@BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Developing Measures of Effectiveness for Truck Weight Enforcement Activities: Final Report", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6354/developing-measures-of-effectiveness-for-truck-weight-enforcement-activities-final", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Managing Speed: Review of Current Practices for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits -- Special Report 254", abstract = "TRB Special Report 254 - Managing Speed: Review of Current Practices for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits reviews practices for setting and enforcing speed limits on all types of roads and provides guidance to state and local governments on appropriate methods of setting speed limits and related enforcement strategies. Following an executive summary, the report is presented in six chapters and five appendices.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11387/managing-speed-review-of-current-practices-for-setting-and-enforcing", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Using Public Transportation to Reduce the Economic, Social and Human Costs of Personal Immobility", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9438/using-public-transportation-to-reduce-the-economic-social-and-human-costs-of-personal-immobility", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Integrated Urban Models for Simulation of Transit and Land-Use Policies: Final Report", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9435/integrated-urban-models-for-simulation-of-transit-and-land-use-policies", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Improved Surface Drainage of Pavements: Final Report", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6357/improved-surface-drainage-of-pavements-final-report", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Policy Options for Intermodal Freight Transportation: Special Report 252", abstract = "TRB Special Report 252 - Policy Options for Intermodal Freight Transportation recognizes that freight transportation is of critical importance to the United States and that intermodal freight transportation is one of the major technological and organizational trends affecting the performance of the sector.\nDuring the last two decades, the importance of freight efficiency to the nation's economy has become more apparent to federal policy makers and has emerged as an increasingly important element of laws and regulations related to surface transportation. In the Intermodal Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), Congress stated: \"It is the Policy of the United States to develop a National Intermodal Transportation System that is economically efficient and environmentally sound, provides the foundation for the Nation to compete in the global economy, and will move people and goods in an energy efficient manner.\" \nThe term \"intermodal\" is usually interpreted as referring to places where the various modes connect for the purpose of transferring passengers or freight or to operations designed to move on more than one mode. ISTEA introduced provisions, carried over and extended in the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, that allowed taxes collected for the highway trust fund to be used for intermodal investments designed to facilitate more efficient connections between the modes. Highways and trucking are central to intermodalism because virtually all freight moves by truck at some point in its trip.\nIntermodal transfer points include any terminals where freight is transferred from one mode to another. Intermodal connections are critically important to freight movement. Massive seagoing vessels deliver containerized cargo to ports, where the containers are either trucked to rail yards for placement on trains or offloaded directly onto rail cars at the port terminal. Containerization has introduced extraordinary efficiencies into freight movement, but the connection points remain sources of friction and lost efficiency.\nThe TRB committee that examined policy options for intermodal freight transportation concluded that public investment in freight facilities is complex. These types of facilities (rail yards, port terminals, and truck terminals) have usually been financed exclusively by the private sector. The committee concluded that introducing public funds into this mix could undermine the \"user pays\" principle that has been fundamental to highway finance, fuel interstate rivalries, and come to be demanded by private-sector firms as a substitute for formerly private investment.\nAppropriate federal and state roles in such projects are not yet well established in practice; hence there are uncertainties about how to proceed and a risk of wasted resources. Before federal and state funds are invested in such facilities, the investments should be clearly justified. Such justification might include, for example, that the investment would reduce negative externalities and increase positive externalities, or that it is necessary for national defense. In defining an appropriate public role, government agencies should apply standard analysis tools to estimate costs and benefits and winners and losers. The public role in financing major facilities should also receive close scrutiny to ensure that public benefits justify the expenditure of public funds and that users pay to the extent that they benefit. The location of benefits also matters: when benefits are primarily local rather than national, local or state governments are the appropriate sources of funding.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11414/policy-options-for-intermodal-freight-transportation-special-report-252", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Maintenance Issues and Alternate Corrosion Protection Methods for Exposed Bridge Steel - Appendix C: Survey Responses", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6349/maintenance-issues-and-alternate-corrosion-protection-methods-for-exposed-bridge-steel-appendix-c", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Marketing Transit Services to Business", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9437/marketing-transit-services-to-business", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Trends in Single Occupant Vehicle and Vehicle Miles of Travel Growth in the United States: Final Report", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6355/trends-in-single-occupant-vehicle-and-vehicle-miles-of-travel-growth-in-the-united-states", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "National Automated Highway System Research Program: A Review: A Review -- Special Report 253", abstract = "TRB Special Report 253 - National Automated Highway System Research Program: A Review assesses the appropriateness of the original vision and mission of the National Automated Highway System Research Program, the National Automated Highway System Consortium's (NAHSC's) results and the effectiveness of the approach taken by NAHSC in carrying out its charge, and the role of the consortium in future research on intelligent vehicles.Perhaps the most ambitious ITS concept advanced in ISTEA was the proposed development of automated highways. Automated highways were envisioned as increasing throughput dramatically while simultaneously reducing crashes. In ISTEA, Congress challenged USDOT to create, test, and select a prototype automated highway system within 7 years. To this end, a public\u2013private consortium was formed to develop and test automation concepts. Those concepts were demonstrated in San Diego, California, in 1997.Although the demonstration showcased some exciting technologies, the committee that reviewed the national automated highway research program found that daunting technical, social, and institutional issues would have to be addressed before such a system could become a reality in any metropolitan area. For example, although the demonstrated technologies would enable remarkably high throughput on high-volume urban Interstates feeding into the heart of a congested urban area, they could not resolve the complex problem of allocating these increased traffic volumes safely and efficiently into the traffic streams of already congested local streets. Even so, the committee urged USDOT to continue to explore the potential for using automation in specific circumstances, as well as the possibilities for developing vehicle-based safety-enhancing technologies for cars, trucks, and transit vehicles.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11388/national-automated-highway-system-research-program-a-review-a-review", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }