%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Research and Development on Urban Systems: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-15895-4 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12969/pathways-to-urban-sustainability-research-and-development-on-urban-systems %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12969/pathways-to-urban-sustainability-research-and-development-on-urban-systems %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 124 %X More than half of the world's people now live in cities. In the United States, the figure is 80 percent. It is worthwhile to consider how this trend of increased urbanization, if inevitable, could be made more sustainable. One fundamental shortcoming of urban research and programs is that they sometimes fail to recognize urban areas as systems. Current institutions and actors are not accustomed to exploring human-environment interactions, particularly at an urban-scale. The fact is that these issues involve complex interactions, many of which are not yet fully understood. Thus a key challenge for the 21st century is this: How can we develop sustainable urban systems that provide healthy, safe and affordable environments for the growing number of Americans living in cities and their surrounding metropolitan areas? To address this question, the National Research Council organized a workshop exploring the landscape of urban sustainability research programs in the United States. The workshop, summarized in this volume, was designed to allow participants to share information about the activities and planning efforts of federal agencies, along with related initiatives by universities, the private sector, nongovernmental groups, state and local agencies, and international organizations. Participants were encouraged to explore how urban sustainability can move beyond analyses devoted to single disciplines and sectors to systems-level thinking and effective interagency cooperation. To do this, participants examined areas of potential coordination among different R&D programs, with special consideration given to how the efforts of federal agencies can best complement and leverage the efforts of other key stakeholders. Pathways to Urban Sustainability offers a broad contextual summary of workshop presentations and discussions for distribution to federal agencies, regional organizations, academic institutions, think tanks and other groups engaged in urban research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Ferreras, Ana %E Olson, Steve %E Sztein, A. Ester %T The Teacher Development Continuum in the United States and China: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-15163-4 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12874/the-teacher-development-continuum-in-the-united-states-and-china %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12874/the-teacher-development-continuum-in-the-united-states-and-china %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 68 %X In 1999, Liping Ma published her book Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics: Teachers' Understanding of Fundamental Mathematics in the United States and China, which probed the kinds of knowledge that elementary school teachers need to convey mathematical concepts and procedures effectively to their students. Later that year, Roger Howe, a member of the U.S. National Commission on Mathematics Instruction (USNC/MI), reviewed the book for the Notices of the American Mathematical Society, concluding that it 'has lessons for all educational policymakers.' Intrigued by the idea of superrank teachers, the USNC/MI sponsored a workshop entitled 'The Teacher Development Continuum in the United States and China'. The purpose of the workshop was to examine the structure of the mathematics teaching profession in the United States and China. The main presentations and discussion from the workshop are summarized in this volume. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy %@ 978-0-309-16035-3 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12997/proceedings-of-a-workshop-on-deterring-cyberattacks-informing-strategies-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12997/proceedings-of-a-workshop-on-deterring-cyberattacks-informing-strategies-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Computers and Information Technology %P 400 %X In a world of increasing dependence on information technology, the prevention of cyberattacks on a nation's important computer and communications systems and networks is a problem that looms large. Given the demonstrated limitations of passive cybersecurity defense measures, it is natural to consider the possibility that deterrence might play a useful role in preventing cyberattacks against the United States and its vital interests. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the National Research Council undertook a two-phase project aimed to foster a broad, multidisciplinary examination of strategies for deterring cyberattacks on the United States and of the possible utility of these strategies for the U.S. government. The first phase produced a letter report providing basic information needed to understand the nature of the problem and to articulate important questions that can drive research regarding ways of more effectively preventing, discouraging, and inhibiting hostile activity against important U.S. information systems and networks. The second phase of the project entailed selecting appropriate experts to write papers on questions raised in the letter report. A number of experts, identified by the committee, were commissioned to write these papers under contract with the National Academy of Sciences. Commissioned papers were discussed at a public workshop held June 10-11, 2010, in Washington, D.C., and authors revised their papers after the workshop. Although the authors were selected and the papers reviewed and discussed by the committee, the individually authored papers do not reflect consensus views of the committee, and the reader should view these papers as offering points of departure that can stimulate further work on the topics discussed. The papers presented in this volume are published essentially as received from the authors, with some proofreading corrections made as limited time allowed.