TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ruby Takanishi A2 - Suzanne Le Menestrel TI - Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English: Promising Futures SN - DO - 10.17226/24677 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24677/promoting-the-educational-success-of-children-and-youth-learning-english PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Educating dual language learners (DLLs) and English learners (ELs) effectively is a national challenge with consequences both for individuals and for American society. Despite their linguistic, cognitive, and social potential, many ELs—who account for more than 9 percent of enrollment in grades K-12 in U.S. schools—are struggling to meet the requirements for academic success, and their prospects for success in postsecondary education and in the workforce are jeopardized as a result. Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English: Promising Futures examines how evidence based on research relevant to the development of DLLs/ELs from birth to age 21 can inform education and health policies and related practices that can result in better educational outcomes. This report makes recommendations for policy, practice, and research and data collection focused on addressing the challenges in caring for and educating DLLs/ELs from birth to grade 12. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Cheryl Ulmer A2 - Bernadette McFadden A2 - David R. Nerenz TI - Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement SN - DO - 10.17226/12696 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12696/race-ethnicity-and-language-data-standardization-for-health-care-quality PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The goal of eliminating disparities in health care in the United States remains elusive. Even as quality improves on specific measures, disparities often persist. Addressing these disparities must begin with the fundamental step of bringing the nature of the disparities and the groups at risk for those disparities to light by collecting health care quality information stratified by race, ethnicity and language data. Then attention can be focused on where interventions might be best applied, and on planning and evaluating those efforts to inform the development of policy and the application of resources. A lack of standardization of categories for race, ethnicity, and language data has been suggested as one obstacle to achieving more widespread collection and utilization of these data. Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data identifies current models for collecting and coding race, ethnicity, and language data; reviews challenges involved in obtaining these data, and makes recommendations for a nationally standardized approach for use in health care quality improvement. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lyla M. Hernandez TI - Health Communication with Immigrants, Refugees, and Migrant Workers: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/24796 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24796/health-communication-with-immigrants-refugees-and-migrant-workers-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In March 2017, the Roundtable on Health Literacy of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop focused on health communication with people from immigrant, refugee, and migrant worker populations. The workshop was organized to explore the application of health literacy insights to the issues and challenges associated with addressing the health of immigrants, refugees, and migrant workers. Participants explored issues of access and services for these populations as well as outreach and action. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research SN - DO - 10.17226/24625 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Significant changes have taken place in the policy landscape surrounding cannabis legalization, production, and use. During the past 20 years, 25 states and the District of Columbia have legalized cannabis and/or cannabidiol (a component of cannabis) for medical conditions or retail sales at the state level and 4 states have legalized both the medical and recreational use of cannabis. These landmark changes in policy have impacted cannabis use patterns and perceived levels of risk. However, despite this changing landscape, evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects of cannabis use remains elusive. While a myriad of studies have examined cannabis use in all its various forms, often these research conclusions are not appropriately synthesized, translated for, or communicated to policy makers, health care providers, state health officials, or other stakeholders who have been charged with influencing and enacting policies, procedures, and laws related to cannabis use. Unlike other controlled substances such as alcohol or tobacco, no accepted standards for safe use or appropriate dose are available to help guide individuals as they make choices regarding the issues of if, when, where, and how to use cannabis safely and, in regard to therapeutic uses, effectively. Shifting public sentiment, conflicting and impeded scientific research, and legislative battles have fueled the debate about what, if any, harms or benefits can be attributed to the use of cannabis or its derivatives, and this lack of aggregated knowledge has broad public health implications. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids provides a comprehensive review of scientific evidence related to the health effects and potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis. This report provides a research agenda—outlining gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for providing additional insight into these issues—that summarizes and prioritizes pressing research needs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Steven M. Teutsch A2 - Amy B. Geller A2 - Aimee M. Mead TI - Premium Cigars: Patterns of Use, Marketing, and Health Effects SN - DO - 10.17226/26421 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26421/premium-cigars-patterns-of-use-marketing-and-health-effects PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The early to mid-1990s saw a large surge in U.S. cigar consumption, including premium cigars. Based on recent import data, premium cigar use may be increasing, though they currently make up a small percent of the total U.S. cigar market. Premium cigars have also been the subject of legal and regulatory efforts for the past decade. In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a comprehensive review of available knowledge about cigars - the only one to date. The resulting research recommendations have largely not been addressed, and many of the identified information gaps persist. Furthermore, there is no single, consistent definition of premium cigars, making research challenging. In response, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee of experts to address this issue. The resulting report, Premium Cigars: Patterns of Use, Marketing, and Health Effects, includes 13 findings, 24 conclusions, and nine priority research recommendations and assesses the state of evidence on premium cigar characteristics, current patterns of use, marketing and perceptions of the product, and short- long-term health effects. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Barbara O. Schneeman A2 - Ann L. Yaktine A2 - Alice Vorosmarti TI - Scanning for New Evidence on Riboflavin to Support a Dietary Reference Intake Review SN - DO - 10.17226/26188 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26188/scanning-for-new-evidence-on-riboflavin-to-support-a-dietary-reference-intake-review PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of evidence-based nutrient reference values for intakes that include the full range of age, gender, and life stage groups in the US and Canada. At the request of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine convened an ad hoc committee to carry out a literature search and evidence scan of the peer-reviewed published literature on indicators of nutritional requirements, toxicity, and chronic disease risk reduction for riboflavin. Scanning for New Evidence on Riboflavin to Support a Dietary Reference Intake Review builds on the methodology for evidence scanning nutrients (which have existing DRIs) to determine whether there is new and relevant knowledge available that may merit a formal reexamination of DRIs for riboflavin. This report offers comments on the methodological approach to the evidence scan and discusses its findings and interpretation of the process to provide the study sponsors with a greater context to support their interpretation and application of the reported results. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Facilitating Health Communication with Immigrant, Refugee, and Migrant Populations Through the Use of Health Literacy and Community Engagement Strategies: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24845 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24845/facilitating-health-communication-with-immigrant-refugee-and-migrant-populations-through-the-use-of-health-literacy-and-community-engagement-strategies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The increasingly diverse ethnic composition of the United States population has created a profound and ongoing demographic shift, and public health and health care organizations face many challenges as they move to address and adapt to this change. To better understand how the public health and health care communities can meet the challenges of serving an increasingly diverse population, the Roundtable on Health Literacy conducted a public workshop on facilitating health communication with immigrant, refugee, and migrant populations through the use of health literate approaches. The goal of the workshop was to identify approaches that will enable organizations that serve these ethnically and culturally diverse populations in a manner that allows all members of these communities to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and the services needed to make appropriate health and personal decisions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Carla Alvarado A2 - Lauren Savaglio TI - A Population Health Perspective on Middle School Success: Activities, Programs, and Policies: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25807 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25807/a-population-health-perspective-on-middle-school-success-activities-programs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - On December 5, 2019, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore the factors that affect the health and well-being of middle-school-aged adolescents. The workshop included presentations on the risk factors of poor physical, social, and emotional outcomes and their prevalence; the identification of resilience factors; current policies and programs designed to support middle school success and address issues of equity and financing as they apply to these; and how the health and human services sectors can support and align with the education sector to promote health and well-being in middle school. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy SN - DO - 10.17226/26818 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26818/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - AB - The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of reference values that encompass a safe range of intake and provide recommended nutrient intakes for the United States and Canada. The DRIs for energy are used widely to provide guidance for maintaining energy balance on both an individual and group level. U.S. and Canadian governments asked the National Academies to convene an expert committee to examine available evidence and provide updated Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) for their populations. The resulting report presents EER equations that provide a baseline for dietary planners and assessors who are estimating energy needs and monitoring energy balance to enhance the general health of individuals and populations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Considerations for the Design of a Systematic Review of Care Interventions for Individuals with Dementia and Their Caregivers: Letter Report SN - DO - 10.17226/25326 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25326/considerations-for-the-design-of-a-systematic-review-of-care-interventions-for-individuals-with-dementia-and-their-caregivers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Considerations for the Design of a Systematic Review of Care Interventions for Individuals with Dementia and Their Caregivers: Letter Report provides input into the design of an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) systematic review of evidence on effective care-related interventions for people with dementia and their caregivers. This letter report describes potential changes and considerations for the key questions and study design that would result in the most informative and timely evidence review on this topic. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kat M. Anderson TI - COVID-19, Health Equity, and the Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26700 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26700/covid-19-health-equity-and-the-asian-american-native-hawaiian-and-pacific-islander-communities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Communities of color have been among the hardest hit by the COVID virus. Less is known, however, about infection and vaccination rates in the different populations that make up the Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AA/NH/PI) communities. In at least 16 states that do disaggregate their data, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders have the highest mortality rates. Additionally, reports of incidents of xenophobia and violence against AANHPI community members, particularly women, became more frequent during the pandemic. Finally, there is a lack of data on AANHPI health and well-being in comparison to other groups, which will make it more difficult to correct these disparities in the future. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity planned and hosted a 2-day public workshop in December 2021 titled COVID-19, Health Equity, and the Asian American, Pacific Islander, and Native Hawaiian Communities. The workshop focused on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the unique obstacles faced by the AANHPI communities in achieving health equity. This Proceedings of a Workshop-In Brief summarizes the events covered in the workshop discussions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Defining Primary Care: An Interim Report DO - 10.17226/9153 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9153/defining-primary-care-an-interim-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lynn Nielsen-Bohlman A2 - Allison M. Panzer A2 - David A. Kindig TI - Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion SN - DO - 10.17226/10883 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10883/health-literacy-a-prescription-to-end-confusion PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - To maintain their own health and the health of their families and communities, consumers rely heavily on the health information that is available to them. This information is at the core of the partnerships that patients and their families forge with today’s complex modern health systems. This information may be provided in a variety of forms – ranging from a discussion between a patient and a health care provider to a health promotion advertisement, a consent form, or one of many other forms of health communication common in our society. Yet millions of Americans cannot understand or act upon this information. To address this problem, the field of health literacy brings together research and practice from diverse fields including education, health services, and social and cultural sciences, and the many organizations whose actions can improve or impede health literacy. Health Literacy: Prescription to End Confusion examines the body of knowledge that applies to the field of health literacy, and recommends actions to promote a health literate society. By examining the extent of limited health literacy and the ways to improve it, we can improve the health of individuals and populations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Maria Hewitt TI - Facilitating State Health Exchange Communication Through the Use of Health Literate Practices: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13255 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13255/facilitating-state-health-exchange-communication-through-the-use-of-health-literate-practices PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 will result in significant changes to the U.S. health care system. Among its many provisions, the ACA will extend access to health care coverage to millions of Americans who have been previously uninsured. Many of the newly eligible health insurance consumers will be individuals of low health literacy, some speakers of English and others more comfortable using languages other than English. Health insurance terms such as "deductible," "co-insurance," and "out-of-pocket limit" are difficult to communicate even to those with moderate-to-high levels of health literacy and so health exchanges will face challenges as they attempt to communicate to the broader community. In addition to having to convey some of these basic, and yet complex, principles of insurance, state exchanges will be attempting to adapt to the many changes to enrollment and eligibility brought about by ACA. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened the Roundtable on Health Literacy that brings together leaders from the federal government, foundations, health plans, associations, and private companies to discuss challenges facing health literacy practice and research and to identify approaches to promote health literacy in both the public and private sectors. The roundtable sponsored a workshop in Washington, DC, on July 19, 2011, that focused on ways in which health literacy can facilitate state health insurance exchange communication with potential enrollees. The roundtable's workshop focused on four topics: (1) lessons learned from existing state insurance exchanges; (2) the impact of state insurance exchanges on consumers; (3) the relevance of health literacy to health insurance exchanges; and (4) current best practices in developing materials and communicating with consumers. Facilitating State Health Exchange Communication Through the Use of Health Literate Practices summarizes the presentations and discussion that occurred during the workshop. The report provides an overview of health insurance exchanges, presents evidence on the extent to which consumers understand underlying health insurance concepts, and describes the relevancy of health literacy to health insurance reform and how health literacy interventions can facilitate the implementation of health insurance reforms. The report also provides a review of best practices in developing materials and communicating with consumers, and concludes with reflections on the workshop presentations and discussions by members of the roundtable and its chair. Further information is provided in the appendixes, the workshop agenda (Appendix A), workshop speaker biosketches (Appendix B), and testimony provided by the organization America's Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) (Appendix C). ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Jill Eden A2 - Ben Wheatley A2 - Barbara McNeil A2 - Harold Sox TI - Knowing What Works in Health Care: A Roadmap for the Nation SN - DO - 10.17226/12038 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12038/knowing-what-works-in-health-care-a-roadmap-for-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - There is currently heightened interest in optimizing health care through the generation of new knowledge on the effectiveness of health care services. The United States must substantially strengthen its capacity for assessing evidence on what is known and not known about "what works" in health care. Even the most sophisticated clinicians and consumers struggle to learn which care is appropriate and under what circumstances. Knowing What Works in Health Care looks at the three fundamental health care issues in the United States—setting priorities for evidence assessment, assessing evidence (systematic review), and developing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines—and how each of these contributes to the end goal of effective, practical health care systems. This book provides an overall vision and roadmap for improving how the nation uses scientific evidence to identify the most effective clinical services. Knowing What Works in Health Care gives private and public sector firms, consumers, health care professionals, benefit administrators, and others the authoritative, independent information required for making essential informed health care decisions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Kathleen M. Rasmussen A2 - Marie E. Latulippe A2 - Ann L. Yaktine TI - Review of WIC Food Packages: An Evaluation of White Potatoes in the Cash Value Voucher: Letter Report SN - DO - 10.17226/20221 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20221/review-of-wic-food-packages-an-evaluation-of-white-potatoes PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - Review of WIC Food Packages: An Evaluation of White Potatoes in the Cash Value Voucher assesses the impact of 2009 regulation to allow the purchase of vegetables and fruits, excluding white potatoes, with a cash value voucher on food and nutrient intakes of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) population and to consider whether white potatoes should be permitted for purchase with the voucher. This report considers the effects on diet quality, the health and cultural needs of the WIC population, and allows for effective and efficient administration nationwide in a cost-effective manner. Review of WIC Food Packages: An Evaluation of White Potatoes in the Cash Value Voucher recommends that the U.S. Department of Agriculture should allow white potatoes as a WIC-eligible vegetable, in forms currently permitted for other vegetables, in the cash value voucher pending changes to starchy vegetable intake recommendations in the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Data SN - DO - 10.17226/23605 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23605/accounting-for-social-risk-factors-in-medicare-payment-data PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Recent health care payment reforms aim to improve the alignment of Medicare payment strategies with goals to improve the quality of care provided, patient experiences with health care, and health outcomes, while also controlling costs. These efforts move Medicare away from the volume-based payment of traditional fee-for-service models and toward value-based purchasing, in which cost control is an explicit goal in addition to clinical and quality goals. Specific payment strategies include pay-for-performance and other quality incentive programs that tie financial rewards and sanctions to the quality and efficiency of care provided and accountable care organizations in which health care providers are held accountable for both the quality and cost of the care they deliver. Accounting For Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Data is the fourth in a series of five brief reports that aim to inform ASPE analyses that account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs mandated through the IMPACT Act. This report provides guidance on data sources for and strategies to collect data on indicators of social risk factors that could be accounted for Medicare quality measurement and payment programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kelly McHugh A2 - Rose Marie Martinez A2 - Joe Alper TI - Adoption of Health Literacy Best Practices to Enhance Clinical Research and Community Participation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26506 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26506/adoption-of-health-literacy-best-practices-to-enhance-clinical-research-and-community-participation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Clinical research is critical to developing new treatments and therapies for patients. To maximize societal benefit and health equity, it is important that clinical research information be accessible and inclusive, and participants should be representative of the patient population. To explore the role that patient comprehension of clinical research can have in delivering high-quality clinical care and in increasing the diversity of the populations enrolled in clinical research, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Health Literacy held a virtual public workshop on October 28, 2021. Workshop attendees discussed current and promising resources and approaches for ensuring that the public receives clinical research information in accessible language that promotes health literacy. They also discussed strategies for integrating clinical research information into various care and community settings to improve research awareness and engagement. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief highlights the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lyla M. Hernandez TI - Measures of Health Literacy: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12690 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12690/measures-of-health-literacy-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Health literacy--the ability for individuals to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services to facilitate appropriate health decisions--is increasingly recognized as an important facet of health care and health outcomes. Although research on health literacy has grown tremendously in the past decade, there is no widely agreed-upon framework for health literacy as a determinant of health outcomes. Most instruments focus on assessing an individual's health literacy, yet the scope of health literacy reaches far beyond an individual's skills and abilities. Health literacy occurs in the context of the health care system, and therefore measures of health literacy must also assess the demands and complexities of the health care systems with which patients interact. For example, measures are needed to determine how well the system has been organized so that it can be navigated by individuals with different levels of health literacy and how well health organizations are doing at making health information understandable and actionable. To examine what is known about measures of health literacy, the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop. The workshop, summarized in this volume, reviews the current status of measures of health literacy, including those used in the health care setting; discusses possible surrogate measures that might be used to assess health literacy; and explores ways in which health literacy measures can be used to assess patient-centered approaches to care. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Valerie Tate Jopeck A2 - Marion Ein Lewin TI - Developing an Information Infrastructure for the Medicare+Choice Program: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/6419 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6419/developing-an-information-infrastructure-for-the-medicarechoice-program-summary-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - On March 4 and 5, 1998, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Choice and Managed Care held a 2-day workshop entitled Developing the Information Infrastructure for Medicare Beneficiaries. This workshop was a follow-up to the IOM report entitled Improving the Medicare Market: Adding Choice and Protections. The workshop focused on the Medicare provisions in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which mandate that the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) develop a "nationally coordinated education and publicity campaign" in 1998 and move Medicare beneficiaries to an open-season enrollment process by the year 2002. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Identifying Social Risk Factors SN - DO - 10.17226/21858 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21858/accounting-for-social-risk-factors-in-medicare-payment-identifying-social PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Recent health care payment reforms aim to improve the alignment of Medicare payment strategies with goals to improve the quality of care provided, patient experiences with health care, and health outcomes, while also controlling costs. These efforts move Medicare away from the volume-based payment of traditional fee-for-service models and toward value-based purchasing, in which cost control is an explicit goal in addition to clinical and quality goals. Specific payment strategies include pay-for-performance and other quality incentive programs that tie financial rewards and sanctions to the quality and efficiency of care provided and accountable care organizations in which health care providers are held accountable for both the quality and cost of the care they deliver. Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Identifying Social Risk Factors is the first in a series of five reports commissioned to provide input into whether socioeconomic status (SES) and other social risk factors could be accounted for in Medicare payment and quality programs. This report focuses on defining SES and other social factors for the purposes of application to Medicare quality measurement and payment programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Informed Consent and Health Literacy: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/19019 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19019/informed-consent-and-health-literacy-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Informed consent - the process of communication between a patient or research subject and a physician or researcher that results in the explicit agreement to undergo a specific medical intervention - is an ethical concept based on the principle that all patients and research subjects should understand and agree to the potential consequences of the clinical care they receive. Regulations that govern the attainment of informed consent for treatment and research are crucial to ensuring that medical care and research are conducted in an ethical manner and with the utmost respect for individual preferences and dignity. These regulations, however, often require - or are perceived to require - that informed consent documents and related materials contain language that is beyond the comprehension level of most patients and study participants. To explore what actions can be taken to help close the gap between what is required in the informed consent process and communicating it in a health-literate and meaningful manner to individuals, the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Health Literacy convened a one-day public workshop featuring presentations and discussions that examine the implications of health literacy for informed consent for both research involving human subjects and treatment of patients. Topics covered in this workshop included an overview of the ethical imperative to gain informed consent from patients and research participants, a review of the current state and best practices for informed consent in research and treatment, the connection between poor informed consent processes and minority underrepresentation in research, new approaches to informed consent that reflect principles of health literacy, and the future of informed consent in the treatment and research settings. Informed Consent and Health Literacy is the summary of the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Melissa French A2 - Lyla M. Hernandez TI - Organizational Change to Improve Health Literacy: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18378 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18378/organizational-change-to-improve-health-literacy-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Organizational Change to Improve Health Literacy is the summary of a workshop convened in April 2013 by the Institute of Medicine Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice Roundtable on Health Literacy. As a follow up to the 2012 discussion paper Ten Attributes of a Health Literate Health Care Organization, participants met to examine what is known about implementation of the attributes of a health literate health care organization and to create a network of health literacy implementers who can share information about health literacy innovations and problem solving. This report discusses implementation approaches and shares tools that could be used in implementing specific literacy strategies. Although health literacy is commonly defined as an individual trait, there is a growing appreciation that health literacy does not depend on the skills of individuals alone. Health literacy is the product of the interaction between individuals' capacities and the health literacy-related demands and complexities of the health care system. System changes are needed to better align health care demands with the public's skills and abilities. Organizational Change to Improve Health Literacy focuses on changes that could be made to achieve this goal. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Harold W. Kohl III A2 - Heather D. Cook TI - Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School SN - DO - 10.17226/18314 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18314/educating-the-student-body-taking-physical-activity-and-physical-education PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Education AB - Physical inactivity is a key determinant of health across the lifespan. A lack of activity increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Emerging literature has suggested that in terms of mortality, the global population health burden of physical inactivity approaches that of cigarette smoking. The prevalence and substantial disease risk associated with physical inactivity has been described as a pandemic. The prevalence, health impact, and evidence of changeability all have resulted in calls for action to increase physical activity across the lifespan. In response to the need to find ways to make physical activity a health priority for youth, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment was formed. Its purpose was to review the current status of physical activity and physical education in the school environment, including before, during, and after school, and examine the influences of physical activity and physical education on the short and long term physical, cognitive and brain, and psychosocial health and development of children and adolescents. Educating the Student Body makes recommendations about approaches for strengthening and improving programs and policies for physical activity and physical education in the school environment. This report lays out a set of guiding principles to guide its work on these tasks. These included: recognizing the benefits of instilling life-long physical activity habits in children; the value of using systems thinking in improving physical activity and physical education in the school environment; the recognition of current disparities in opportunities and the need to achieve equity in physical activity and physical education; the importance of considering all types of school environments; the need to take into consideration the diversity of students as recommendations are developed. This report will be of interest to local and national policymakers, school officials, teachers, and the education community, researchers, professional organizations, and parents interested in physical activity, physical education, and health for school-aged children and adolescents. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Community-Based Health Literacy Interventions: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24917 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24917/community-based-health-literacy-interventions-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In its landmark report, Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion, the Institute of Medicine noted that there are 90 million adults in the United States with limited health literacy who cannot fully benefit from what the health and health care systems have to offer. Since the release of that report, health literacy has become a vibrant research field that has developed and disseminated a wide range of tools and practices that have helped organizations, ranging in size from large health care systems to individual health care providers and pharmacists, to engage in health literate discussions with and provide health literate materials for patients and family members. Improving the health literacy of organizations can be an important component of addressing the social determinants of health and achieving the triple aim of improving the patient experience, improving the health of populations, and reducing the cost of care. However, the focus on organizations does not address the larger issue of how to improve health literacy across the U.S. population. To get a better understanding of the state of community-based health literacy interventions, the Roundtable on Health Literacy hosted a workshop on July 19, 2017 on community-based health literacy interventions. It featured examples of community-based health literacy programs, discussions on how to evaluate such programs, and the actions the field can take to embrace this larger view of health literacy. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - Institute of Medicine TI - The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Lectures 2004: Perspectives on the Prevention of Childhood Obesity in Children and Youth SN - DO - 10.17226/11477 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11477/the-richard-and-hinda-rosenthal-lectures-2004-perspectives-on-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - In 1988, an exciting and important new program was launched at the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Through the generosity of the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation, a lecture series was established to bring to greater attention some of the critical health policy issues facing our nation today. Each year a subject of particular relevance is addressed through three lectures presented by experts in the field. The lectures are published at a later date for national dissemination. The Rosenthal lectures have attracted an enthusiastic following among health policy researchers and decision makers, both in Washington, D.C., and across the country. Our speakers are the leading experts on the subjects under discussion and our audience includes many of the major policymakers charged with making the U.S. health care system more effective and humane. The lectures and associated remarks have engendered lively and productive dialogue. The Richard and Hinda Rosenthalk Lectures 2004: Perspectives on the Prevention of Childhood Obesity in Children and Youth captures a panel discussion on the IOM report, Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. There is much to learn from the informed and real-world perspectives provided by the contributors to this book. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - David A. Savitz A2 - Katherine M. Delaney TI - Complementary Feeding Interventions for Infants and Young Children Under Age 2: Scoping of Promising Interventions to Implement at the Community or State Level SN - DO - 10.17226/27239 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27239/complementary-feeding-interventions-for-infants-and-young-children-under-age-2 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - Complementary feeding refers to the introduction of foods other than human milk or formula to an infants diet. In response to a request from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Academies Health and Medicine Division convened the Committee on Complementary Feeding Interventions for Infants and Young Children under Age 2 to conduct a consensus study scoping review of peer-reviewed literature and other publicly available information on interventions addressing complementary feeding of infants and young children. The interventions studied took place in the U.S. and other high-income country health care systems; early care and education settings; university cooperative extension programs; the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); home visiting programs; and other settings. This consensus study report summarizes evidence and provides information on interventions that could be scaled up or implemented at a community or state level. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Jill Eden A2 - Laura Levit A2 - Alfred Berg A2 - Sally Morton TI - Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews SN - DO - 10.17226/13059 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13059/finding-what-works-in-health-care-standards-for-systematic-reviews PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Healthcare decision makers in search of reliable information that compares health interventions increasingly turn to systematic reviews for the best summary of the evidence. Systematic reviews identify, select, assess, and synthesize the findings of similar but separate studies, and can help clarify what is known and not known about the potential benefits and harms of drugs, devices, and other healthcare services. Systematic reviews can be helpful for clinicians who want to integrate research findings into their daily practices, for patients to make well-informed choices about their own care, for professional medical societies and other organizations that develop clinical practice guidelines. Too often systematic reviews are of uncertain or poor quality. There are no universally accepted standards for developing systematic reviews leading to variability in how conflicts of interest and biases are handled, how evidence is appraised, and the overall scientific rigor of the process. In Finding What Works in Health Care the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 21 standards for developing high-quality systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. The standards address the entire systematic review process from the initial steps of formulating the topic and building the review team to producing a detailed final report that synthesizes what the evidence shows and where knowledge gaps remain. Finding What Works in Health Care also proposes a framework for improving the quality of the science underpinning systematic reviews. This book will serve as a vital resource for both sponsors and producers of systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Lyla M. Hernandez TI - Facilitating Patient Understanding of Discharge Instructions: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18834 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18834/facilitating-patient-understanding-of-discharge-instructions-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Roundtable on Health Literacy brings together leaders from academia, industry, government, foundations, and associations and representatives of patient and consumer interests who work to improve health literacy. To achieve its mission, the roundtable discusses challenges facing health literacy practice and research and identifies approaches to promote health literacy through mechanisms and partnerships in both the public and private sectors. To explore the aspects of health literacy that impact the ability of patients to understand and follow discharge instructions and to learn from examples of how discharge instructions can be written to improve patient understanding of-and hence compliance with-discharge instructions, the Roundtable on Health Literacy held a public workshop. The workshop featured presentations and discussions that examined the implications of health literacy for discharge instructions for both ambulatory and inpatient facilities. Facilitating Patient Understanding of Discharge Instructions summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. This report gives an overview of the impact of discharge instructions on outcomes, and discusses the specifics of inpatient discharge summaries and outpatient after-visit summaries. The report also contains case studies illustrating different approaches to improving discharge instructions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Steve Olson A2 - Karen M. Anderson TI - Immigration as a Social Determinant of Health: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25204 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25204/immigration-as-a-social-determinant-of-health-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since 1965 the foreign-born population of the United States has swelled from 9.6 million or 5 percent of the population to 45 million or 14 percent in 2015. Today, about one-quarter of the U.S. population consists of immigrants or the children of immigrants. Given the sizable representation of immigrants in the U.S. population, their health is a major influence on the health of the population as a whole. On average, immigrants are healthier than native-born Americans. Yet, immigrants also are subject to the systematic marginalization and discrimination that often lead to the creation of health disparities. To explore the link between immigration and health disparities, the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity held a workshop in Oakland, California, on November 28, 2017. This summary of that workshop highlights the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Integrating Health Literacy, Cultural Competence, and Language Access Services: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/23498 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23498/integrating-health-literacy-cultural-competence-and-language-access-services-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The aging and evolving racial and ethnic composition of the U.S. population has the United States in the midst of a profound demographic shift and health care organizations face many issues as they move to address and adapt to this change. In their drive to adequately serve increasingly diverse communities, health care organizations are searching for approaches that will enable them to provide information and service to all persons, regardless of age, race, cultural background, or language skills, in a manner that facilitates understanding and use of that information to make appropriate health decisions. To better understand how the dynamic forces operating in health care today impact the delivery of services in a way that is health literate, culturally competent, and in an appropriate language for patients and their families, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conducted a public workshop on the integration of health literacy, cultural competency, and language access services. Participants discussed skills and competencies needed for effective health communication, including health literacy, cultural competency, and language access services; interventions and strategies for integration; and differing perspectives such as providers and systems, patients and families, communities, and payers. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Virginia A. Stallings A2 - Maria P. Oria TI - Finding a Path to Safety in Food Allergy: Assessment of the Global Burden, Causes, Prevention, Management, and Public Policy SN - DO - 10.17226/23658 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23658/finding-a-path-to-safety-in-food-allergy-assessment-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - Over the past 20 years, public concerns have grown in response to the apparent rising prevalence of food allergy and related atopic conditions, such as eczema. Although evidence on the true prevalence of food allergy is complicated by insufficient or inconsistent data and studies with variable methodologies, many health care experts who care for patients agree that a real increase in food allergy has occurred and that it is unlikely to be due simply to an increase in awareness and better tools for diagnosis. Many stakeholders are concerned about these increases, including the general public, policy makers, regulatory agencies, the food industry, scientists, clinicians, and especially families of children and young people suffering from food allergy. At the present time, however, despite a mounting body of data on the prevalence, health consequences, and associated costs of food allergy, this chronic disease has not garnered the level of societal attention that it warrants. Moreover, for patients and families at risk, recommendations and guidelines have not been clear about preventing exposure or the onset of reactions or for managing this disease. Finding a Path to Safety in Food Allergy examines critical issues related to food allergy, including the prevalence and severity of food allergy and its impact on affected individuals, families, and communities; and current understanding of food allergy as a disease, and in diagnostics, treatments, prevention, and public policy. This report seeks to: clarify the nature of the disease, its causes, and its current management; highlight gaps in knowledge; encourage the implementation of management tools at many levels and among many stakeholders; and delineate a roadmap to safety for those who have, or are at risk of developing, food allergy, as well as for others in society who are responsible for public health. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Margie Patlak A2 - Laura Levit TI - Ensuring Quality Cancer Care Through the Oncology Workforce: Sustaining Care in the 21st Century: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12613 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12613/ensuring-quality-cancer-care-through-the-oncology-workforce-sustaining-care PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) predicts that by 2020, there will be an 81 percent increase in people living with or surviving cancer, but only a 14 percent increase in the number of practicing oncologists. As a result, there may be too few oncologists to meet the population's need for cancer care. To help address the challenges in overcoming this potential crisis of cancer care, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened the workshop Ensuring Quality Cancer Care through the Oncology Workforce: Sustaining Care in the 21st Century in Washington, DC on October 20 and 21, 2008. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Leslie Y. Kwan A2 - Kathleen Stratton A2 - Donald M. Steinwachs TI - Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment SN - DO - 10.17226/23635 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23635/accounting-for-social-risk-factors-in-medicare-payment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Recent health care payment reforms aim to improve the alignment of Medicare payment strategies with goals to improve the quality of care provided, patient experiences with health care, and health outcomes, while also controlling costs. These efforts move Medicare away from the volume-based payment of traditional fee-for-service models and toward value-based purchasing, in which cost control is an explicit goal in addition to clinical and quality goals. Specific payment strategies include pay-for-performance and other quality incentive programs that tie financial rewards and sanctions to the quality and efficiency of care provided and accountable care organizations in which health care providers are held accountable for both the quality and cost of the care they deliver. Accounting For Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment is the fifth and final report in a series of brief reports that aim to inform ASPE analyses that account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs mandated through the IMPACT Act. This report aims to put the entire series in context and offers additional thoughts about how to best consider the various methods for accounting for social risk factors, as well as next steps. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Theresa Wizemann A2 - Darla Thompson TI - Spread, Scale, and Sustainability in Population Health: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21708 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21708/spread-scale-and-sustainability-in-population-health-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Spread, Scale, and Sustainability in Population Health is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Population Health Improvement in December 2014 to discuss the spread, scale, and sustainability of practices, models, and interventions for improving health in a variety of inter-organizational and geographical contexts. This report explores how users measure whether their strategies of spread and scale have been effective and discusses how to increase the focus on spread and scale in population health. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Gulf War and Health: Updated Literature Review of Sarin SN - DO - 10.17226/11064 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11064/gulf-war-and-health-updated-literature-review-of-sarin PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The Gulf War in 1990-1991 was considered a brief and successful military operation, with few injuries or deaths of US troops. The war began in August 1990, and the last US ground troops returned home by June 1991. Although most Gulf War veterans resumed their normal activities, many soon began reporting a variety of nonexplained health problems that they attributed to their participation in the Gulf War, including chronic fatigue, muscle and joint pain, loss of concentration, forgetfulness, headache, and rash. Because of concerns about the veterans' health problems, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) review the scientific and medical literature on the long-term adverse health effects of agents to which the Gulf War veterans may have been exposed. This report is a broad overview of the toxicology of sarin and cyclosarin. It assesses the biologic plausibility with respect to the compounds in question and health effects. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Paul A. Volberding A2 - Carol Mason Spicer A2 - Jennifer Lalitha Flaubert TI - Functional Assessment for Adults with Disabilities SN - DO - 10.17226/25376 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25376/functional-assessment-for-adults-with-disabilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) provides disability benefits through the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs. To receive SSDI or SSI disability benefits, an individual must meet the statutory definition of disability, which is "the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity [SGA] by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months." SSA uses a five-step sequential process to determine whether an adult applicant meets this definition. Functional Assessment for Adults with Disabilities examines ways to collect information about an individual's physical and mental (cognitive and noncognitive) functional abilities relevant to work requirements. This report discusses the types of information that support findings of limitations in functional abilities relevant to work requirements, and provides findings and conclusions regarding the collection of information and assessment of functional abilities relevant to work requirements. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Health Literacy: Past, Present, and Future: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21714 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21714/health-literacy-past-present-and-future-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 2004, the Institute of Medicine released Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion, a report on the then-underappreciated challenge of enabling patients to comprehend their condition and treatment, to make the best decisions for their care, and to take the right medications at the right time in the intended dose. That report documented the problems, origins, and consequences of the fact that tens of millions of U.S. adults are unable to read complex texts, including many health-related materials, and it proposed possible solutions to those problems. To commemorate the anniversary of the release of the 2004 health literacy report, the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Health Literacy convened a 1-day public workshop to assess the progress made in the field of health literacy over the past decade, the current state of the field, and the future of health literacy at the local, national, and international levels. Health Literacy: Past, Present, and Future summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Maria Hewitt A2 - Lyla M. Hernandez TI - Implications of Health Literacy for Public Health: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18756 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18756/implications-of-health-literacy-for-public-health-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Health literacy is the degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand the basic health information and services they need to make appropriate health decisions. Nearly half of all American adults - 90 million people - have inadequate health literacy to navigate the health care system. Implications of Health Literacy for Public Health is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Health Literacy in November 2013 that focused on the implications of health literacy for the mission and essential services of public health. The workshop featured the presentation of a commissioned paper on health literacy activities under way in public health organizations. Other presentations examined the implications of health literacy for the mission and essential services of public health, for example, community health and safety, disease prevention, disaster management, or health communication. This report includes the commissioned paper and summaries of the workshop presentations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lyla M. Hernandez TI - Health Literacy: Improving Health, Health Systems, and Health Policy Around the World: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18325 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18325/health-literacy-improving-health-health-systems-and-health-policy-around PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The roots of health literacy can be traced back to the national literacy movement in India under Gandhi and to aid groups working in Africa to promote education and health. The term health literacy was first used in 1974 and described as "health education meeting minimal standards for all school grade levels". From that first use the definition of health literacy evolved during the next 30 years with official definitions promulgated by government agencies and large programs. Despite differences among these definitions, they all hold in common the idea that health literacy involves the need for people to understand information that helps them maintain good health. Although the United States produces a majority of the research on health literacy, Europe has strong multinational programs as well as research efforts, and health literacy experts in developing countries have created successful programs implemented on a community level. Given these distinct strengths of efforts worldwide, there are many opportunities for collaboration. International collaboration can harness the United States' research power, Europe's multilingual and multinational experience, and developing nations' community-based programs to create robust programs and research that reach people—not based on language or nationality but on need and value. A workshop on international health literacy efforts that feature presentations and discussion about health literacy interventions from various countries as well as other topics related to international health literacy was held as the basis for this report. Health Literacy: Improving Health, Health Systems, and Health Policy Around the World summarizes the findings and discussions at the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Shiriki K. Kumanyika A2 - Lynn Parker A2 - Leslie J. Sim TI - Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making SN - DO - 10.17226/12847 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12847/bridging-the-evidence-gap-in-obesity-prevention-a-framework-to PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - To battle the obesity epidemic in America, health care professionals and policymakers need relevant, useful data on the effectiveness of obesity prevention policies and programs. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention identifies a new approach to decision making and research on obesity prevention to use a systems perspective to gain a broader understanding of the context of obesity and the many factors that influence it. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Samantha Chao A2 - Karen Anderson A2 - Lyla Hernandez TI - Toward Health Equity and Patient-Centeredness: Integrating Health Literacy, Disparities Reduction, and Quality Improvement: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12502 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12502/toward-health-equity-and-patient-centeredness-integrating-health-literacy-disparities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - To receive the greatest value for health care, it is important to focus on issues of quality and disparity, and the ability of individuals to make appropriate decisions based on basic health knowledge and services. The Forum on the Science of Health Care Quality Improvement and Implementation, the Roundtable on Health Disparities, and the Roundtable on Health Literacy jointly convened the workshop "Toward Health Equity and Patient-Centeredness: Integrating Health Literacy, Disparities Reduction, and Quality Improvement" to address these concerns. During this workshop, speakers and participants explored how equity in care delivered and a focus on patients could be improved. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Criteria, Factors, and Methods SN - DO - 10.17226/23513 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23513/accounting-for-social-risk-factors-in-medicare-payment-criteria-factors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Recent health care payment reforms aim to improve the alignment of Medicare payment strategies with goals to improve the quality of care provided, patient experiences with health care, and health outcomes, while also controlling costs. These efforts move Medicare away from the volume-based payment of traditional fee-for-service models and toward value-based purchasing, in which cost control is an explicit goal in addition to clinical and quality goals. Specific payment strategies include pay-for-performance and other quality incentive programs that tie financial rewards and sanctions to the quality and efficiency of care provided and accountable care organizations in which health care providers are held accountable for both the quality and cost of the care they deliver. Accounting For Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Criteria, Factors, and Methods is the third in a series of five brief reports that aim to inform ASPE analyses that account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs mandated through the IMPACT Act. This report builds on the conceptual relationships and empirical associations between social risk factors and performance indicators used in value-based payment identified in the first report to provide guidance on which factors could be considered for Medicare accounting purposes, criteria to identify these factors, and methods to do so in ways that can improve care and promote greater health equity for socially at-risk patients. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - The Impact of War on Child Health in the Countries of the Former Yugoslavia DO - 10.17226/9290 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9290/the-impact-of-war-on-child-health-in-the-countries-of-the-former-yugoslavia PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Monica N. Feit A2 - Jon Q. Sanders TI - Collecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data in Electronic Health Records: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18260 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18260/collecting-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-data-in-electronic-health-records PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - Collecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data in Electronic Health Records: Workshop Summary reviews the statement of task set to the committee which required them to collect sexual orientation and gender identity data in electronic health records. This report summarizes the invited presentations and facilitated discussions about current practices around sexual orientation and gender identity data collection, the challenges in collecting these data, and ways in which these challenges can be overcome. Areas of focus for the workshop include the clinical rationale behind collecting these data, standardized questions that can be used to collect these data, mechanisms for supporting providers and patients in the collection of these data, technical specifications involved in creating standards for sexual orientation and gender identity data collection and exchange, and policy considerations related to the health information technology (HIT) Meaningful Use process being overseen by the Department of Health and Human Services. This report summarizes the workshop agenda, select invited speakers and discussants, and moderate the discussions. Invited participants will include lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health care consumer advocates, providers with experience working with LGBT populations, HIT vendors and other HIT specialists, health care administrators, and policy makers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health, Sixth Edition DO - 10.17226/13180 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13180/informing-the-future-critical-issues-in-health-sixth-edition PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - This report illustrates the work of IOM committees in selected, major areas in recent years, followed by a description of IOM's convening and collaborative activities and fellowship programs. The last section provides a comprehensive bibliography of IOM reports published since 2007. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Cori Vancheri TI - Innovations in Health Literacy Research: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13016 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13016/innovations-in-health-literacy-research-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Nearly nine out of 10 adults have difficulty using everyday health information to make good health decisions. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Roundtable on Health Literacy held a meeting on May 27, 2010, to explore areas for research in health literacy, the relationship between health literacy and health disparities, and ways to apply information technology to improve health literacy. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lyla Hernandez A2 - Suzanne Landi TI - Promoting Health Literacy to Encourage Prevention and Wellness: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13186 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13186/promoting-health-literacy-to-encourage-prevention-and-wellness-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Health literacy has been shown to affect health outcomes. The use of preventive services improves health and prevents costly health care expenditures. Several studies have found that health literacy makes a difference in the extent to which populations use preventive services. On September 15, 2009, the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Health Literacy held a workshop to explore approaches to integrate health literacy into primary and secondary prevention. Promoting Health Literacy to Encourage Prevention and Wellness serves as a factual account of the discussion that took place at the workshop. The report describes the inclusion of health literacy into public health prevention programs at the national, state, and local levels; reviews how insurance companies factor health literacy into their prevention programs; and discusses industry contributions to providing health literate primary and secondary prevention. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Maria Hewitt TI - Improving Health Literacy Within a State: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13185 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13185/improving-health-literacy-within-a-state-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Health literacy is the degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand the basic health information and services they need to make appropriate health decisions. According to Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion (IOM, 2004), nearly half of all American adults--90 million people--have inadequate health literacy to navigate the healthcare system. To address issues raised in that report, the Institute of Medicine convened the Roundtable on Health Literacy, which brings together leaders from the federal government, foundations, health plans, associations, and private companies to discuss challenges facing health literacy practice and research and to identify approaches to promote health literacy in both the public and private sectors. On November 30, 2010, the roundtable cosponsored a workshop with the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Anderson School of Management in Los Angeles. Improving Health Literacy Within a State serves as a summary of what occurred at the workshop. The workshop focused on understanding what works to improve health literacy across a state, including how various stakeholders have a role in improving health literacy. The focus of the workshop was on presentations and discussions that address (1) the clinical impacts of health literacy improvement approaches; (2) economic outcomes of health literacy implementation; and (3) how various stakeholders can affect health literacy. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Communicating Clearly About Medicines: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24814 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24814/communicating-clearly-about-medicines-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Research conducted over the past two decades has shown that poor patient understanding of medication instructions is an important contributor to the more than 1 million medication errors and adverse drug events that lead to office and emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and even death. Patients who have limited literacy skills, who have multiple comorbidities, and who are elderly face the greatest risk, and limited literacy skills are significantly associated with inadequate understanding and use of prescription instructions and precautions. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality notes that only 12 percent of U.S. adults have proficient health literacy that allows them to interpret a prescription label correctly. Given the importance of health literacy to the proper use of medications, and the apparent lack of progress in improving medication adherence, the Roundtable on Health Literacy formed an ad hoc committee to plan and conduct a 1-day public workshop that featured invited presentations and discussion of the role and challenges regarding clarity of communication on medication. Participants focused on using health literacy principles to address clarity of materials, decision aids, and other supportive tools and technologies regarding risks, benefits, alternatives, and health plan coverage. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER -