%0 Book %A National Research Council %A National Research Council %T Science, Medicine, and Animals: A Circle of Discovery: Teacher's Guide %@ 978-0-309-10117-2 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11564/science-medicine-and-animals-a-circle-of-discovery-teachers-guide %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11564/science-medicine-and-animals-a-circle-of-discovery-teachers-guide %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Education %P 23 %X Science, Medicine, and Animals explains the role that animals play in biomedical research and the ways in which scientists, governments, and citizens have tried to balance the experimental use of animals with a concern for all living creatures. An accompanying Teacher’s Guide is available to help teachers of middle and high school students use Science, Medicine, and Animals in the classroom. As students examine the issues in Science, Medicine, and Animals, they will gain a greater understanding of the goals of biomedical research and the real-world practice of the scientific method in general. Science, Medicine, and Animals and the Teacher’s Guide were written by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and published by the National Research Council of the National Academies. The report was reviewed by a committee made up of experts and scholars with diverse perspectives, including members of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institutes of Health, the Humane Society of the United States, and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The Teacher’s Guide was reviewed by members of the National Academies’ Teacher Associates Network. Science, Medicine, and Animals is recommended by the National Science Teacher’s Association NSTA Recommends. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Olson, Steve %T Strengthening High School Chemistry Education Through Teacher Outreach Programs: A Workshop Summary to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable %@ 978-0-309-12859-9 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12533/strengthening-high-school-chemistry-education-through-teacher-outreach-programs-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12533/strengthening-high-school-chemistry-education-through-teacher-outreach-programs-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 70 %X A strong chemical workforce in the United States will be essential to the ability to address many issues of societal concern in the future, including demand for renewable energy, more advanced materials, and more sophisticated pharmaceuticals. High school chemistry teachers have a critical role to play in engaging and supporting the chemical workforce of the future, but they must be sufficiently knowledgeable and skilled to produce the levels of scientific literacy that students need to succeed. To identify key leverage points for improving high school chemistry education, the National Academies' Chemical Sciences Roundtable held a public workshop, summarized in this volume, that brought together representatives from government, industry, academia, scientific societies, and foundations involved in outreach programs for high school chemistry teachers. Presentations at the workshop, which was held in August 2008, addressed the current status of high school chemistry education; provided examples of public and private outreach programs for high school chemistry teachers; and explored ways to evaluate the success of these outreach programs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Role of Scientists in the Professional Development of Science Teachers %@ 978-0-309-10372-5 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2310/the-role-of-scientists-in-the-professional-development-of-science-teachers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2310/the-role-of-scientists-in-the-professional-development-of-science-teachers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 256 %X Scientists nationwide are showing greater interest in contributing to the reform of science education, yet many do not know how to begin. This highly readable book serves as a guide for those scientists interested in working on the professional development of K-12 science teachers. Based on information from over 180 professional development programs for science teachers, the volume addresses what kinds of activities work and why. Included are useful examples of programs focusing on issues of content and process in science teaching. The authors present "day-in-a-life" vignettes, along with a suggested reading list, to help familiarize scientists with the professional lives of K-12 science teachers. The book also offers scientists suggestions on how to take first steps toward involvement, how to identify programs that have been determined effective by teachers, and how to become involved in system-wide programs. Discussions on ways of working with teachers on program design, program evaluation, and funding sources are included. Accessible and practical, this book will be a welcome resource for university, institutional, and corporate scientists; teachers; teacher educators; organizations; administrators; and parents. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T High-School Biology Today and Tomorrow %@ 978-0-309-04028-0 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1328/high-school-biology-today-and-tomorrow %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1328/high-school-biology-today-and-tomorrow %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 364 %X Biology is where many of science's most exciting and relevant advances are taking place. Yet, many students leave school without having learned basic biology principles, and few are excited enough to continue in the sciences. Why is biology education failing? How can reform be accomplished? This book presents information and expert views from curriculum developers, teachers, and others, offering suggestions about major issues in biology education: what should we teach in biology and how should it be taught? How can we measure results? How should teachers be educated and certified? What obstacles are blocking reform? %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Scientific and Humane Issues in the Use of Random Source Dogs and Cats in Research %@ 978-0-309-13807-9 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12641/scientific-and-humane-issues-in-the-use-of-random-source-dogs-and-cats-in-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12641/scientific-and-humane-issues-in-the-use-of-random-source-dogs-and-cats-in-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Agriculture %P 118 %X Scientific and Humane Issues in the Use of Random-Source Dogs and Cats in Research examines the value of random-source animals in biomedical research and the role of Class B dealers who acquire and resell live dogs and cats to research institutions. Findings include that, while some random-source dogs and cats may be necessary and desirable for National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded research, there is no clear need to obtain those animals from Class B dealers. Several options for random-source animal acquisition already exist and additional options are recommended, which would further ensure the welfare of these animals and foster a positive public image for NIH. While the scientific community has recognized and responded to concerns for humane treatment of animals in research, government oversight has thus far been unable to fully enforce the Animal Welfare Act in regard to Class B dealers of live animals. Although the animals acquired by Class B dealers are destined for research—and NIH research in particular—the standard of care while in the possession of some Class B dealers requires an inordinate amount of government enforcement and is not commensurate with the policies of most NIH-funded research laboratories. This dichotomy of standards reflects poorly on public perceptions of NIH and jeopardizes animal welfare. This book will be crucial for NIH and other groups using random-source animals in research, including veterinary schools and research facilities. Animal welfare advocates, policy makers, and concerned pet owners will also find this a vital and informative work for reconciling the needs of research with the welfare of animals. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science at Sea: Meeting Future Oceanographic Goals with a Robust Academic Research Fleet %@ 978-0-309-14557-2 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12775/science-at-sea-meeting-future-oceanographic-goals-with-a-robust %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12775/science-at-sea-meeting-future-oceanographic-goals-with-a-robust %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 120 %X The U.S. academic research fleet is an essential national resource, and it is likely that scientific demands on the fleet will increase. Oceanographers are embracing a host of remote technologies that can facilitate the collection of data, but will continue to require capable, adaptable research vessels for access to the sea for the foreseeable future. Maintaining U.S. leadership in ocean research will require investing in larger and more capable general purpose Global and Regional class ships; involving the scientific community in all phases of ship design and acquisition; and improving coordination between agencies that operate research fleets. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat %@ 978-0-309-08340-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10323/effects-of-trawling-and-dredging-on-seafloor-habitat %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10323/effects-of-trawling-and-dredging-on-seafloor-habitat %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Agriculture %P 136 %X Concerns over the potential ecological effects of fishing have increased with the expansion of fisheries throughout the marine waters of the United States. Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat describes how assessment of fishing impacts depends on gear type, number and location of bottom tows, and the physical and biological characteristics of seafloor habitats. Many experimental studies have documented acute, gear--specific effects of trawling and dredging on various types of habitat. These studies indicate that low mobility, long--lived species are more vulnerable to towed fishing gear than short--lived species in areas where the seabed is often disturbed by natural phenomena. Trawling and dredging may also change the composition and productivity of fish communities dependent on seafloor habitats for food and refuge. The scale of these impacts depends on the level of fishing effort. This volume presents color maps of fishing effort for all regions with significant bottom trawl or dredge fisheries -- the first time that such data has been assembled and analyzed for the entire nation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions %@ 978-0-309-10151-6 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11586/state-and-federal-standards-for-mobile-source-emissions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11586/state-and-federal-standards-for-mobile-source-emissions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 362 %X Emissions from mobile sources contribute significantly to air pollution in the United States. Such sources include cars and light- and heavy-duty trucks; diesel-powered cranes, bulldozers, and tractors; and equipment such as lawnmowers that run on small gasoline engines. The role of state versus federal government in establishing mobile-source emissions standards is an important environmental management issue. With this in mind, Congress called on EPA to arrange an independent study of the practices and procedures by which California develops separate emissions standards from the federal government and other states choose to adopt the California standards. The report provides an assessment of the scientific and technical procedures used by states to develop or adopt different emissions standards and a comparison of those policies and practices with those used by EPA. It also considers the impacts of state emissions standards on various factors including compliance costs and emissions. The report concludes that, despite the substantial progress in reducing emissions from mobile sources nationwide, more needs to be done to attain federal air-quality standards in many parts of the country. Additionally, California should continue its pioneering role in setting emissions standards for cars, trucks, and off-road equipment. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The National Geomagnetic Initiative %@ 978-0-309-04977-1 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2238/the-national-geomagnetic-initiative %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2238/the-national-geomagnetic-initiative %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 264 %X This book provides a comprehensive review of geomagnetism and describes the scope of the science and its interdisciplinary importance. It explores a wide range of synergistic linkages in geophysical research and associated applications related to the geomagnetic field, as well as corresponding challenges and opportunities. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Review of Methods for Detecting Soreness in Horses %@ 978-0-309-68374-6 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25949/a-review-of-methods-for-detecting-soreness-in-horses %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25949/a-review-of-methods-for-detecting-soreness-in-horses %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %P 130 %X During the last century and today, the Tennessee walking horse has been used primarily for pleasure and show competition. Unique and natural to the breed is a smooth four-beat "running walk" gait. In the 1950s the accentuated or exaggerated running walk, known as the "big lick" became popular at high-level competitions. The combination of exaggerated high-action step in front and long stride behind is still considered desirable in today's horse show competitions, and it is often achieved through soring. Soring is the practice of applying a substance or mechanical device to the lower limb of a horse that will create enough pain that the horse will exaggerate its gait to relieve the discomfort. In 1970 Congress put into law the Horse Protection Act (HPA) to specifically address the practice of soring by prohibiting the showing, exhibition, or sale of Tennessee walking horses that are found to be sore. Sadly, soring is still being done even after 50 years of HPA enforcement. This report reviews the methods for detecting soreness in horses, in hopes of advancing the goal of ultimately eliminating the act of soring in horses and improving the welfare of Tennessee walking horses. A Review of Methods for Detecting Soreness in Horses examines what is known about the quality and consistency of available methods to identify soreness in horses; identifies potential new and emerging methods, approaches, and technologies for detecting hoof and pastern pain and its causes; and identifies research and technology needs to improve the reliability of methods to detect soreness. This independent study will help ensure that HPA inspection protocols are based on sound scientific principles that can be applied with consistency and objectivity. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations %@ 978-0-309-08609-7 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10511/estimating-the-public-health-benefits-of-proposed-air-pollution-regulations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10511/estimating-the-public-health-benefits-of-proposed-air-pollution-regulations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 187 %X EPA estimates that thousands of premature deaths and cases of illnesses may be avoided by reducing air pollution. At the request of Congress, this report reviews the scientific basis of EPA's methods used in estimating the public health benefits from its air pollution regulations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices %@ 978-0-309-08486-4 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10426/biosolids-applied-to-land-advancing-standards-and-practices %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10426/biosolids-applied-to-land-advancing-standards-and-practices %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Agriculture %P 365 %X The 1993 regulation (Part 503 Rule) governing the land application of biosolids was established to protect public health and the environment from reasonably anticipated adverse effects. Included in the regulation are chemical pollutant limits, operational standards designed to reduce pathogens and the attraction of disease vectors, and management practices. This report from the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology evaluates the technical methods and approaches used by EPA to establish those standards and practices, focusing specifically on human health protection. The report examines improvements in risk-assessment practices and advances in the scientific database since promulgation of the regulation, and makes recommendations for addressing public health concerns, uncertainties, and data gaps about the technical basis of the biosolids standards. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science %@ 978-0-309-06562-7 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10493/living-on-an-active-earth-perspectives-on-earthquake-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10493/living-on-an-active-earth-perspectives-on-earthquake-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 430 %X The destructive force of earthquakes has stimulated human inquiry since ancient times, yet the scientific study of earthquakes is a surprisingly recent endeavor. Instrumental recordings of earthquakes were not made until the second half of the 19th century, and the primary mechanism for generating seismic waves was not identified until the beginning of the 20th century. From this recent start, a range of laboratory, field, and theoretical investigations have developed into a vigorous new discipline: the science of earthquakes. As a basic science, it provides a comprehensive understanding of earthquake behavior and related phenomena in the Earth and other terrestrial planets. As an applied science, it provides a knowledge base of great practical value for a global society whose infrastructure is built on the Earth's active crust. This book describes the growth and origins of earthquake science and identifies research and data collection efforts that will strengthen the scientific and social contributions of this exciting new discipline. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales %@ 978-0-309-12722-6 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5142/natural-climate-variability-on-decade-to-century-time-scales %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5142/natural-climate-variability-on-decade-to-century-time-scales %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 644 %X This volume reflects the current state of scientific knowledge about natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales. It covers a wide range of relevant subjects, including the characteristics of the atmosphere and ocean environments as well as the methods used to describe and analyze them, such as proxy data and numerical models. They clearly demonstrate the range, persistence, and magnitude of climate variability as represented by many different indicators. Not only do natural climate variations have important socioeconomic effects, but they must be better understood before possible anthropogenic effects (from greenhouse gas emissions, for instance) can be evaluated. A topical essay introduces each of the disciplines represented, providing the nonscientist with a perspective on the field and linking the papers to the larger issues in climate research. In its conclusions section, the book evaluates progress in the different areas and makes recommendations for the direction and conduct of future climate research. This book, while consisting of technical papers, is also accessible to the interested layperson.