%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologies %@ 978-0-309-11660-2 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12557/persistent-forecasting-of-disruptive-technologies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12557/persistent-forecasting-of-disruptive-technologies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 136 %X Technological innovations are key causal agents of surprise and disruption. In the recent past, the United States military has encountered unexpected challenges in the battlefield due in part to the adversary's incorporation of technologies not traditionally associated with weaponry. Recognizing the need to broaden the scope of current technology forecasting efforts, the Office of the Director, Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E) and the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) tasked the Committee for Forecasting Future Disruptive Technologies with providing guidance and insight on how to build a persistent forecasting system to predict, analyze, and reduce the impact of the most dramatically disruptive technologies. The first of two reports, this volume analyzes existing forecasting methods and processes. It then outlines the necessary characteristics of a comprehensive forecasting system that integrates data from diverse sources to identify potentially game-changing technological innovations and facilitates informed decision making by policymakers. The committee's goal was to help the reader understand current forecasting methodologies, the nature of disruptive technologies and the characteristics of a persistent forecasting system for disruptive technology. Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Technologies is a useful text for the Department of Defense, Homeland Security, the Intelligence community and other defense agencies across the nation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Flexible Electronics Opportunity %@ 978-0-309-30591-4 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18812/the-flexible-electronics-opportunity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18812/the-flexible-electronics-opportunity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 328 %X Flexible electronics describes circuits that can bend and stretch, enabling significant versatility in applications and the prospect of low-cost manufacturing processes. They represent an important technological advance, in terms of their performance characteristics and potential range of applications, ranging from medical care, packaging, lighting and signage, consumer electronics and alternative energy (especially solar energy.) What these technologies have in common is a dependence on efficient manufacturing that currently requires improved technology, processes, tooling, and materials, as well as ongoing research. Seeking to capture the global market opportunity in flexible electronics, major U.S. competitors have initiated dedicated programs that are large in scope and supported with significant government funding to develop and acquire these new technologies, refine them, and ultimately manufacture them within their national borders. These national and regional investments are significantly larger than U.S. investment and more weighted toward later stage applied research and development. The Flexible Electronics Opportunity examines and compares selected innovation programs both foreign and domestic, and their potential to advance the production of flexible electronics technology in the United States. This report reviews the goals, concept, structure, operation, funding levels, and evaluation of foreign programs similar to major U.S. programs, e.g., innovation awards, S&T parks, and consortia. The report describes the transition of flexible electronics research into products and to makes recommendations to improve and to develop U.S. programs. Through an examination of the role of research consortia around the world to advance flexible electronics technology, the report makes recommendations for steps that the U.S. might consider to develop a robust industry in the United States. Significant U.S. expansion in the market for flexible electronics technologies is not likely to occur in the absence of mechanisms to address investment risks, the sharing of intellectual property, and the diverse technology requirements associated with developing and manufacturing flexible electronics technologies. The Flexible Electronics Opportunity makes recommendations for collaboration among industry, universities, and government to achieve the critical levels of investment and the acceleration of new technology development that are needed to catalyze a vibrant flexible electronics industry. %0 Book %T Approaches to Improve Engineering Design %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10502/approaches-to-improve-engineering-design %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10502/approaches-to-improve-engineering-design %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 65 %X Approaches to Improve Engineering Design examines the theories and techniques for decision making under conditions of risk, uncertainty, and conflicting human values. This report attempts not only to analyze existing tools but also to identify opportunities to establish a more rigorous fundamental basis for decision making in engineering design. %0 Book %E Roe, David B. %E Wilpon, Jay G. %T Voice Communication Between Humans and Machines %@ 978-0-309-04988-7 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2308/voice-communication-between-humans-and-machines %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2308/voice-communication-between-humans-and-machines %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 560 %X Science fiction has long been populated with conversational computers and robots. Now, speech synthesis and recognition have matured to where a wide range of real-world applications—from serving people with disabilities to boosting the nation's competitiveness—are within our grasp. Voice Communication Between Humans and Machines takes the first interdisciplinary look at what we know about voice processing, where our technologies stand, and what the future may hold for this fascinating field. The volume integrates theoretical, technical, and practical views from world-class experts at leading research centers around the world, reporting on the scientific bases behind human-machine voice communication, the state of the art in computerization, and progress in user friendliness. It offers an up-to-date treatment of technological progress in key areas: speech synthesis, speech recognition, and natural language understanding. The book also explores the emergence of the voice processing industry and specific opportunities in telecommunications and other businesses, in military and government operations, and in assistance for the disabled. It outlines, as well, practical issues and research questions that must be resolved if machines are to become fellow problem-solvers along with humans. Voice Communication Between Humans and Machines provides a comprehensive understanding of the field of voice processing for engineers, researchers, and business executives, as well as speech and hearing specialists, advocates for people with disabilities, faculty and students, and interested individuals. %0 Book %T Effects of Double-Hull Requirements on Oil Spill Prevention: Interim Report %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9131/effects-of-double-hull-requirements-on-oil-spill-prevention-interim %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9131/effects-of-double-hull-requirements-on-oil-spill-prevention-interim %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %P 62 %0 Book %T Minding the Helm: Marine Navigation and Piloting %@ 978-0-309-10360-2 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2055/minding-the-helm-marine-navigation-and-piloting %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2055/minding-the-helm-marine-navigation-and-piloting %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 530 %X Large ships transporting hazardous cargoes, notorious marine accidents, and damage to marine ecosystems from tanker spills have heightened public concern for the safe navigation of ships. This new volume offers a complete, highly readable assessment of marine navigation and piloting. It addresses the application of new technology to reduce the probability of accidents, controversies over the effectiveness of waterways management and marine pilotage, and navigational decisionmaking. The book also explores the way pilots of ships and tugs are trained, licensed, and held accountable. Minding the Helm approaches navigational safety from the perspectives of risk assessment and the integration of human, technological, and organizational systems. Air and marine traffic regulation methods are compared, including the use of vessel traffic services. With a store of current information and examples, this document will be indispensable to federal and state pilotage and licensing authorities and marine traffic regulators, the Coast Guard, pilot associations, and the shipping and towing industries. It will also interest individuals involved in waterway design, marine education, and the marine environment. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science and Technology in Kazakhstan: Current Status and Future Prospects %@ 978-0-309-10471-5 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11808/science-and-technology-in-kazakhstan-current-status-and-future-prospects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11808/science-and-technology-in-kazakhstan-current-status-and-future-prospects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Engineering and Technology %P 136 %X Kazakhstan has an ambitious program to increase its technological competitiveness in the global market place during the next few years, but achieving success will depend in large measure on the effectiveness of upgraded science and technology (S&T) capabilities. This report identifies important opportunities and limitations in the education system, research and development (R&D) institutions, production companies, and service organizations to help governmental organizations in Kazakhstan with strong interests in S&T chart the future course of the country. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Standards for K-12 Engineering Education? %@ 978-0-309-16015-5 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12990/standards-for-k-12-engineering-education %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12990/standards-for-k-12-engineering-education %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Education %P 160 %X The goal of this study was to assess the value and feasibility of developing and implementing content standards for engineering education at the K-12 level. Content standards have been developed for three disciplines in STEM education--science, technology, and mathematic--but not for engineering. To date, a small but growing number of K-12 students are being exposed to engineering-related materials, and limited but intriguing evidence suggests that engineering education can stimulate interest and improve learning in mathematics and science as well as improve understanding of engineering and technology. Given this background, a reasonable question is whether standards would improve the quality and increase the amount of teaching and learning of engineering in K-12 education. The book concludes that, although it is theoretically possible to develop standards for K-12 engineering education, it would be extremely difficult to ensure their usefulness and effective implementation. This conclusion is supported by the following findings: (1) there is relatively limited experience with K-12 engineering education in U.S. elementary and secondary schools, (2) there is not at present a critical mass of teachers qualified to deliver engineering instruction, (3) evidence regarding the impact of standards-based educational reforms on student learning in other subjects, such as mathematics and science, is inconclusive, and (4) there are significant barriers to introducing stand-alone standards for an entirely new content area in a curriculum already burdened with learning goals in more established domains of study. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Interim Report of a Review of the Next Generation Air Transportation System Enterprise Architecture, Software, Safety, and Human Factors %@ 978-0-309-29834-6 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18618/interim-report-of-a-review-of-the-next-generation-air-transportation-system-enterprise-architecture-software-safety-and-human-factors %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18618/interim-report-of-a-review-of-the-next-generation-air-transportation-system-enterprise-architecture-software-safety-and-human-factors %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Engineering and Technology %P 42 %X The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is an effort begun in 2003 whose goals include improving the capacity, efficiency, and safety of the U.S. air transportation system and also enabling reduction in noise, pollution, and energy use. The Federal Aviation Administration and various stakeholders, including equipment providers, airlines, and contractors, are currently implementing both near-term and midterm capabilities of this effort. Interim Report of a Review of the Next Generation Air Transportation System Enterprise Architecture, Software, Safety, and Human Factors is part of a larger project to examine NextGen's enterprise architecture and related issues. This interim report provides an initial assessment focusing on challenges of system architecture for software-intensive systems. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T Changing the Conversation: Messages for Improving Public Understanding of Engineering %@ 978-0-309-11934-4 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12187/changing-the-conversation-messages-for-improving-public-understanding-of-engineering %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12187/changing-the-conversation-messages-for-improving-public-understanding-of-engineering %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Engineering and Technology %P 164 %X Can the United States continue to lead the world in innovation? The answer may hinge in part on how well the public understands engineering, a key component of the 'innovation engine'. A related concern is how to encourage young people--particularly girls and under-represented minorities--to consider engineering as a career option. Changing the Conversation provides actionable strategies and market-tested messages for presenting a richer, more positive image of engineering. This book presents and discusses in detail market research about what the public finds most appealing about engineering--as well as what turns the public off. Changing the Conversation is a vital tool for improving the public image of engineering and outreach efforts related to engineering. It will be used by engineers in professional and academic settings including informal learning environments (such as museums and science centers), engineering schools, national engineering societies, technology-based corporations that support education and other outreach to schools and communities, and federal and state agencies and labs that do or promote engineering, technology, and science. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %E Pearson, Greg %E Young, A. Thomas %T Technically Speaking: Why All Americans Need to Know More About Technology %@ 978-0-309-08262-4 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10250/technically-speaking-why-all-americans-need-to-know-more-about %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10250/technically-speaking-why-all-americans-need-to-know-more-about %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Engineering and Technology %P 170 %X Cell phones . . . airbags . . . genetically modified food . . . the Internet. These are all emblems of modern life. You might ask what we would do without them. But an even more interesting question might be what would we do if we had to actually explain how they worked? The United States is riding a whirlwind of technological change. To be sure, there have been periods, such as the late 1800s, when new inventions appeared in society at a comparable rate. But the pace of change today, and its social, economic, and other impacts, are as significant and far reaching as at any other time in history. And it seems that the faster we embrace new technologies, the less we’re able to understand them. What is the long-term effect of this galloping technological revolution? In today’s new world, it is nothing less than a matter of responsible citizenship to grasp the nature and implications of technology. Technically Speaking provides a blueprint for bringing us all up to speed on the role of technology in our society, including understanding such distinctions as technology versus science and technological literacy versus technical competence. It clearly and decisively explains what it means to be a technologically-literate citizen. The book goes on to explore the context of technological literacy—the social, historical, political, and educational environments. This readable overview highlights specific issues of concern: the state of technological studies in K-12 schools, the reach of the Internet into our homes and lives, and the crucial role of technology in today’s economy and workforce. Three case studies of current issues—car airbags, genetically modified foods, and the California energy crisis—illustrate why ordinary citizens need to understand technology to make responsible decisions. This fascinating book from the National Academy of Engineering is enjoyable to read and filled with contemporary examples. It will be important to anyone interested in understanding how the world around them works. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Benchmarking the Competitiveness of the United States in Mechanical Engineering Basic Research %@ 978-0-309-11426-4 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12055/benchmarking-the-competitiveness-of-the-united-states-in-mechanical-engineering-basic-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12055/benchmarking-the-competitiveness-of-the-united-states-in-mechanical-engineering-basic-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 118 %X Mechanical engineering is critical to the design, manufacture, and operation of small and large mechanical systems throughout the U.S. economy. This book highlights the main findings of a benchmarking exercise to rate the standing of U.S. mechanical engineering basic research relative to other regions or countries. The book includes key factors that influence U.S. performance in mechanical engineering research, and near- and longer-term projections of research leadership. U.S. leadership in mechanical engineering basic research overall will continue to be strong. Contributions of U.S. mechanical engineers to journal articles will increase, but so will the contributions from other growing economies such as China and India. At the same time, the supply of U.S. mechanical engineers is in jeopardy, because of declines in the number of U.S. citizens obtaining advanced degrees and uncertain prospects for continuing to attract foreign students. U.S. funding of mechanical engineering basic research and infrastructure will remain level, with strong leadership in emerging areas. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Merrill, Stephen A. %E Raduchel, William J. %T Copyright in the Digital Era: Building Evidence for Policy %@ 978-0-309-27895-9 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14686/copyright-in-the-digital-era-building-evidence-for-policy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14686/copyright-in-the-digital-era-building-evidence-for-policy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Computers and Information Technology %P 102 %X Over the course of several decades, copyright protection has been expanded and extended through legislative changes occasioned by national and international developments. The content and technology industries affected by copyright and its exceptions, and in some cases balancing the two, have become increasingly important as sources of economic growth, relatively high-paying jobs, and exports. Since the expansion of digital technology in the mid-1990s, they have undergone a technological revolution that has disrupted long-established modes of creating, distributing, and using works ranging from literature and news to film and music to scientific publications and computer software. In the United States and internationally, these disruptive changes have given rise to a strident debate over copyright's proper scope and terms and means of its enforcement--a debate between those who believe the digital revolution is progressively undermining the copyright protection essential to encourage the funding, creation, and distribution of new works and those who believe that enhancements to copyright are inhibiting technological innovation and free expression. Copyright in the Digital Era: Building Evidence for Policy examines a range of questions regarding copyright policy by using a variety of methods, such as case studies, international and sectoral comparisons, and experiments and surveys. This report is especially critical in light of digital age developments that may, for example, change the incentive calculus for various actors in the copyright system, impact the costs of voluntary copyright transactions, pose new enforcement challenges, and change the optimal balance between copyright protection and exceptions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Surviving Supply Chain Integration: Strategies for Small Manufacturers %@ 978-0-309-06878-9 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6369/surviving-supply-chain-integration-strategies-for-small-manufacturers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6369/surviving-supply-chain-integration-strategies-for-small-manufacturers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 162 %X The managed flow of goods and information from raw material to final sale also known as a "supply chain" affects everything—from the U.S. gross domestic product to where you can buy your jeans. The nature of a company's supply chain has a significant effect on its success or failure—as in the success of Dell Computer's make-to-order system and the failure of General Motor's vertical integration during the 1998 United Auto Workers strike. Supply Chain Integration looks at this crucial component of business at a time when product design, manufacture, and delivery are changing radically and globally. This book explores the benefits of continuously improving the relationship between the firm, its suppliers, and its customers to ensure the highest added value. This book identifies the state-of-the-art developments that contribute to the success of vertical tiers of suppliers and relates these developments to the capabilities that small and medium-sized manufacturers must have to be viable participants in this system. Strategies for attaining these capabilities through manufacturing extension centers and other technical assistance providers at the national, state, and local level are suggested. This book identifies action steps for small and medium-sized manufacturers—the "seed corn" of business start-up and development—to improve supply chain management. The book examines supply chain models from consultant firms, universities, manufacturers, and associations. Topics include the roles of suppliers and other supply chain participants, the rise of outsourcing, the importance of information management, the natural tension between buyer and seller, sources of assistance to small and medium-sized firms, and a host of other issues. Supply Chain Integration will be of interest to industry policymakers, economists, researchers, business leaders, and forward-thinking executives. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Health Risks of Indoor Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Practical Mitigation Solutions %@ 978-0-309-71275-0 %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27341/health-risks-of-indoor-exposure-to-fine-particulate-matter-and-practical-mitigation-solutions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27341/health-risks-of-indoor-exposure-to-fine-particulate-matter-and-practical-mitigation-solutions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Engineering and Technology %P 248 %X Schools, workplaces, businesses, and even homes are places where someone could be subjected to particulate matter (PM) – a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. PM is a ubiquitous pollutant comprising a complex and ever-changing combination of chemicals, dust, and biologic materials such as allergens. Of special concern is fine particulate matter (PM2.5), PM with a diameter of 2.5 microns (<0.0001 inch) or smaller. Fine PM is small enough to penetrate deep into the respiratory system, and the smallest fraction of it, ultrafine particles (UFPs), or particles with diameters less than 0.1 micron, can exert neurotoxic effects on the brain. Overwhelming evidence exists that exposure to PM2.5 of outdoor origin is associated with a range of adverse health effects, including cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological and psychiatric, and endocrine disorders as well as poor birth outcomes, with the burden of these effects falling more heavily on underserved and marginalized communities. Health Risks of Indoor Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Practical Mitigation Solutions explores the state-of the-science on the health risks of exposure to fine particulate matter indoors along with engineering solutions and interventions to reduce risks of exposure to it, including practical mitigation strategies. This report offers recommendations to reduce population exposure to PM2.5, to reduce health impacts on susceptible populations including the elderly, young children, and those with pre-existing conditions, and to address important knowledge gaps. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Materials Research to Meet 21st-Century Defense Needs %@ 978-0-309-08700-1 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10631/materials-research-to-meet-21st-century-defense-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10631/materials-research-to-meet-21st-century-defense-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 330 %X In order to achieve the revolutionary new defense capabilities offered by materials science and engineering, innovative management to reduce the risks associated with translating research results will be needed along with the R&D. While payoff is expected to be high from the promising areas of materials research, many of the benefits are likely to be evolutionary. Nevertheless, failure to invest in more speculative areas of research could lead to undesired technological surprises. Basic research in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science will provide the seeds for potentially revolutionary technologies later in the 21st century. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Microbiomes of the Built Environment: A Research Agenda for Indoor Microbiology, Human Health, and Buildings %@ 978-0-309-44980-9 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23647/microbiomes-of-the-built-environment-a-research-agenda-for-indoor %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23647/microbiomes-of-the-built-environment-a-research-agenda-for-indoor %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Engineering and Technology %P 317 %X People's desire to understand the environments in which they live is a natural one. People spend most of their time in spaces and structures designed, built, and managed by humans, and it is estimated that people in developed countries now spend 90 percent of their lives indoors. As people move from homes to workplaces, traveling in cars and on transit systems, microorganisms are continually with and around them. The human-associated microbes that are shed, along with the human behaviors that affect their transport and removal, make significant contributions to the diversity of the indoor microbiome. The characteristics of "healthy" indoor environments cannot yet be defined, nor do microbial, clinical, and building researchers yet understand how to modify features of indoor environments—such as building ventilation systems and the chemistry of building materials—in ways that would have predictable impacts on microbial communities to promote health and prevent disease. The factors that affect the environments within buildings, the ways in which building characteristics influence the composition and function of indoor microbial communities, and the ways in which these microbial communities relate to human health and well-being are extraordinarily complex and can be explored only as a dynamic, interconnected ecosystem by engaging the fields of microbial biology and ecology, chemistry, building science, and human physiology. This report reviews what is known about the intersection of these disciplines, and how new tools may facilitate advances in understanding the ecosystem of built environments, indoor microbiomes, and effects on human health and well-being. It offers a research agenda to generate the information needed so that stakeholders with an interest in understanding the impacts of built environments will be able to make more informed decisions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T 2005-2006 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12047/2005-2006-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12047/2005-2006-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Engineering and Technology %P 90 %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T The Offshoring of Engineering: Facts, Unknowns, and Potential Implications %@ 978-0-309-11483-7 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12067/the-offshoring-of-engineering-facts-unknowns-and-potential-implications %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12067/the-offshoring-of-engineering-facts-unknowns-and-potential-implications %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Engineering and Technology %P 240 %X The engineering enterprise is a pillar of U.S. national and homeland security, economic vitality, and innovation. But many engineering tasks can now be performed anywhere in the world. The emergence of "offshoring"- the transfer of work from the United States to affiliated and unaffiliated entities abroad - has raised concerns about the impacts of globalization. The Offshoring of Engineering helps to answer many questions about the scope, composition, and motivation for offshoring and considers the implications for the future of U.S. engineering practice, labor markets, education, and research. This book examines trends and impacts from a broad perspective and in six specific industries - software, semiconductors, personal computer manufacturing, construction engineering and services, automobiles, and pharmaceuticals. The Offshoring of Engineering will be of great interest to engineers, engineering professors and deans, and policy makers, as well as people outside the engineering community who are concerned with sustaining and strengthening U.S. engineering capabilities in support of homeland security, economic vitality, and innovation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Visionary Manufacturing Challenges for 2020 %@ 978-0-309-06182-7 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6314/visionary-manufacturing-challenges-for-2020 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6314/visionary-manufacturing-challenges-for-2020 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Engineering and Technology %P 172 %X Manufacturing will unquestionably be a very different enterprise in 2020 from what it is today. This book presents an exciting picture of the profitable and productive potential of manufacturing two decades hence. This book takes an international view of future manufacturing that considers the leaps and bounds of technological innovation and the blurring of the lines between the manufacturing and service industries. The authors identify ten strategic technology areas as the most important for research and development and they recommend ways to address crosscutting questions. Representing a variety of industries, the authors identify six "grand challenges" that must be overcome for their vision to be realized, including the human/technology interface, environmental concerns, and miniaturization. A host of issues are discussed that will push and pull at manufacturing over the next 20 years: the changing workforce, the changing consumer, the rise of bio- and nanotechnology, the prospects for waste-free processing, simulation and modeling as design tools, shifts in global competition, and much more. The information and analyses in this book will be vitally important to everyone concerned about the future of manufacturing: policymakers, executives, design and engineering professionals, researchers, faculty, and students.