many areas of environmental health, and can help meet growing needs in environmental regulation, urban and ecosystem planning, and disaster management.\nExposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy explains that there are increasing demands for exposure science information, for example to meet needs for data on the thousands of chemicals introduced into the market each year, and to better understand the health effects of prolonged low-level exposure to stressors. Recent advances in tools and technologies\u2014including sensor systems, analytic methods, molecular technologies, computational tools, and bioinformatics\u2014have provided the potential for more accurate and comprehensive exposure science data than ever before. This report also provides a roadmap to take advantage of the technologic innovations and strategic collaborations to move exposure science into the future.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13507/exposure-science-in-the-21st-century-a-vision-and-a", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Building Confidence in New Evidence Streams for Human Health Risk Assessment: Lessons Learned from Laboratory Mammalian Toxicity Tests", isbn = "978-0-309-70077-1", abstract = "As part of its core mission, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tasked with assessing the hazards and risks to human health from exposure to pollutants. While some pollutants are well studied, there are little or no data on the potential health effects for many thousands of chemicals that can make their way into the environment, such as PFAS. EPA still relies on laboratory mammalian studies as the foundation of most human health risk assessments, which are limited by high costs, long timelines, and other concerns. New approach methods (NAMs) in toxicology, for example new in vivo and in vitro strategies and computational systems biology, offer opportunities to inform timely decision-making when no data are available from laboratory mammalian toxicity tests or epidemiological studies. NAMs may also help inform efforts to protect susceptible and vulnerable populations by characterizing subtle health perturbations, better encompassing genetic diversity, and accounting for nonchemical stressors.\nWhile the promise and need for NAMs is clear, many barriers to their use remain. This report aims to bridge the gap between the potential of NAMs and their practical application in human health risk assessment. Building Confidence in New Evidence Streams for Human Health Risk Assessment draws lessons learned from laboratory mammalian toxicity tests to help inform approaches for building scientific confidence in NAMs and for incorporating such data into risk assessment and decision-making. Overall, the report recommendations aim to ensure a seamless handoff from the evaluation of NAM-based testing strategies in the laboratory to the incorporation of NAM data into modern, systematic-review-based risk assessments.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26906/building-confidence-in-new-evidence-streams-for-human-health-risk-assessment", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Future of Spatial Data and Society: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-05735-6", abstract = "Public and private institutions are committing resources and making important long-term decisions concerning the collection, management, and use of spatial data. Although these actions are influenced by current pressures, priorities, and opportunities, their ultimate success depends on how these spatial data activities will be relevant to future needs and demands.\nThe Mapping Science Committee, in cooperation with the Federal Geographic Data Committee, convened a workshop in April 1996 to examine societal and technological changes that might occur within the next 15 years. The purpose was to consider within the context of spatial data activities a series of long-term visions and to identify societal forces and changes that would make those visions more or less likely. The workshop provided a framework for thinking about the future of U.S. spatial data activities.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5581/the-future-of-spatial-data-and-society-summary-of-a", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }