%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Sea Basing: Ensuring Joint Force Access from the Sea %@ 978-0-309-09517-4 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11370/sea-basing-ensuring-joint-force-access-from-the-sea %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11370/sea-basing-ensuring-joint-force-access-from-the-sea %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 104 %X The availability of land bases from which to launch and maintain military, diplomatic, and humanitarian relief operations is becoming increasingly uncertain because of physical or political constraints. The ability to operate from a sea base, therefore, is likely to become more and more important. The Defense Science Board recently concluded that Sea Basing will be a critical future joint military capability and that DOD should proceed to develop such capability. Following the DSB report, the Navy requested that the National Research Council (NRC) convene a workshop to assess the science and technology base, both inside and outside the Navy, for developing Sea Basing and to identify R&D for supporting future concepts. This report of the workshop includes an examination of Sea Basing operational concepts; ship and aircraft technology available to make Sea Basing work; and issues involved in creating the sea base as a joint system of systems. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations %@ 978-0-309-09676-8 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11379/autonomous-vehicles-in-support-of-naval-operations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11379/autonomous-vehicles-in-support-of-naval-operations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Space and Aeronautics %P 256 %X Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been used in military operations for more than 60 years, with torpedoes, cruise missiles, satellites, and target drones being early examples.1 They have also been widely used in the civilian sector--for example, in the disposal of explosives, for work and measurement in radioactive environments, by various offshore industries for both creating and maintaining undersea facilities, for atmospheric and undersea research, and by industry in automated and robotic manufacturing. Recent military experiences with AVs have consistently demonstrated their value in a wide range of missions, and anticipated developments of AVs hold promise for increasingly significant roles in future naval operations. Advances in AV capabilities are enabled (and limited) by progress in the technologies of computing and robotics, navigation, communications and networking, power sources and propulsion, and materials. Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations is a forward-looking discussion of the naval operational environment and vision for the Navy and Marine Corps and of naval mission needs and potential applications and limitations of AVs. This report considers the potential of AVs for naval operations, operational needs and technology issues, and opportunities for improved operations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T High-Performance Structural Fibers for Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites %@ 978-0-309-09614-0 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11268/high-performance-structural-fibers-for-advanced-polymer-matrix-composites %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11268/high-performance-structural-fibers-for-advanced-polymer-matrix-composites %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 70 %X Military use of advanced polymer matrix composites (PMC)—consisting of a resin matrix reinforced by high-performance carbon or organic fibers—while extensive, accounts for less that 10 percent of the domestic market. Nevertheless, advanced composites are expected to play an even greater role in future military systems, and DOD will continue to require access to reliable sources of affordable, high-performance fibers including commercial materials and manufacturing processes. As a result of these forecasts, DOD requested the NRC to assess the challenges and opportunities associated with advanced PMCs with emphasis on high-performance fibers. This report provides an assessment of fiber technology and industries, a discussion of R&D opportunities for DOD, and recommendations about accelerating technology transition, reducing costs, and improving understanding of design methodology and promising technologies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Linkages: Manufacturing Trends in Electronic Interconnection Technology %@ 978-0-309-10034-2 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11515/linkages-manufacturing-trends-in-electronic-interconnection-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11515/linkages-manufacturing-trends-in-electronic-interconnection-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 94 %X Over the past two decades, the Department of Defense has been moving toward commercial-military integration for manufacturing, while at the same time, the printed circuit board industry has been moving steadily offshore. Today, many in DoD, the U.S. Congress, and the federal government lack a clear understanding of the importance of high-quality, trustworthy printed circuit boards (PrCBs) for properly functioning weapons and other defense systems and components. To help develop this understanding, DOD requested the NRC to identify and assess the key issues affecting PrCBs for military use. This report presents a discussion of how to ensure DOD's access to reliable printed circuits; an assessment of its vulnerability to the global printed circuit supply chain; and suggestions about ways to secure the design and manufacture of printed circuits. In addition, this report offers recommendations to help DoD (1) preserve existing systems' capabilities, (2) improve the military's access to currently available PrCBs, and (3) ensure access to future PrCB technology. The recommendations reflect the need to achieve these goals at reasonable cost and in concert with evolving environmental regulations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Sproull, Robert F. %E Eisenberg, Jon %T Building an Electronic Records Archive at the National Archives and Records Administration: Recommendations for a Long-Term Strategy %@ 978-0-309-09696-6 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11332/building-an-electronic-records-archive-at-the-national-archives-and-records-administration %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11332/building-an-electronic-records-archive-at-the-national-archives-and-records-administration %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 112 %X The federal government generates and increasingly saves a large and growing fraction of its records in electronic form. In 1998, the National Archives and Record Administration (NARA) launched its Electronic Archives (ERA) program to create a system to preserve and provide access to federal electronic records. To assist in this project, NARA asked the NRC to conduct a two-phase study to provide advice as it develops the ERA program. The first two reports (phase one) provided recommendations on design, engineering, and related issues facing the program. This report (phase two) focuses on longer term, more strategic issues including technology trends that will shape the ERA system, archival processes of the ERA, and future evolution of the system. It also provides an assessment of technical and design issues associated with record integrity and authenticity. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Mathematics and 21st Century Biology %@ 978-0-309-09584-6 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11315/mathematics-and-21st-century-biology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11315/mathematics-and-21st-century-biology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 162 %X The exponentially increasing amounts of biological data along with comparable advances in computing power are making possible the construction of quantitative, predictive biological systems models. This development could revolutionize those biology-based fields of science. To assist this transformation, the U.S. Department of Energy asked the National Research Council to recommend mathematical research activities to enable more effective use of the large amounts of existing genomic information and the structural and functional genomic information being created. The resulting study is a broad, scientifically based view of the opportunities lying at the mathematical science and biology interface. The book provides a review of past successes, an examination of opportunities at the various levels of biological systems— from molecules to ecosystems—an analysis of cross-cutting themes, and a set of recommendations to advance the mathematics-biology connection that are applicable to all agencies funding research in this area. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Opportunities in High Magnetic Field Science %@ 978-0-309-09582-2 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11211/opportunities-in-high-magnetic-field-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11211/opportunities-in-high-magnetic-field-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 188 %X High-field magnets—those that operate at the limits of the mechanical and/or electromagnetic properties of their structural materials—are used as research tools in a variety of scientific disciplines. The study of high magnetic fields themselves is also important in many areas such as astrophysics. Because of their importance in scientific research and the possibility of new breakthroughs, the National Science Foundation asked the National Research Council to assess the current state of and future prospects for high-field science and technology in the United States. This report presents the results of that assessment. It focuses on scientific and technological challenges and opportunities, and not on specific program activities. The report provides findings and recommendations about important research directions, the relative strength of U.S. efforts compared to other countries, and ways in which the program can operate more effectively. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Going to Extremes: Meeting the Emerging Demand for Durable Polymer Matrix Composites %@ 978-0-309-09715-4 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11424/going-to-extremes-meeting-the-emerging-demand-for-durable-polymer %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11424/going-to-extremes-meeting-the-emerging-demand-for-durable-polymer %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 80 %X Advanced polymer matrix composites (PMC) have many advantages such as light weight and high specific strength that make them useful for many aerospace applications. Enormous uncertainty exists, however, in predicting long-term changes in properties of PMCs under extreme environmental conditions, which has limited their use. To help address this issue, the Department of Defense requested a study from the NRC to identify the barriers and limitations to the use of PMCs in extreme environments. The study was to focus on issues surrounding methodologies for predicting long-term performance. This report provides a review of the challenges facing application of PMCs in extreme environments, the current understanding of PMC properties and behavior, an analysis of the importance of data in developing effective models, and recommendations for improving long-term predictive methodologies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Graham, Susan L. %E Snir, Marc %E Patterson, Cynthia A. %T Getting Up to Speed: The Future of Supercomputing %@ 978-0-309-09502-0 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11148/getting-up-to-speed-the-future-of-supercomputing %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11148/getting-up-to-speed-the-future-of-supercomputing %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 306 %X Supercomputers play a significant and growing role in a variety of areas important to the nation. They are used to address challenging science and technology problems. In recent years, however, progress in supercomputing in the United States has slowed. The development of the Earth Simulator supercomputer by Japan that the United States could lose its competitive advantage and, more importantly, the national competence needed to achieve national goals. In the wake of this development, the Department of Energy asked the NRC to assess the state of U.S. supercomputing capabilities and relevant R&D. Subsequently, the Senate directed DOE in S. Rpt. 107-220 to ask the NRC to evaluate the Advanced Simulation and Computing program of the National Nuclear Security Administration at DOE in light of the development of the Earth Simulator. This report provides an assessment of the current status of supercomputing in the United States including a review of current demand and technology, infrastructure and institutions, and international activities. The report also presents a number of recommendations to enable the United States to meet current and future needs for capability supercomputers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Network Science %@ 978-0-309-10026-7 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11516/network-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11516/network-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 124 %X The military is currently attempting to develop itself into a force capable of networkcentric operations. While this effort has highlighted the military’s dependence on interacting networks, it has also shown that there is a huge gap between what we need to know about networks and our fundamental knowledge about network behavior. This gap makes the military vision of NCO problematic. To help address this problem, the Army asked the NRC to find out whether identifying and funding a new field of “network science” could help close this gap. This report presents an examination of networks andthe military, an analysis of the promise, content, and challenges of network science, and an assessment of approaches to creating value from network science. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Naval Analytical Capabilities: Improving Capabilities-Based Planning %@ 978-0-309-09516-7 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11455/naval-analytical-capabilities-improving-capabilities-based-planning %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11455/naval-analytical-capabilities-improving-capabilities-based-planning %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 102 %X Naval Analytical Capabilities assesses current Department of Defense initiatives and the Department of the Navy's progress in transitioning from a requirements-based to a capabilities-based organization. The report also provides recommendations aimed at improving the organizational structure of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations to best position the Chief of Naval Operations to fulfill his Title 10 (U.S. Code on Armed Forces) responsibilities. This report addresses key elements of capabilities-based planning, examines Navy analytical processes, and recommends an approach to making improvements. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of Department of Defense Basic Research %@ 978-0-309-09443-6 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11177/assessment-of-department-of-defense-basic-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11177/assessment-of-department-of-defense-basic-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Computers and Information Technology %P 70 %X The Department of Defense (DOD) supports basic research to advance fundamental knowledge in fields important to national defense. Over the past six years, however, several groups have raised concern about whether the nature of DOD-funded basic research is changing. The concerns include these: Funds are being spent for research that does not fall under DOD's definition of basic research; reporting requirements have become cumbersome and onerous; and basic research is handled differently by the three services. To explore these concerns, the Congress directed DOD to request a study from the National Research Council (NRC) about the nature of basic research now being funded by the Department. Specifically the NRC was to determine if the programs in the DOD basic research portfolio are consistent with the DOD definition of basic research and with the characteristics associated with fundamental research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Sensor Systems for Biological Agent Attacks: Protecting Buildings and Military Bases %@ 978-0-309-09576-1 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11207/sensor-systems-for-biological-agent-attacks-protecting-buildings-and-military %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11207/sensor-systems-for-biological-agent-attacks-protecting-buildings-and-military %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Health and Medicine %P 208 %X Over the last ten years, there has been growing concern about potential biological attacks on the nation’s population and its military facilities. It is now possible to detect such attacks quickly enough to permit treatment of potential victims prior to the onset of symptoms. The capability to “detect to warn”, that is in time to take action to minimize human exposure, however, is still lacking. To help achieve such a capability, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to assess the development path for “detect to warn” sensors systems. This report presents the results of this assessment including analysis of scenarios for protecting facilities, sensor requirements, and detection technologies and systems. Findings and recommendations are provided for the most probable path to achieve a detect-to-warn capability and potential technological breakthroughs that could accelerate its attainment. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Monitoring at Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities %@ 978-0-309-09732-1 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11431/monitoring-at-chemical-agent-disposal-facilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11431/monitoring-at-chemical-agent-disposal-facilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 104 %X Under the direction of the U.S. Army’s Chemical Materials Agency (CMA) and mandated by Congress, the nation is destroying its chemical weapons stockpile. Over the past several years, the Army has requested several studies from the NRC to assist with the stockpile destruction. This study was requested to advise the CMA about the status of analytical instrumentation technology and systems suitable for monitoring airborne chemical warfare agents at chemical weapons disposal and storage facilities. The report presents an assessment of current monitoring systems used for airborne agent detection at CMA facilities and of the applicability and availability of innovative new technologies. It also provides a review of how new regulatory requirements would affect the CMA’s current agent monitoring procedures, and whether new measurement technologies are available and could be effectively incorporated into the CMA’s overall chemical agent monitoring strategies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Globalization of Materials R&D: Time for a National Strategy %@ 978-0-309-09603-4 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11395/globalization-of-materials-rd-time-for-a-national-strategy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11395/globalization-of-materials-rd-time-for-a-national-strategy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 216 %X Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) R&D is spreading globally at an accelerating rate. As a result, the relative U.S. position in a number of MSE subfields is in a state of flux. To understand better this trend and its implications for the U.S. economy and national security, the Department of Defense (DOD) asked the NRC to assess the status and impacts of the global spread of MSE R&D. This report presents a discussion of drivers affecting U.S. companies' decisions about location of MSE R&D, an analysis of impacts on the U.S. economy and national security, and recommendations to ensure continued U.S. access to critical MSE R&D. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE (Phase One): A First Look Forward %@ 978-0-309-09604-1 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11277/prospective-evaluation-of-applied-energy-research-and-development-at-doe-phase-one %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11277/prospective-evaluation-of-applied-energy-research-and-development-at-doe-phase-one %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 138 %X In 2001, the National Research Council (NRC) completed a congressionally mandated assessment of the benefits and costs of DOE's fossil energy and energy efficiency R&D programs, Energy Research at DOE: Was It Worth It? The Congress followed this retrospective study by directing DOE to request the NRC to develop a methodology for assessing prospective benefits. The first phase of this project—development of the methodology—began in December 2003. Phase two will make the methodology more robust and explore related issues, and subsequent phases will apply the methodology to review the prospective benefits of different DOE fossil energy and energy efficiency R&D programs. In developing this project, three considerations were particularly important. First, the study should adapt the work of the retrospective study. Second, the project should develop a methodology that provides a rigorous calculation of benefits and risks, and a practical and consistent process for its application. Third, the methodology should be transparent, should not require extensive resources for implementation, and should produce easily understood results. This report presents the results of phase one. It focuses on adaptation of the retrospective methodology to a prospective context. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation %@ 978-0-309-09640-9 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11258/signposts-in-cyberspace-the-domain-name-system-and-internet-navigation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11258/signposts-in-cyberspace-the-domain-name-system-and-internet-navigation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 416 %X The Domain Name System (DNS) enables user-friendly alphanumeric names—domain names—to be assigned to Internet sites. Many of these names have gained economic, social, and political value, leading to conflicts over their ownership, especially names containing trademarked terms. Congress, in P.L. 105-305, directed the Department of Commerce to request the NRC to perform a study of these issues. When the study was initiated, steps were already underway to address the resolution of domain name conflicts, but the continued rapid expansion of the use of the Internet had raised a number of additional policy and technical issues. Furthermore, it became clear that the introduction of search engines and other tools for Internet navigation was affecting the DNS. Consequently, the study was expanded to include policy and technical issues related to the DNS in the context of Internet navigation. This report presents the NRC’s assessment of the current state and future prospects of the DNS and Internet navigation, and its conclusions and recommendations concerning key technical and policy issues. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wooley, John C. %E Lin, Herbert S. %T Catalyzing Inquiry at the Interface of Computing and Biology %@ 978-0-309-09612-6 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11480/catalyzing-inquiry-at-the-interface-of-computing-and-biology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11480/catalyzing-inquiry-at-the-interface-of-computing-and-biology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Computers and Information Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 468 %X The remarkable growth of both computer science and biology in recent decades has drawn attention to their areas of intersection. Both fields have much in common; they are among the most rapidly changing fields of science, they both deal with very complex systems, and they both have profound implications for science and society. To examine the potential for greater interaction between the two fields, the National Research Council undertook a study looking at ways computational science can aid the development and understanding of biology and how the biological sciences might facilitate new and more powerful computational methods. This book presents an analysis of the potential synergies at the interface of the two fields and of ways to develop new collaborations between researchers in both areas to exploit those synergies. The book provides a large sample of well-documented examples of these interactions. The study concludes that the impact of computing on biology will be deep and profound and span virtually all areas of life science research. Computational biology will ultimately become part of the biological sciences. The impact of biology on computing is less certain, but could be substantial and should be pursued. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Impact of Revised Airborne Exposure Limits on Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Program Activities %@ 978-0-309-09545-7 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11261/impact-of-revised-airborne-exposure-limits-on-non-stockpile-chemical-materiel-program-activities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11261/impact-of-revised-airborne-exposure-limits-on-non-stockpile-chemical-materiel-program-activities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 108 %X The U.S. Army's Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel program is responsible for dismantling former chemical agent production facilities and destroying recovered chemical materiel. In response to congressional requirements, the Center for Disease Control (CDC), in 2003, recommended new airborne exposure limits (AELs) to protect workforce and public health during operations to destroy this materiel. To assist in meeting these recommended limits, the U.S. Army asked the NRC for a review of its implementation plans for destruction of production facilities at the Newport Chemical Depot and the operation of two types of mobile destruction systems. This report presents the results of that review. It provides recommendations on analytical methods, on airborne containment monitoring, on operational procedures, on the applicability of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and on involvement of workers and the public in implementation of the new AELs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Avoiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Advances %@ 978-0-309-09605-8 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11286/avoiding-surprise-in-an-era-of-global-technology-advances %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11286/avoiding-surprise-in-an-era-of-global-technology-advances %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 138 %X The global spread of science and technology expertise and the growing commercial access to advanced technologies with possible military application are creating potentially serious threats to the technological superiority underpinning U.S. military strength. Key to dealing with this situation is the ability of the U.S. intelligence community to be able to provide adequate and effective warning of evolving, critical technologies. To assist in performing this task, the Technology Warning Division of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to undertake a study examining technology warning issues. This report provides the first part of that study. It presents an assessment of critical, evolving technologies; postulates ways potential adversaries could disrupt these technologies; and provides indicators for the intelligence community to determine if such methods are under development. The intention of this report is to establish the foundation for a long-term relationship with the technology warning community to support the examination of technology warning issues.