%0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Evans, Geoffrey %E Bostrom, Ann %E Johnston, Richard B. %E Fisher, Barbara Loe %E Stoto, Michael A. %T Risk Communication and Vaccination: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-05790-5 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5861/risk-communication-and-vaccination-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5861/risk-communication-and-vaccination-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 44 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bain, Lisa %E Norris, Sheena M. Posey %E Stroud, Clare %T Evolving the Culture of Science and Training in Neuroscience to Meet a Changing World: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26176/evolving-the-culture-of-science-and-training-in-neuroscience-to-meet-a-changing-world %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26176/evolving-the-culture-of-science-and-training-in-neuroscience-to-meet-a-changing-world %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 9 %X Recent events, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the collective awakening around issues related to racial justice, diversity, and inclusion, have underscored the challenges facing neuroscience and neuroscience training. To address these challenges, the Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a series of virtual workshops on neuroscience training with the goal of reconsidering how we think about neuroscience training in a rapidly changing world. On February 22, 2021, the fifth and final workshop in this series, titled Evolving the Culture of Science and Training in Neuroscience to Meet a Changing World, brought together stakeholders from across the neuroscience ecosystem to discuss how the culture of science and scientific training can become more inclusive, balanced, and adaptive to changing times. This final workshop expanded on many issues raised in previous workshops, including the importance of mental health and well-being in academic research; how to resist the legacy of white supremacy and support diversity in academia; and how to redefine what success means for neuroscientists in both academic and non-academic settings. This publication summarizes the discussions that occurred at the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Mathiowetz, Nancy %E Wunderlich, Gooloo S. %T Survey Measurement of Work Disability: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-06899-4 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9787/survey-measurement-of-work-disability-summary-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9787/survey-measurement-of-work-disability-summary-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 109 %X The Social Security Administration (SSA) is engaged in redesigning its disability determination process for providing cash benefits and medical assistance to blind and disabled persons under the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program (Title II and Title XVI of the Social Security Act). The agency has undertaken a multiyear research effort to develop and test the feasibility, validity, reliability, and practicality of the redesigned disability determination process before making any decision about its national implementation. Survey Measurement of Work Disability reviews and provides advice on this research. One of the major areas for review is the ongoing independent, scientific review of the scope of work, design, and content of the Disability Evaluation Study (DES) and the conduct of the study by the chosen survey contractor. This report identifies statistical design, methodological, and content concerns and addresses other issues as they arise. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Hammers, Erin %T Innovations in Service Delivery in the Age of Genomics: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-13214-5 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12601/innovations-in-service-delivery-in-the-age-of-genomics-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12601/innovations-in-service-delivery-in-the-age-of-genomics-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 80 %X New discoveries in genomics--that is, the study of the entire human genome--are changing how we diagnose and treat diseases. As the trend shifts from genetic testing largely being undertaken for rare genetic disorders to, increasingly, individuals being screened for common diseases, general practitioners, pediatricians, obstetricians/gynecologists, and other providers need to be knowledgeable about and comfortable using genetic information to improve their patients' health. To address these changes, the Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health held the public workshop "Innovations in Service Delivery in the Age of Genomics" on July 27, 2008. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Ethical Issues in Studying the Safety of Approved Drugs: A Letter Report %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12948/ethical-issues-in-studying-the-safety-of-approved-drugs-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12948/ethical-issues-in-studying-the-safety-of-approved-drugs-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 25 %X The FDA requested that the IOM examine the ethical and informed consent issues that should be considered when conducting clinical trials to evaluate drug safety. This report outlines when and how the FDA should conduct clinical trials to protect the public's health and the health of trial participants. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Assessing the Social and Behavioral Science Base for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Intervention: Workshop Summary %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9207/assessing-the-social-and-behavioral-science-base-for-hivaids-prevention-and-intervention %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9207/assessing-the-social-and-behavioral-science-base-for-hivaids-prevention-and-intervention %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 78 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %T Communicating Clearly About Medicines: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46185-6 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24814/communicating-clearly-about-medicines-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24814/communicating-clearly-about-medicines-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 124 %X Research conducted over the past two decades has shown that poor patient understanding of medication instructions is an important contributor to the more than 1 million medication errors and adverse drug events that lead to office and emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and even death. Patients who have limited literacy skills, who have multiple comorbidities, and who are elderly face the greatest risk, and limited literacy skills are significantly associated with inadequate understanding and use of prescription instructions and precautions. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality notes that only 12 percent of U.S. adults have proficient health literacy that allows them to interpret a prescription label correctly. Given the importance of health literacy to the proper use of medications, and the apparent lack of progress in improving medication adherence, the Roundtable on Health Literacy formed an ad hoc committee to plan and conduct a 1-day public workshop that featured invited presentations and discussion of the role and challenges regarding clarity of communication on medication. Participants focused on using health literacy principles to address clarity of materials, decision aids, and other supportive tools and technologies regarding risks, benefits, alternatives, and health plan coverage. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Frumkin, Howard %E Coussens, Christine %T Green Healthcare Institutions: Health, Environment, and Economics: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-10592-7 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11878/green-healthcare-institutions-health-environment-and-economics-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11878/green-healthcare-institutions-health-environment-and-economics-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 128 %X Green Healthcare Institutions : Health, Environment, and Economics, Workshop Summary is based on the ninth workshop in a series of workshops sponsored by the Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine since the roundtable began meeting in 1998. When choosing workshops and activities, the roundtable looks for areas of mutual concern and also areas that need further research to develop a strong environmental science background. This workshop focused on the environmental and health impacts related to the design, construction, and operations of healthcare facilities, which are part of one of the largest service industries in the United States. Healthcare institutions are major employers with a considerable role in the community, and it is important to analyze this significant industry. The environment of healthcare facilities is unique; it has multiple stakeholders on both sides, as the givers and the receivers of care. In order to provide optimal care, more research is needed to determine the impacts of the built environment on human health. The scientific evidence for embarking on a green building agenda is not complete, and at present, scientists have limited information. Green Healthcare Institutions : Health, Environment, and Economics, Workshop Summary captures the discussions and presentations by the speakers and participants; they identified the areas in which additional research is needed, the processes by which change can occur, and the gaps in knowledge. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bain, Lisa %E Keren, Noam I. %E Stroud, Clare %T Developing Multimodal Therapies for Brain Disorders: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-45026-3 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23657/developing-multimodal-therapies-for-brain-disorders-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23657/developing-multimodal-therapies-for-brain-disorders-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 96 %X Multimodal therapy approaches that combine interventions aimed at different aspects of disease are emerging as potential—and perhaps essential—ways to enhance clinical outcomes for patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders. In order to examine the general principles underlying multimodal therapies and to explore challenges, potential barriers, and opportunities for their development, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in June 2016. Participants explored scientific, clinical, regulatory, and reimbursement issues related to multimodal approaches and potential opportunities to enhance clinical outcomes for individuals with nervous system disorders. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Cuff, Patricia A. %E Forstag, Erin Hammers %T Exploring the Use and Application of Implementation Science in Health Professions Education: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69617-3 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26783/exploring-the-use-and-application-of-implementation-science-in-health-professions-education %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26783/exploring-the-use-and-application-of-implementation-science-in-health-professions-education %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 78 %X Implementation science bridges the gap between research and medical practice, investigating aspects of practice and pedagogy that make the strategies successful for future use. By introducing and training leaders, faculty, and health workforce researchers in implementation science, health professions education institutions can build capacity for evidence-based practices. The National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education held a workshop series to introduce the concept of implementation science to health professional educators to consider its potential use in the classroom. Speakers provided a foundation for discussion of the role of implementation science in health professions education and provided methods for educators interested in applying these recommendations to scale. This Proceedings of a Workshop highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Pellmar, Terry C. %E Eisenberg, Leon %T Bridging Disciplines in the Brain, Behavioral, and Clinical Sciences %@ 978-0-309-07078-2 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9942/bridging-disciplines-in-the-brain-behavioral-and-clinical-sciences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9942/bridging-disciplines-in-the-brain-behavioral-and-clinical-sciences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 144 %X Interdisciplinary research is a cooperative effort by a team of investigators, each an expert in the use of different methods and concepts, who have joined in an organized program to attack a challenging problem. Each investigator is responsible for the research in their area of discipline that applies to the problem, but together the investigators are responsible for the final product. The need for interdisciplinary training activities has been detailed over the last 25 years in both public and private reports. The history of science and technology has even shown the important advances that arose from interdisciplinary research, including plate tectonics which brought together geologists, oceanographers, paleomagnetists, seismologists, and geophysicists to advance the ability to forecast earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In recognition of this, the need to train scientists who can address the highly complex problems that challenge us today and fully use new knowledge and technology, and the fact that cooperative efforts have proved difficult, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), the National Institute on Nursing Research (NINR), and the National Institute on Aging (NIA) requested that an Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee be created to complete several tasks including: examining the needs and strategies for interdisciplinary training in the brain, behavioral, social, and clinical sciences, defining necessary components of true interdisciplinary training in these areas, and reviewing current educational and training programs to identify elements of model programs that best facilitate interdisciplinary training. Bridging Disciplines in the Brain, Behavioral, and Clinical Sciences provides the conclusions and recommendations of this committee. Due to evaluations of the success of interdisciplinary training programs are scarce, the committee could not specify the "necessary components" or identify the elements that "best facilitate" interdisciplinary training. However, after reviewing existing programs and consulting with experts, the committee identified approaches likely to be successful in providing direction for interdisciplinary endeavors at various career stages. This report also includes interviews, training programs, and workshop agendas used. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Vancheri, Cori %T Innovations in Health Literacy Research: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-16185-5 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13016/innovations-in-health-literacy-research-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13016/innovations-in-health-literacy-research-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 110 %X Nearly nine out of 10 adults have difficulty using everyday health information to make good health decisions. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Roundtable on Health Literacy held a meeting on May 27, 2010, to explore areas for research in health literacy, the relationship between health literacy and health disparities, and ways to apply information technology to improve health literacy. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Olson, Steve %E Claiborne, Anne B. %T Strengthening a Workforce for Innovative Regulatory Science in Therapeutics Development: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-22214-3 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13283/strengthening-a-workforce-for-innovative-regulatory-science-in-therapeutics-development %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13283/strengthening-a-workforce-for-innovative-regulatory-science-in-therapeutics-development %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 118 %X The development and application of regulatory science - which FDA has defined as the science of developing new tools, standards, and approaches to assess the safety, efficacy, quality, and performance of FDA-regulated products - calls for a well-trained, scientifically engaged, and motivated workforce. FDA faces challenges in retaining regulatory scientists and providing them with opportunities for professional development. In the private sector, advancement of innovative regulatory science in drug development has not always been clearly defined, well coordinated, or connected to the needs of the agency. As a follow-up to a 2010 workshop, the IOM held a workshop on September 20-21, 2011, to provide a format for establishing a specific agenda to implement the vision and principles relating to a regulatory science workforce and disciplinary infrastructure as discussed in the 2010 workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Chao, Samantha %T The State of Quality Improvement and Implementation Research: Expert Views: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-11071-6 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11986/the-state-of-quality-improvement-and-implementation-research-expert-views %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11986/the-state-of-quality-improvement-and-implementation-research-expert-views %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 108 %X The Institute of Medicine (IOM) workshop "The Conduct of Health Care Quality Improvement and Implementation Research" was held on May 24-25, 2007, in Irvine, CA. The purpose of this workshop was to gain a better understanding of what is known and not known about quality improvement and implementation research. Experts were asked to identify current methods and best practices as well as areas where future efforts should be concentrated to propel the field. As with its previous workshop, the Forum on the Science of Health Care Quality Improvement and Implementation invited speakers from other disciplines to share their experiences in their respective fields. Although many disciplines are relevant to this topic, not all views could be incorporated because of workshop time constraints, but will be incorporated in the forum's future activities. The State of Quality Improvement and Implementation Research: Expert Views, Workshop Summary describes and summarizes workshop presentations and discussions. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Balogh, Erin P. %E Miller, Bryan T. %E Ball, John R. %T Improving Diagnosis in Health Care %@ 978-0-309-37769-0 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21794/improving-diagnosis-in-health-care %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21794/improving-diagnosis-in-health-care %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 472 %X Getting the right diagnosis is a key aspect of health care - it provides an explanation of a patient's health problem and informs subsequent health care decisions. The diagnostic process is a complex, collaborative activity that involves clinical reasoning and information gathering to determine a patient's health problem. According to Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, diagnostic errors-inaccurate or delayed diagnoses-persist throughout all settings of care and continue to harm an unacceptable number of patients. It is likely that most people will experience at least one diagnostic error in their lifetime, sometimes with devastating consequences. Diagnostic errors may cause harm to patients by preventing or delaying appropriate treatment, providing unnecessary or harmful treatment, or resulting in psychological or financial repercussions. The committee concluded that improving the diagnostic process is not only possible, but also represents a moral, professional, and public health imperative. Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, a continuation of the landmark Institute of Medicine reports To Err Is Human (2000) and Crossing the Quality Chasm (2001), finds that diagnosis-and, in particular, the occurrence of diagnostic errors—has been largely unappreciated in efforts to improve the quality and safety of health care. Without a dedicated focus on improving diagnosis, diagnostic errors will likely worsen as the delivery of health care and the diagnostic process continue to increase in complexity. Just as the diagnostic process is a collaborative activity, improving diagnosis will require collaboration and a widespread commitment to change among health care professionals, health care organizations, patients and their families, researchers, and policy makers. The recommendations of Improving Diagnosis in Health Care contribute to the growing momentum for change in this crucial area of health care quality and safety. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Blazer, Dan G. %E Yaffe, Kristine %E Liverman, Catharyn T. %T Cognitive Aging: Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action %@ 978-0-309-36862-9 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21693/cognitive-aging-progress-in-understanding-and-opportunities-for-action %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21693/cognitive-aging-progress-in-understanding-and-opportunities-for-action %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 330 %X For most Americans, staying "mentally sharp" as they age is a very high priority. Declines in memory and decision-making abilities may trigger fears of Alzheimer's disease or other neurodegenerative diseases. However, cognitive aging is a natural process that can have both positive and negative effects on cognitive function in older adults - effects that vary widely among individuals. At this point in time, when the older population is rapidly growing in the United States and across the globe, it is important to examine what is known about cognitive aging and to identify and promote actions that individuals, organizations, communities, and society can take to help older adults maintain and improve their cognitive health. Cognitive Aging assesses the public health dimensions of cognitive aging with an emphasis on definitions and terminology, epidemiology and surveillance, prevention and intervention, education of health professionals, and public awareness and education. This report makes specific recommendations for individuals to reduce the risks of cognitive decline with aging. Aging is inevitable, but there are actions that can be taken by individuals, families, communities, and society that may help to prevent or ameliorate the impact of aging on the brain, understand more about its impact, and help older adults live more fully and independent lives. Cognitive aging is not just an individual or a family or a health care system challenge. It is an issue that affects the fabric of society and requires actions by many and varied stakeholders. Cognitive Aging offers clear steps that individuals, families, communities, health care providers and systems, financial organizations, community groups, public health agencies, and others can take to promote cognitive health and to help older adults live fuller and more independent lives. Ultimately, this report calls for a societal commitment to cognitive aging as a public health issue that requires prompt action across many sectors. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Cuff, Patricia A. %E Vanselow, Neal %T Improving Medical Education: Enhancing the Behavioral and Social Science Content of Medical School Curricula %@ 978-0-309-09142-8 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10956/improving-medical-education-enhancing-the-behavioral-and-social-science-content %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10956/improving-medical-education-enhancing-the-behavioral-and-social-science-content %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 168 %X Roughly half of all deaths in the United States are linked to behavioral and social factors. The leading causes of preventable death and disease in the United States are smoking, sedentary lifestyle, along with poor dietary habits, and alcohol consumption. To make measurable improvements in the health of Americans, physicians must be equipped with the knowledge and skills from the behavioral and social sciences needed to recognize, understand, and effectively respond to patients as individuals, not just to their symptoms. What are medical schools teaching students about the behavioral and social sciences? In the report, the committee concluded that there is inadequate information available to sufficiently describe behavioral and social science curriculum content, teaching techniques, and assessment methodologies in U.S. medical schools and recommends development of a new national behavioral and social science database. The committee also recommended that the National Board of Medical Examiners ensure that the U.S. Medical Licensing Examination adequately cover the behavioral and social science subject matter recommended in this report. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Addie, Siobhan %E Olson, Steve %E Beachy, Sarah H. %T Applying an Implementation Science Approach to Genomic Medicine: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-43776-9 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23403/applying-an-implementation-science-approach-to-genomic-medicine-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23403/applying-an-implementation-science-approach-to-genomic-medicine-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 136 %X Although it is becoming increasingly more common for clinicians to use genomic data in their practices for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, the process of integrating genomic data into the practice of medicine has been a slow and challenging one. Some of the major barriers impeding the incorporation of new genomic technology into clinical practice are: the difficulty of changing routine medical practices to account for the use of genetic testing, the limited knowledge of patients and providers about genomic medicine, assessing sufficient evidence to support the use of genetic tests, privacy and data security issues, and uncertainty about reimbursement. The field of implementation science may be able to provide insights concerning efficient ways to incorporate genomic applications into routine clinical practice. The focus of implementation science studies is to identify integration bottlenecks and optimal approaches for a given setting and ultimately to promote the up-take of research findings. To explore the potential of implementation science to improve the integration of genomics into medicine, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in Washington, DC, in November 2015. Participants explored the challenges and opportunities of integrating genomic advances into the clinic through the lens of implementation science. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bona, Morgan L., me %E Gee, Amanda Wagner %E Wizemann, Theresa %E Addie, Siobhan %E Beachy, Sarah H. %T Enabling Precision Medicine: The Role of Genetics in Clinical Drug Development: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46263-1 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24829/enabling-precision-medicine-the-role-of-genetics-in-clinical-drug %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24829/enabling-precision-medicine-the-role-of-genetics-in-clinical-drug %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 144 %X Those involved in the drug development process face challenges of efficiency and overall sustainability due in part to high research costs, lengthy development timelines, and late-stage drug failures. Novel clinical trial designs that enroll participants based on their genetics represent a potentially disruptive change that could improve patient outcomes, reduce costs associated with drug development, and further realize the goals of precision medicine. On March 8, 2017, the Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation and the Roundtable on Genomics and Precision Health of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted the workshop Enabling Precision Medicine: The Role of Genetics in Clinical Drug Development. Participants examined successes, challenges, and possible best practices for effectively using genetic information in the design and implementation of clinical trials to support the development of precision medicines, including exploring the potential advantages and disadvantages of such trials across a variety of disease areas. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Kohn, Linda T. %E Corrigan, Janet M. %E Donaldson, Molla S. %T To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System %@ 978-0-309-26174-6 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9728/to-err-is-human-building-a-safer-health-system %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9728/to-err-is-human-building-a-safer-health-system %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 312 %X Experts estimate that as many as 98,000 people die in any given year from medical errors that occur in hospitals. That's more than die from motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer, or AIDS—three causes that receive far more public attention. Indeed, more people die annually from medication errors than from workplace injuries. Add the financial cost to the human tragedy, and medical error easily rises to the top ranks of urgent, widespread public problems. To Err Is Human breaks the silence that has surrounded medical errors and their consequence—but not by pointing fingers at caring health care professionals who make honest mistakes. After all, to err is human. Instead, this book sets forth a national agenda—with state and local implications—for reducing medical errors and improving patient safety through the design of a safer health system. This volume reveals the often startling statistics of medical error and the disparity between the incidence of error and public perception of it, given many patients' expectations that the medical profession always performs perfectly. A careful examination is made of how the surrounding forces of legislation, regulation, and market activity influence the quality of care provided by health care organizations and then looks at their handling of medical mistakes. Using a detailed case study, the book reviews the current understanding of why these mistakes happen. A key theme is that legitimate liability concerns discourage reporting of errors—which begs the question, "How can we learn from our mistakes?" Balancing regulatory versus market-based initiatives and public versus private efforts, the Institute of Medicine presents wide-ranging recommendations for improving patient safety, in the areas of leadership, improved data collection and analysis, and development of effective systems at the level of direct patient care. To Err Is Human asserts that the problem is not bad people in health care—it is that good people are working in bad systems that need to be made safer. Comprehensive and straightforward, this book offers a clear prescription for raising the level of patient safety in American health care. It also explains how patients themselves can influence the quality of care that they receive once they check into the hospital. This book will be vitally important to federal, state, and local health policy makers and regulators, health professional licensing officials, hospital administrators, medical educators and students, health caregivers, health journalists, patient advocates—as well as patients themselves. First in a series of publications from the Quality of Health Care in America, a project initiated by the Institute of Medicine