@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Christopher Edley, Jr. and Judith Koenig and Natalie Nielsen and Constance Citro", title = "Monitoring Educational Equity", isbn = "978-0-309-49016-0", abstract = "Disparities in educational attainment among population groups have characterized the United States throughout its history. Education is sometimes characterized as the \"great equalizer,\" but to date, the country has not found ways to successfully address the adverse effects of socioeconomic circumstances, prejudice, and discrimination that suppress performance for some groups.\nTo ensure that the pursuit of equity encompasses both the goals to which the nation aspires for its children and the mechanisms to attain those goals, a revised set of equity indicators is needed. Measures of educational equity often fail to account for the impact of the circumstances in which students live on their academic engagement, academic progress, and educational attainment. Some of the contextual factors that bear on learning include food and housing insecurity, exposure to violence, unsafe neighborhoods, adverse childhood experiences, and exposure to environmental toxins. Consequently, it is difficult to identify when intervention is necessary and how it should function. A revised set of equity indicators should highlight disparities, provide a way to explore potential causes, and point toward possible improvements.\nMonitoring Educational Equity proposes a system of indicators of educational equity and presents recommendations for implementation. This report also serves as a framework to help policy makers better understand and combat inequity in the United States' education system. Disparities in educational opportunities reinforce, and often amplify, disparities in outcomes throughout people's lives. Thus, it is critical to ensure that all students receive comprehensive supports that level the playing field in order to improve the well-being of underrepresented individuals and the nation.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25389/monitoring-educational-equity", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Constance F. Citro and Daniel L. Cork and Janet L. Norwood", title = "The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity", isbn = "978-0-309-09141-1", abstract = "The decennial census was the federal government\u2019s largest and most complex\npeacetime operation. This report of a panel of the National Research Council\u2019s\nCommittee on National Statistics comprehensively reviews the conduct of the 2000\ncensus and the quality of the resulting data. The panel\u2019s findings cover the planning\nprocess for 2000, which was marked by an atmosphere of intense controversy about\nthe proposed role of statistical techniques in the census enumeration and possible\nadjustment for errors in counting the population. The report addresses the success\nand problems of major innovations in census operations, the completeness of population\ncoverage in 2000, and the quality of both the basic demographic data collected\nfrom all census respondents and the detailed socioeconomic data collected from\nthe census long-form sample (about one-sixth of the population). The panel draws\ncomparisons with the 1990 experience and recommends improvements in the planning\nprocess and design for 2010. The 2000 Census: Counting Under Adversity will be\nan invaluable resource for users of the 2000 data and for policymakers and census\nplanners. It provides a trove of information about the issues that have fueled debate\nabout the census process and about the operations and quality of the nation\u2019s\ntwenty-second decennial enumeration.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10907/the-2000-census-counting-under-adversity", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }