%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Durana, Jamie %T Harassment and Violence Against Health Professionals Who Provide Reproductive Care: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27518/harassment-and-violence-against-health-professionals-who-provide-reproductive-care %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27518/harassment-and-violence-against-health-professionals-who-provide-reproductive-care %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 8 %X In December 2023, the National Academies hosted a public webinar in which medical and human rights experts explored concerns related to harassment, threats, and physical attacks against health care professionals working to provide essential reproductive health care. The event was the fourth in a webinar series designed to consider society-wide effects of limits to reproductive health care access in the U.S. following the 2022 Supreme Court Decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Womens Health Organization. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the webinar. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Deros, Ana %E Saunders, Jen %T Attacks on Scientists and Health Professionals During the Pandemic: Proceedings of a Symposium—in Brief %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26936/attacks-on-scientists-and-health-professionals-during-the-pandemic-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26936/attacks-on-scientists-and-health-professionals-during-the-pandemic-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 10 %X Scientists and health professionals have long been targeted in connection with their professional work. Though this problem preceded the pandemic, it has emerged as a major concern, both in the United States and globally, as a result of COVID-19. Since the onset of the pandemic, scientists and health professionals have been subjected to threats and other attacks - online and offline - resulting from their efforts to combat the spread of COVID-19 with public health interventions and information. Reports of violence - carried out by numerous actors, including governments, groups, and individuals - are wide ranging and have come from all over the globe. In some cases, scientists, health professionals, and other groups have been targeted by multiple sources simultaneously, putting them at heightened risk of harm. Beginning September 1, 2022, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Human Rights hosted five webcasts examining the global problem of COVID-19-related attacks on researchers and health professionals, along with concerns regarding repression of information during the pandemic and implications for internationally protected rights. Topics included the targeting of scientists and public health professionals for providing evidence-based health information, global patterns of violence against health personnel, censorship and the right to information, science communication and human rights amid public health emergencies, and constructing a human rights framework for online health-related speech. This Proceedings of a Symposium-in Brief provides a high-level summary of the issues discussed during the series. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Committee on Human Rights: Annual Report 2022 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27011/committee-on-human-rights-annual-report-2022 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27011/committee-on-human-rights-annual-report-2022 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 28 %X With the support of the National Academies leadership and the more than 1,500 Academy members who actively support our work, the Committee on Human Rights (CHR) continues to assist colleagues under threat around the world and integrate human rights into the work of the National Academies. This publication highlights the assistance provided by CHR to at-risk colleagues and advocacy work and events hosted by CHR during 2022 to draw attention to colleagues suffering human rights abuses as a consequence of their professional activities and their exercise of internationally protected rights. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T International Coordination for Science Data Infrastructure: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25015/international-coordination-for-science-data-infrastructure-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25015/international-coordination-for-science-data-infrastructure-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 8 %X Advances in science and technology have led to the creation of large amounts of data—data that could be harnessed to improve productivity, cure disease, and address many other critical issues. Consensus in the scientific community is growing that the transition to truly data-driven and open science is best achieved by the establishment of a globally interoperable research infrastructure. A number of projects are looking to establish this infrastructure and exploit data to its fullest potential. Several projects in the United States, Europe, and China have made significant strides toward this effort. The goal of these projects is to make research data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable, or FAIR. The expected impact and benefits of FAIR data are substantial. To realize these benefits, there is a need to examine critical success factors for implementation, including training of a new generation of data experts to provide the necessary capacity. On November 1, 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a symposium to explore these issues. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the symposium. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Saunders, Jennifer %T Human Rights and Digital Technologies: Proceedings of a Symposium of Scholars and Practitioners–in Brief %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26277/human-rights-and-digital-technologies-proceedings-of-a-symposium-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26277/human-rights-and-digital-technologies-proceedings-of-a-symposium-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Computers and Information Technology %P 14 %X Digital technologies provide a means of anticipating, analyzing, and responding to human rights concerns, but they also present human rights challenges. These technologies have expanded opportunities for individuals and organizations to mobilize, document, and advocate, including around human rights and humanitarian crises; however, with these opportunities come certain concerns. Digital technologies have, for instance, been used to spread disinformation, surveil human rights defenders, and promote and incite violence. Discrimination in the use of, and access to, digital technologies presents another serious concern. On September 18, 2019, the Committee on Human Rights of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine gathered experts in the fields of human rights and digital technology to examine these and other challenges and to explore ways of leveraging digital innovations in a manner that helps protect internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights and Digital Technologies: Proceedings of a Symposium of Scholars and Practitioners briefly summarizes themes discussed at the symposium. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Conflict and Reconstruction in Multiethnic Societies: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08939-5 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10879/conflict-and-reconstruction-in-multiethnic-societies-proceedings-of-a-russian %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10879/conflict-and-reconstruction-in-multiethnic-societies-proceedings-of-a-russian %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 236 %X This report is the proceedings of a December 2001 international symposium in Washington, DC organized by the National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The symposium addressed (1) characteristics of peaceful management of tensions in multiethnic societies, particularly in Russia; (2) policies that have contributed to violence in such societies; (3) steps toward reconciliation; and (4) post-conflict reconstruction. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Arrison, Tom %T Improving International Resilience and Response to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Events: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25666/improving-international-resilience-and-response-to-chemical-biological-radiological-and-nuclear-events %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25666/improving-international-resilience-and-response-to-chemical-biological-radiological-and-nuclear-events %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 7 %X Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) events are rare, but can be highly destructive. In addition to potentially causing large numbers of fatalities and injuries, these events may also destabilize governments, create conditions that exacerbate violence, or promote terrorism. They may overwhelm the infrastructure and response capacity of the nations where they occur, especially those lacking specialized resources. They can also trigger global economic effects: a single CBRN event that damages facilities in one place can affect supply chains and operations worldwide. Strengthening national and international resilience and capacity to respond to CBRN events is seen as a global security priority. In order to help illuminate the major needs for an international coordinated response to CBRN events, highlight major challenges, and develop a common basis for future discussions, an ad hoc committee under the auspices of the Forum on Resilience to International Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Events of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized an international, science-based CBRN resilience workshop in Tokyo, Japan on October 23-25, 2017. The National Academies collaborated with Niigata University and the Japan National Research Institute for Earth Sciences and Disaster Resilience to plan and organize the workshop. Participants included experts from the international community, public and government sector, the private and industrial sector, the academic community, and NGOs. This publication summarizes the presentations of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schweitzer, Glenn %E Wasson, Flannery %T Developments in Violent Extremism in the Middle East and Beyond: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25518/developments-in-violent-extremism-in-the-middle-east-and-beyond %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25518/developments-in-violent-extremism-in-the-middle-east-and-beyond %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 12 %X Twenty-five scientists and analysts from the United States, Russia, France, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) convened at a workshop at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) on April 1-3, 2019 to discuss recent developments and trends in violent extremism in a number of hot spots of the world. The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies), in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the French National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), and NYUAD organized the workshop. This gathering was the fourth workshop jointly sponsored by the National Academies and RAS since 2015 that has addressed the challenge of coping with violent extremism. Held in the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attack at the Al Noor Mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand, the workshop sent a strong message to the international community that individuals and groups with extremist views and access to weapons continue to be both an immediate and a long-term threat in many countries, even as ISIS and al-Qaeda are losing control over large areas of land in the Middle East. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn %E Sobouti, Yousef %T Science as a Gateway to Understanding: International Workshop Proceedings, Tehran, Iran %@ 978-0-309-12879-7 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12539/science-as-a-gateway-to-understanding-international-workshop-proceedings-tehran %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12539/science-as-a-gateway-to-understanding-international-workshop-proceedings-tehran %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 184 %X In October 2007, the U.S. National Academies and the Iranian Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Science organized the first of a series of planned U.S.-Iranian workshops on the topic "Science as a Gateway to Understanding." This new workshop series is a component of the broader effort of the National Academies to support bilateral workshops and exchange visits in a variety of fields with a number of Iranian institutions that began in 2000. This book includes papers that were presented at the workshop and summaries of the discussions that followed some of the presentations. At the conclusion of the workshop there was general agreement that the presentations on many aspects of science and scientific cooperation that have a bearing on mutual understanding were an important first step. Several participants underscored that the next workshop should emphasize how scientific cooperation can lead in concrete terms to improved understanding among both academic and political leaders from the two countries. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Experiences and Challenges of Science and Ethics: Proceedings of an American-Iranian Workshop %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10700/the-experiences-and-challenges-of-science-and-ethics-proceedings-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10700/the-experiences-and-challenges-of-science-and-ethics-proceedings-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 126 %X In April 2002, the U.S. National Academies hosted an interacademy workshop involving participants from the United States and Iran on the topic of Science and Ethics. The explicit purposes of the workshop were (a) to engage important members of the American and Iranian scientific communities in meaningful discussions of the topic of science and ethics and particularly differences in the approaches in the west and in Islamic countries in general and Iran in particular, (b) to encourage greater participation by Iranian scientists in international scientific discussions by exposing them to seasoned veterans in international meetings, and (c) to identify specific topics and approaches that could be carried out by the Academies in the two countries to contribute to international understanding of the importance of considering the ethical dimensions of scientific research and related activities. This report includes documents prepared by four breakout groups and a statement on priority areas for future interacademy cooperation developed at the final plenary session. Also included are background papers prepared by some participants prior to the workshop that were not previously published. %0 Book %T International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies: Proceedings - Symposium and Seventh Biennial Meeting, London, May 18-20, 2005 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11740/international-human-rights-network-of-academies-and-scholarly-societies-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11740/international-human-rights-network-of-academies-and-scholarly-societies-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 176 %X This report is the proceedings of the seventh biennial meeting of the International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies. (The international Network, created in 1993, consists of 70 national academies and scholarly societies around the world that work to address serious science and human rights issues of mutual concern. The Committee on Human Rights of the U.S. National Academies serves as the Network's secretariat.) The meeting was held on May 18 and 20, 2005, at the Royal Society in London. The main events of the meeting were a semipublic symposium, entitled Scientists, Human Rights, and Prospects for the Future, and a workshop on a variety of topics related to science, engineering, and health in the human rights context. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Kuhn, Jens-Uwe %E Arain, Nizam %E Bell, Justin %E Davis, Brianna %E Kaiser, Helen %E Madden, Devin %E Prepetit, Guilene %E Williamsen, Kaaren %T Strategies for Developing, Implementing, and Sustaining Sexual Harassment Bystander Intervention Programs for Faculty, Staff, and Graduate Students %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27266/strategies-for-developing-implementing-and-sustaining-sexual-harassment-bystander-intervention-programs-for-faculty-staff-and-graduate-students %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27266/strategies-for-developing-implementing-and-sustaining-sexual-harassment-bystander-intervention-programs-for-faculty-staff-and-graduate-students %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 39 %X To address the persistent problem of sexual harassment within higher education, research suggests that environments need to convey that sexual harassment is not a norm and actively discourage it when it does occur. One approach that researchers have identified as helping to create such environments is bystander intervention programs, which prepare and equip individuals to interrupt and intervene when harassing behavior occurs. This paper explores bystander intervention training approaches that are designed for the complex work environments within higher education, and considers how to apply the principles of bystander intervention to the experiences and environments of faculty, staff, and graduate students., Institutions within the Action Collaborative were asked a standard set of questions to learn about their experiences with commitment and buy-in from leadership, details on how the trainings were developed and what audience it was targeted to, and how the training programs were evaluated. The paper summarizes responses from seven of these institutions and ends with a call for additional research and action. This individually-authored issue paper was created by members of the Prevention Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education to understand how institutions are addressing the gap in bystander intervention training for faculty, staff, and graduate students. The Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine brings together academic and research institutions and key stakeholders to work toward targeted, collective action on addressing and preventing sexual harassment across all disciplines and among all people in higher education. The Action Collaborative includes four working groups (Prevention, Response, Remediation, and Evaluation) that identify topics in need of research, gather information, and publish resources for the higher education community. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T High-Impact Terrorism: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08270-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10301/high-impact-terrorism-proceedings-of-a-russian-american-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10301/high-impact-terrorism-proceedings-of-a-russian-american-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 294 %X In June 2001 the National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences held a bilateral workshop in Moscow on terrorism in a high--technology society and modern methods to prevent and respond to it. The purpose of the workshop was to begin a dialogue on high--impact terrorism that could lead to further U.S.--Russian collaboration. This volume includes papers presented at the workshop by 31 Russian and American experts on various types of high-impact terrorism, including biological and agricultural terrorism, nuclear and electromagnetic terrorism, explosives, chemical, and technological terrorism, and cyber terrorism. The papers also address legal issues, Russian internal affairs, and the future of international cooperation in this area. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Lam, Mariam %E Falcon, Ashley %E Merhill, Nicole %E Spear, Kaitlin %T Approaches to the Evaluation of Sexual Harassment Prevention and Response Efforts %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27267/approaches-to-the-evaluation-of-sexual-harassment-prevention-and-response-efforts %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27267/approaches-to-the-evaluation-of-sexual-harassment-prevention-and-response-efforts %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 45 %X Evaluation, an important component of all research, is critical to integrate into interventions addressing sexual harassment, because the targets of such harassment can suffer serious consequences, including physical and emotional harm, lost educational opportunities, and negative effects on their career. Not only are the consequences potentially severe, but the problem is pervasive across all levels of academia. Studies show that 20–50 percent of undergraduate and graduate students experience sexual harassment from faculty or staff, as well as nearly 50 percent of women faculty and staff in academia. Moreover, despite efforts in recent decades to prevent and respond effectively to sexual harassment, it remains a significant issue with no clear decline in incidence rates. This paper offers insight into selecting the appropriate methods for evaluating interventions based on evidence, case studies, and the perspectives and experiences of the authors. The goal of the paper is to provide interested parties in higher education with an introduction to methods and approaches to evaluating interventions designed to prevent and respond to sexual harassment in their institutions. This individually-authored issue paper was created by members of the Evaluation Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education to explore the challenges and research areas related to the evaluation of a wide range of efforts to address sexual harassment, which they present in this document. The Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine brings together academic and research institutions and key stakeholders to work toward targeted, collective action on addressing and preventing sexual harassment across all disciplines and among all people in higher education. The Action Collaborative includes four working groups (Prevention, Response, Remediation, and Evaluation) that identify topics in need of research, gather information, and publish resources for the higher education community. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %T Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism: A Cooperative Program of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences (1995-2020) %@ 978-0-309-08775-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26281/roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism-and-terrorism-a-cooperative %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26281/roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism-and-terrorism-a-cooperative %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 162 %X During the past 25 years, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences, have carried out a wide variety of activities to improve understanding of the challenges in containing and reducing ethnic conflicts, violent extremism, and terrorism. Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism provides an overview of this cross-ocean program, which has involved American and Russian scientists, engineers, and medical professionals from a large number of government agencies, leading research institutions, think tanks, educational institutions, analytical centers, and consulting and commercial firms in the two countries. This report highlights challenges addressed by the academies over many years that remain of current interest as the U.S., Russian, and other governments continue to cope with old and new forms of aggression that threaten the livelihood of populations at home and abroad. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Committee on Human Rights: Year in Review 2020 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26275/committee-on-human-rights-year-in-review-2020 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26275/committee-on-human-rights-year-in-review-2020 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 22 %X The annual report of the Committee on Human Rights (CHR) provides an overview of the CHR's activities in 2020, including information on its advocacy, events, and awareness-raising projects. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Fundamental Role of Science and Technology in International Development: An Imperative for the U.S. Agency for International Development %@ 978-0-309-10145-5 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11583/the-fundamental-role-of-science-and-technology-in-international-development %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11583/the-fundamental-role-of-science-and-technology-in-international-development %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 162 %X In October 2003 the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the National Research Council (NRC) entered into a cooperative agreement. The agreement called for the NRC to examine selected aspects of U.S. foreign assistance activities—primarily the programs of the USAID—that have benefited or could benefit from access to strong science, technology, and medical capabilities in the United States or elsewhere. After considering the many aspects of the role of science and technology (S&T) in foreign assistance, the study led to the publication of The Fundamental Role of Science and Technology in International Development. In the book special attention is devoted to partnerships that involve the USAID together with international, regional, U.S. governmental, and private sector organizations in fields such as heath care, agriculture and nutrition, education and job creation, and energy and the environment. This book explores specific programmatic, organizational, and personnel reforms that would increase the effective use of S&T to meet the USAID's goals while supporting larger U.S. foreign policy objectives. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Improving Understanding of the Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24887/improving-understanding-of-the-roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24887/improving-understanding-of-the-roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 8 %X The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, together with the National Center for Scientific Research of France and the Russian Academy of Sciences, convened a workshop in Paris on June 20-
21, 2017, to consider the roots and trajectories of violent extremism. The goal was to identify common interests and priorities that could provide the basis for sustained cooperation involving research, analysis, and field investigations. Such a collaborative effort would contribute both to improved international understanding of the challenges posed by outbreaks of violent extremism and to the development of promising strategies and programs to reduce the global threats associated with the upsurge in outbreaks in a number of regions of the world. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Third Edition %@ 978-0-309-21421-6 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13163/reference-manual-on-scientific-evidence-third-edition %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13163/reference-manual-on-scientific-evidence-third-edition %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 1034 %X The Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, Third Edition, assists judges in managing cases involving complex scientific and technical evidence by describing the basic tenets of key scientific fields from which legal evidence is typically derived and by providing examples of cases in which that evidence has been used. First published in 1994 by the Federal Judicial Center, the Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence has been relied upon in the legal and academic communities and is often cited by various courts and others. Judges faced with disputes over the admissibility of scientific and technical evidence refer to the manual to help them better understand and evaluate the relevance, reliability and usefulness of the evidence being proffered. The manual is not intended to tell judges what is good science and what is not. Instead, it serves to help judges identify issues on which experts are likely to differ and to guide the inquiry of the court in seeking an informed resolution of the conflict. The core of the manual consists of a series of chapters (reference guides) on various scientific topics, each authored by an expert in that field. The topics have been chosen by an oversight committee because of their complexity and frequency in litigation. Each chapter is intended to provide a general overview of the topic in lay terms, identifying issues that will be useful to judges and others in the legal profession. They are written for a non-technical audience and are not intended as exhaustive presentations of the topic. Rather, the chapters seek to provide judges with the basic information in an area of science, to allow them to have an informed conversation with the experts and attorneys. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Thomas, Jeena M. %E Olson, Steve %T Transforming Research and Higher Education Institutions in the Next 75 Years: Proceedings of the 2022 Endless Frontier Symposium %@ 978-0-309-69961-7 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26863/transforming-research-and-higher-education-institutions-in-the-next-75-years %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26863/transforming-research-and-higher-education-institutions-in-the-next-75-years %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 54 %X On September 22, 2022, the National Academy of Sciences held a symposium entitled Endless Frontier 2022: Research and Higher Education Institutions for the Next 75 Years. The event was a follow up to a February 2020 NAS symposium convened to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the landmark report Science, the Endless Frontier. Building on the 2020 symposium and on lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, the September 2022 symposium sought to generate tools, strategies, and actionable steps that people and institutions can implement to ensure that science and technology continue to serve the public good. The symposium was designed to progress from broad perspectives that encompass the entire science and technology enterprise to consideration of more specific issues. This proceedings summarizes the 2022 symposium.