%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Broadband: Bringing Home the Bits %@ 978-0-309-08273-0 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10235/broadband-bringing-home-the-bits %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10235/broadband-bringing-home-the-bits %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 336 %X Broadband communication expands our opportunities for entertainment, e-commerce and work at home, health care, education, and even e-government. It can make the Internet more useful to more people. But it all hinges on higher capacity in the "first mile" or "last mile" that connects the user to the larger communications network. That connection is often adequate for large organizations such as universities or corporations, but enhanced connections to homes are needed to reap the full social and economic promise. Broadband: Bringing Home the Bits provides a contemporary snapshot of technologies, strategies, and policies for improving our communications and information infrastructure. It explores the potential benefits of broadband, existing and projected demand, progress and failures in deployment, competition in the broadband industry, and costs and who pays them. Explanations of broadband's alphabet soup – HFC, DSL, FTTH, and all the rest – are included as well. The report's finding and recommendations address regulation, the roles of communities, needed research, and other aspects, including implications for the Telecommunications Act of 1996. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Quarantine and Certification of Martian Samples %@ 978-0-309-07571-8 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10138/the-quarantine-and-certification-of-martian-samples %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10138/the-quarantine-and-certification-of-martian-samples %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 92 %X One of the highest-priority activities in the planetary sciences identified in published reports of the Space Studies Board's Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX) and in reports of other advisory groups is the collection and return of extraterrestrial samples to Earth for study in terrestrial laboratories. In response to recommendations made in such studies, NASA has initiated a vigorous program that will, within the next decade, collect samples from a variety of solar system environments. In particular the Mars Exploration Program is expected to launch spacecraft that are designed to collect samples of martian soil, rocks, and atmosphere and return them to Earth, perhaps as early as 2015.International treaty obligations mandate that NASA conduct such a program in a manner that avoids the cross-contamination of both Earth and Mars. The Space Studies Board's 1997 report Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations examined many of the planetary-protection issues concerning the back contamination of Earth and concluded that, although the probability that martian samples will contain dangerous biota is small, it is not zero.1 Steps must be taken to protect Earth against the remote possibility of contamination by life forms that may have evolved on Mars. Similarly, the samples, collected at great expense, must be protected against contamination by terrestrial biota and other matter. Almost certainly, meeting these requirements will entail opening the sample-return container in an appropriate facility on Earth-presumably a BSL-4 laboratory-where testing, biosafety certification, and quarantine of the samples will be carried out before aliquots are released to the scientific community for study in existing laboratory facilities. The nature of the required quarantine facility, and the decisions required for disposition of samples once they are in it, were regarded as issues of sufficient importance and complexity to warrant a study by the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX) in isolation from other topics. (Previous studies have been much broader, including also consideration of the mission that collects samples on Mars and brings them to Earth, atmospheric entry, sample recovery, and transport to the quarantine facility.) The charge to COMPLEX stated that the central question to be addressed in this study is the following: What are the criteria that must be satisfied before martian samples can be released from a quarantine facility? %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Technology Development for Army Unmanned Ground Vehicles %@ 978-0-309-08620-2 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10592/technology-development-for-army-unmanned-ground-vehicles %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10592/technology-development-for-army-unmanned-ground-vehicles %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 180 %X Unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) are expected to play a key role in the Army’s Objective Force structure. These UGVs would be used for weapons platforms, logistics carriers, and reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition among other things. To examine aspects of the Army’s UGV program, assess technology readiness, and identify key issues in implementing UGV systems, among other questions, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct a study of UGV technologies. This report discusses UGV operational requirements, current development efforts, and technology integration and roadmaps to the future. Key recommendations are presented addressing technical content, time lines, and milestones for the UGV efforts. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Sun to the Earth – and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics: Executive Summary %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10588/the-sun-to-the-earth-and-beyond-a-decadal-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10588/the-sun-to-the-earth-and-beyond-a-decadal-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 37 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of the Usefulness and Availability of NASA's Earth and Space Science Mission Data %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10363/assessment-of-the-usefulness-and-availability-of-nasas-earth-and-space-science-mission-data %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10363/assessment-of-the-usefulness-and-availability-of-nasas-earth-and-space-science-mission-data %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 112 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Measurement and Standards Laboratories: Fiscal Year 2002 %@ 978-0-309-08526-7 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10510/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-measurement-and-standards-laboratories %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10510/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-measurement-and-standards-laboratories %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 364 %X This assessment of the technical quality and relevance of the programs of the Measurement and Standards Laboratories of the National Institute of Standards and Technology is the work of the 165 members of the National Research Council's (NRC's) Board on Assessment of NIST Programs and its panels. These individuals were chosen by the NRC for their technical expertise, their practical experience in running research programs, and their knowledge of industry's needs in basic measurements and standards. This assessment addresses the following: The technical merit of the laboratory programs relative to the state of the art worldwide; The effectiveness with which the laboratory programs are carried out and the results disseminated to their customers; The relevance of the laboratory programs to the needs of their customers; and The ability of the laboratories' facilities, equipment, and human resources to enable the laboratories to fulfill their mission and meet their customers' needs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toward New Partnerships In Remote Sensing: Government, the Private Sector, and Earth Science Research %@ 978-0-309-08515-1 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10500/toward-new-partnerships-in-remote-sensing-government-the-private-sector %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10500/toward-new-partnerships-in-remote-sensing-government-the-private-sector %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Space and Aeronautics %P 96 %X The technical, scientific, policy, and institutional environment for conducting Earth science research has been changing rapidly over the past few decades. Changes in the technical environment are due both to the advent of new types and sources of remote sensing data, which have higher spatial and spectral resolution, and to the development of vastly expanded capabilities in data access, visualization, spatial data integration, and data management. The scientific environment is changing because of the strong emphasis on global change research, both nationally and internationally, and the evolving data requirements for that research. And the policy and institutional environment for the production of Earth observation data is changing with the diversification of both remote sensing data and the institutions that produce the data. In this report, the Space Studies Board's Steering Committee on Space Applications and Commercialization explores the implications of this changing environment, examining the opportunities and challenges it presents. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Signs of Life: A Report Based on the April 2000 Workshop on Life Detection Techniques %@ 978-0-309-08306-5 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10265/signs-of-life-a-report-based-on-the-april-2000 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10265/signs-of-life-a-report-based-on-the-april-2000 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 226 %X A workshop to assess the science and technology of life detection techniques was organized by the Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life (COEL) of the Board on Life Sciences (BLS) and the Space Studies Board (SSB). Topics discussed in the workshop included the search for extraterrestrial life in situ and in the laboratory, extant life and the signature of extinct life, and determination of the point of origin (terrestrial or not) of detected organisms. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism %@ 978-0-309-08481-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10415/making-the-nation-safer-the-role-of-science-and-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10415/making-the-nation-safer-the-role-of-science-and-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 440 %X Vulnerabilities abound in U.S. society. The openness and efficiency of our key infrastructures — transportation, information and telecommunications systems, health systems, the electric power grid, emergency response units, food and water supplies, and others — make them susceptible to terrorist attacks. Making the Nation Safer discusses technical approaches to mitigating these vulnerabilities. A broad range of topics are covered in this book, including: Nuclear and radiological threats, such as improvised nuclear devices and "dirty bombs;" Bioterrorism, medical research, agricultural systems and public health; Toxic chemicals and explosive materials; Information technology, such as communications systems, data management, cyber attacks, and identification and authentication systems; Energy systems, such as the electrical power grid and oil and natural gas systems; Transportation systems; Cities and fixed infrastructures, such as buildings, emergency operations centers, and tunnels; The response of people to terrorism, such as how quality of life and morale of the population can be a target of terrorists and how people respond to terrorist attacks; and Linked infrastructures, i.e. the vulnerabilities that result from the interdependencies of key systems. In each of these areas, there are recommendations on how to immediately apply existing knowledge and technology to make the nation safer and on starting research and development programs that could produce innovations that will strengthen key systems and protect us against future threats. The book also discusses issues affecting the government's ability to carry out the necessary science and engineering programs and the important role of industry, universities, and states, counties, and cities in homeland security efforts. A long term commitment to homeland security is necessary to make the nation safer, and this book lays out a roadmap of how science and engineering can assist in countering terrorism. %0 Book %T Munitions Manufacturing: A Call for Modernization %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10351/munitions-manufacturing-a-call-for-modernization %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10351/munitions-manufacturing-a-call-for-modernization %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 207 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Thornburgh, Dick %E Lin, Herbert S. %T Youth, Pornography, and the Internet %@ 978-0-309-08274-7 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10261/youth-pornography-and-the-internet %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10261/youth-pornography-and-the-internet %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Computers and Information Technology %P 480 %X The Internet has changed the way we access the world. This is especially true for kids, who soak up new technologies like eager little sponges. They have access to an enormous array of material, including educational links, sports info, chat rooms—and, unfortunately, pornography. But we must approach our need to protect children with care to avoid placing unnecessary restrictions on the many positive features of the Internet. Youth, Pornography, and the Internet examines approaches to protecting children and teens from Internet pornography, threats from sexual predators operating on-line, and other inappropriate material on the Internet. The National Research Council’s Computer Science and Telecommunications Board explores a number of fundamental questions: Who defines what is inappropriate material? Do we control Internet access by a 17-year-old in the same manner as for a 7-year-old? What is the role of technology and policy in solving such a problem in the context of family, community, and society? The book discusses social and educational strategies, technological tools, and policy options for how to teach children to make safe and appropriate decisions about what they see and experience on the Internet. It includes lessons learned from case studies of community efforts to intervene in kids’ exposure to Internet porn. Providing a foundation for informed debate, this very timely and relevant book will be a must-read for a variety of audiences. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Implications of Emerging Micro- and Nanotechnologies %@ 978-0-309-08623-3 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10582/implications-of-emerging-micro-and-nanotechnologies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10582/implications-of-emerging-micro-and-nanotechnologies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 266 %X Expansion of micro-technology applications and rapid advances in nano-science have generated considerable interest by the Air Force in how these developments will affect the nature of warfare and how it could exploit these trends. The report notes four principal themes emerging from the current technological trends: increased information capability, miniaturization, new materials, and increased functionality. Recommendations about Air Force roles in micro- and nanotechnology research are presented including those areas in which the Air Force should take the lead. The report also provides a number of technical and policy findings and recommendations that are critical for effective development of the Air Force’s micro- and nano-science and technology program %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Information Technology Research, Innovation, and E-Government %@ 978-0-309-08401-7 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10355/information-technology-research-innovation-and-e-government %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10355/information-technology-research-innovation-and-e-government %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 166 %X Governments have done much to leverage information technology to deploy e-government services, but much work remains before the vision of e-government can be fully realized. Information Technology Research, Innovation, and E-government examines the emerging visions for e-government, the technologies required to implement them, and approaches that can be taken to accelerate innovation and the transition of innovative information technologies from the laboratory to operational government systems. In many cases, government can follow the private sector in designing and implementing IT-based services. But there are a number of areas where government requirements differ from those in the commercial world, and in these areas government will need to act on its role as a “demand leader.” Although researchers and government agencies may appear to by unlikely allies in this endeavor, both groups have a shared interest in innovation and meeting future needs. E-government innovation will require addressing a broad array of issues, including organization and policy as well as engineering practice and technology research and development, and each of these issues is considered in the book. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Evaluation of Chemical Events at Army Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities %@ 978-0-309-08629-5 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10574/evaluation-of-chemical-events-at-army-chemical-agent-disposal-facilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10574/evaluation-of-chemical-events-at-army-chemical-agent-disposal-facilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 134 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T For Greener Skies: Reducing Environmental Impacts of Aviation %@ 978-0-309-08337-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10353/for-greener-skies-reducing-environmental-impacts-of-aviation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10353/for-greener-skies-reducing-environmental-impacts-of-aviation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 70 %X Each new generation of commercial aircraft produces less noise and fewer emissions per passenger-kilometer (or ton-kilometer of cargo) than the previous generation. However, the demand for air transportation services grows so quickly that total aircraft noise and emissions continue to increase. Meanwhile, federal, state, and local noise and air quality standards in the United States and overseas have become more stringent. It is becoming more difficult to reconcile public demand for inexpensive, easily accessible air transportation services with concurrent desires to reduce noise, improve local air quality, and protect the global environment against climate change and depletion of stratospheric ozone. This situation calls for federal leadership and strong action from industry and government.U.S. government, industry, and universities conduct research and develop technology that could help reduce aircraft noise and emissions-but only if the results are used to improve operational systems or standards. For example, the (now terminated) Advanced Subsonic Technology Program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) generally brought new technology only to the point where a system, subsystem model, or prototype was demonstrated or could be validated in a relevant environment. Completing the maturation process-by fielding affordable, proven, commercially available systems for installation on new or modified aircraft-was left to industry and generally took place only if industry had an economic or regulatory incentive to make the necessary investment. In response to this situation, the Federal Aviation Administration, NASA, and the Environmental Protection Agency, asked the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board of the National Research Council to recommend research strategies and approaches that would further efforts to mitigate the environmental effects (i.e., noise and emissions) of aviation. The statement of task required the Committee on Aeronautics Research and Technology for Environmental Compatibility to assess whether existing research policies and programs are likely to foster the technological improvements needed to ensure that environmental constraints do not become a significant barrier to growth of the aviation sector. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Safe on Mars: Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Martian Surface %@ 978-0-309-08426-0 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10360/safe-on-mars-precursor-measurements-necessary-to-support-human-operations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10360/safe-on-mars-precursor-measurements-necessary-to-support-human-operations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 64 %X This study, commissioned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), examines the role of robotic exploration missions in assessing the risks to the first human missions to Mars. Only those hazards arising from exposure to environmental, chemical, and biological agents on the planet are assessed. To ensure that it was including all previously identified hazards in its study, the Committee on Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Surface of Mars referred to the most recent report from NASA's Mars Exploration Program/ Payload Analysis Group (MEPAG) (Greeley, 2001). The committee concluded that the requirements identified in the present NRC report are indeed the only ones essential for NASA to pursue in order to mitigate potential hazards to the first human missions to Mars. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Assessment of Precision Time and Time Interval Science and Technology %@ 978-0-309-08522-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10541/an-assessment-of-precision-time-and-time-interval-science-and-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10541/an-assessment-of-precision-time-and-time-interval-science-and-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Space and Aeronautics %P 88 %X Knowledge of time is essential to precise knowledge of location, and for this reason the Navy, with its need to navigate on the high seas, has historically played an important role in the development and application of advanced time realization and dissemination technologies. Discoveries coming from basic research funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) lie at the heart of today's highest performance atomic clocks, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) expertise played a role in developing the space-qualified atomic clocks that enable the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) maintains and disseminates the standard of time for all of the Department of Defense (DOD). The Navy has made major investments in most aspects of precision time and time interval (PTTI) science and technology, although specific PTTI-related research has also been funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and non-DOD agencies such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Department of Commerce. Navy funding, largely through ONR, has a history of being an early enabler of key new developments. Judicious funding decisions by the Navy—particularly by ONR program officers—have underpinned most of the major advances in PTTI science and technology (S&T) in the last 50 years. PTTI is important to modern naval needs, and indeed to all the armed Services, for use in both navigation and communications. Precise time synchronization is needed to efficiently determine the start of a code sequence in secure communications, to perform navigation, and to locate the position of signal emitters. Precise frequency control is required in communications for spectrum utilization and frequency-hopped spread-spectrum techniques. There are many examples of essential military operations that depend on PTTI and could benefit from improvements in PTTI technology. These include: -GPS clocks and autonomous operations, -Weapon system four-dimensional coordination, -GPS antijamming, -Network-centric warfare, and -Secure military communications. This report summarizes that reductions in the size, weight, and power requirements and increases in the ruggedness of PTTI devices without sacrificing performance would put more accurate and precise timekeeping in the hands of the warrior, improving capabilities in all of the above operations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Transfer of Pollution Prevention Technologies %@ 978-0-309-08402-4 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10321/transfer-of-pollution-prevention-technologies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10321/transfer-of-pollution-prevention-technologies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 64 %X The activities of the Department of Defense (DOD) and its contractors in manufacturing, testing, maintaining, and disposing of military equipment make up a significant portion of the industrial processes conducted in the United States. As is the case with the commercial industries, some of these activities, such as metal plating, have resulted in industrial pollution and environmental contamination. With increasing environmental regulation of such processes in recent decades, defense facilities have been faced with growing compliance issues. Department of Defense efforts to manage, correct, and prevent these problems have included the establishment of the National Defense Center for Environmental Excellence (NDCEE) under the management of the U.S. Army Industrial Ecology Center (IEC).The National Research Council's Committee to Evaluate Transfer of Pollution Prevention Technology for the U.S. Army was formed to identify major barriers to the transfer of pollution prevention technologies and to recommend pathways to success. To address the study objectives, the committee (1) reviewed the NDCEE's technology transfer activities, (2) examined efforts to transfer technology in four areas, two of which were identified at the outset by the NDCEE as successful and two of which were identified as unsuccessful, and (3) identified opportunities for improving the transfer of pollution prevention technologies to maintenance and rework facilities in the Department of Defense and to industrial manufacturing facilities performing defense-related operations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T 2002 Assessment of the Office of Naval Research's Air and Surface Weapons Technology Program %@ 978-0-309-08601-1 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10594/2002-assessment-of-the-office-of-naval-researchs-air-and-surface-weapons-technology-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10594/2002-assessment-of-the-office-of-naval-researchs-air-and-surface-weapons-technology-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 66 %X The Office of Naval Research (ONR) contracted with the Naval Studies Board (NSB) of the National Research Council (NRC) to establish a committee to review ONR's Air and Surface Weapons Technology (ASWT) program. The committee convened on May 14 and 15, 2002, and reviewed more than 20 science and technology (S&T) efforts that were presented as constituting the ASWT program. The committee then met separately on May 16, 2002, to formulate its findings and recommendations. This report represents the consensus views of the committee and is based on the information presented prior to and at the review, as well as on the committee members' accumulated experience and expertise in military operations, systems, and technologies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Analysis of Engineering Design Studies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons at Blue Grass Army Depot %@ 978-0-309-08528-1 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10509/analysis-of-engineering-design-studies-for-demilitarization-of-assembled-chemical-weapons-at-blue-grass-army-depot %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10509/analysis-of-engineering-design-studies-for-demilitarization-of-assembled-chemical-weapons-at-blue-grass-army-depot %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 172