TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Clare Stroud A2 - Lori Nadig A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt TI - Medical Countermeasures Dispensing: Emergency Use Authorization and the Postal Model: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12952 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12952/medical-countermeasures-dispensing-emergency-use-authorization-and-the-postal-model PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - During public health emergencies such as terrorist attacks or influenza outbreaks, the public health system's ability to save lives could depend on dispensing medical countermeasures such as antibiotics, antiviral medications, and vaccines to a large number of people in a short amount of time. The IOM's Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events held a workshop on November 18, 2009, to provide an overview of current threats, recent progress made in the public health system for distributing and dispensing countermeasures, and remaining vulnerabilities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Jeffrey Fox A2 - Marilee Shelton-Davenport A2 - India Hook-Barnard TI - Considerations for Ensuring Safety and Efficacy of Vaccines and Therapeutic Proteins Manufactured by Using Platform Approaches: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12899 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12899/considerations-for-ensuring-safety-and-efficacy-of-vaccines-and-therapeutic-proteins-manufactured-by-using-platform-approaches PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - A major goal of the US Department of Defense (DOD) Transformational Medical Technologies Initiative (TMTI) is to develop countermeasures that will protect military personnel against bioweapons, including specific infectious-disease agents and toxins. An explicit TMTI objective is to respond quickly to such threats by producing an appropriate amount of an effective countermeasure--currently defined as enough material to treat or vaccinate 3 million personnel--within 12 months of identification of a specific threat. DOD officials call for TMTI programs to be up and running by 2014. The National Academies hosted a workshop which brought together scientists from academe, government, and the biotechnology industry to identify and discuss challenges and ideas related to the TMTI's vision of developing countermeasures within a few months after an agent is identified. The workshop focused on manufacturing processes and specifically on the development of "manufacturing platforms"--repeatable components of manufacturing that reduce both development time and risk. An underlying assumption was that demonstrating that integrated platforms can reliably produce safe and efficacious countermeasures might shorten the regulatory approval process. The workshop is summarized in this book. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Research and Development on Urban Systems: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12969 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12969/pathways-to-urban-sustainability-research-and-development-on-urban-systems PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - More than half of the world's people now live in cities. In the United States, the figure is 80 percent. It is worthwhile to consider how this trend of increased urbanization, if inevitable, could be made more sustainable. One fundamental shortcoming of urban research and programs is that they sometimes fail to recognize urban areas as systems. Current institutions and actors are not accustomed to exploring human-environment interactions, particularly at an urban-scale. The fact is that these issues involve complex interactions, many of which are not yet fully understood. Thus a key challenge for the 21st century is this: How can we develop sustainable urban systems that provide healthy, safe and affordable environments for the growing number of Americans living in cities and their surrounding metropolitan areas? To address this question, the National Research Council organized a workshop exploring the landscape of urban sustainability research programs in the United States. The workshop, summarized in this volume, was designed to allow participants to share information about the activities and planning efforts of federal agencies, along with related initiatives by universities, the private sector, nongovernmental groups, state and local agencies, and international organizations. Participants were encouraged to explore how urban sustainability can move beyond analyses devoted to single disciplines and sectors to systems-level thinking and effective interagency cooperation. To do this, participants examined areas of potential coordination among different R&D programs, with special consideration given to how the efforts of federal agencies can best complement and leverage the efforts of other key stakeholders. Pathways to Urban Sustainability offers a broad contextual summary of workshop presentations and discussions for distribution to federal agencies, regional organizations, academic institutions, think tanks and other groups engaged in urban research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Margie Patlak A2 - Sharyl J. Nass A2 - Erin Balogh TI - Extending the Spectrum of Precompetitive Collaboration in Oncology Research: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12930 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12930/extending-the-spectrum-of-precompetitive-collaboration-in-oncology-research-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Despite spending more time and money in developing novel therapeutics, the success rate for new pharmacologic treatments has been poor. Although the research and development expenditures have grown 13 percent each year since 1970 (a 50-fold increase), the number of new drugs approved annually is no greater now than it was 50 years ago. Over the past decade, skyrocketing costs and the complexity of the scientific knowledge upon which to develop new agents have provided incentives for alternative approaches to drug development, if we are to continue to improve clinical care and reduce mortality. These challenges create opportunities for improved collaboration between industry, academia, government, and philanthropic organizations at each stage in new drug development, marketing, and implementation. Perhaps the most appropriate initial step in addressing the need for collaboration is to consider more precompetitive relationships that allow sharing of scientific information to foster drug development. While these collaborative relationships in basic and preclinical research on drug targets and the early stages of clinical testing are acknowledged to be potentially important drivers for innovation and more rapid marketing of new agents, they also raise a number of concerns that must be addressed. For example, acknowledgment of academic productivity and independence and economic competitiveness must be considered and these challenges managed to foster a culture of collaboration. At the same time, regulatory issues, the need for standardization, and intellectual property concerns must be confronted if the current models for drug development are to be refined to encourage robust participation in precompetitive collaborations. Recognizing the growing importance of precompetitive collaborations in oncology drug development, as well as the challenges these innovative collaborations pose, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine held a workshop on February 9 and 10, 2010. This book is a summary of the workshop proceedings. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Ana Ferreras A2 - Steve Olson A2 - A. Ester Sztein TI - The Teacher Development Continuum in the United States and China: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12874 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12874/the-teacher-development-continuum-in-the-united-states-and-china PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - In 1999, Liping Ma published her book Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics: Teachers' Understanding of Fundamental Mathematics in the United States and China, which probed the kinds of knowledge that elementary school teachers need to convey mathematical concepts and procedures effectively to their students. Later that year, Roger Howe, a member of the U.S. National Commission on Mathematics Instruction (USNC/MI), reviewed the book for the Notices of the American Mathematical Society, concluding that it 'has lessons for all educational policymakers.' Intrigued by the idea of superrank teachers, the USNC/MI sponsored a workshop entitled 'The Teacher Development Continuum in the United States and China'. The purpose of the workshop was to examine the structure of the mathematics teaching profession in the United States and China. The main presentations and discussion from the workshop are summarized in this volume. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Margie Patlak A2 - Laura Levit TI - Policy Issues in the Development of Personalized Medicine in Oncology: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12779 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12779/policy-issues-in-the-development-of-personalized-medicine-in-oncology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - One of the challenges in treating cancer is the disease's complexity and variation among patients. Cancer manifests differently in each patient, so treatments that are effective in one patient may not be effective in another. As cancer care becomes more personalized, subpopulations of individuals will be given preventive or therapeutic interventions based on their susceptibility to a particular disease or their predicted response to a specific treatment. However, before the use of personalized cancer care can reach its full potential, the health care system must resolve a number of technological, regulatory, and reimbursement issues. To explore these policy challenges, the National Cancer Policy Forum held the workshop Policy Issues in the Development of Personalized Medicine in Oncology in June 2009. Experts provided presentations on the current state of personalized medicine technology, as well as issues in the validation of, regulation of, and reimbursement for the predictive tests that underpin personalized medicine. Participants discussed the obstacles and possible solutions to further developing and using personalized medicine technologies. This document summarizes the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Clare Stroud A2 - Lori Nadig A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt TI - The 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccination Campaign: Summary of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/12992 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12992/the-2009-h1n1-influenza-vaccination-campaign-summary-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The 2009 H1N1 vaccination campaign was one of the largest public health campaigns in U.S. history, vaccinating one-quarter of the population in the first three months. The Institute of Medicine held three workshops in Raleigh, NC; Austin, TX; and Seattle, WA to learn from participants' experiences during the campaign and improve future emergency vaccination programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt A2 - Clare Stroud A2 - Lori Nadig A2 - Matthew Hougan TI - Medical Surge Capacity: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12798 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12798/medical-surge-capacity-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During natural disasters, disease pandemics, terrorist attacks, and other public health emergencies, the health system must be prepared to accommodate a surge in the number of individuals seeking medical help. For the health community, a primary concern is how to provide care to individuals during such high demand, when the health system's resources are exhausted and there are more patients than the system can accommodate. The IOM's Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events held a workshop June 10-11, 2009, to assess the capability of and tools available to federal, state, and local governments to respond to a medical surge. In addition, participants discussed strategies for the public and private sectors to improve preparedness for such a surge. The workshop brought together leaders in the medical and public health preparedness fields, including policy makers from federal agencies and state and local public health departments; providers from the health care community; and health care and hospital administrators. This document summarizes the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Ben Wheatley TI - Regionalizing Emergency Care: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12872 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12872/regionalizing-emergency-care-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During medical emergencies, hospital staff and emergency medical services (EMS) providers, can face barriers in delivering the fastest and best possible care. Overcrowded emergency rooms cannot care for patients as quickly as necessary, and some may divert ambulances and turn away new patients outright. In many states, ambulance staff lacks the means to determine which hospitals can provide the best care to a patient. Given this absence of knowledge, they bring patients to the closest hospital. In addition, because emergency service providers from different companies compete with each other for patients, and emergency care legislation varies from state to state, it is difficult to establish the necessary local, interstate, and national communication and collaboration to create a more efficient system. In 2006, the IOM recommended that the federal government implement a regionalized emergency care system to improve cooperation and overcome these challenges. In a regionalized system, local hospitals and EMS providers would coordinate their efforts so that patients would be brought to hospitals based on the hospitals' capacity and expertise to best meet patients' needs. In September 2009, three years after making these recommendations, the IOM held a workshop sponsored by the federal Emergency Care Coordination Center to assess the nation's progress toward regionalizing emergency care. The workshop brought together policymakers and stakeholders, including nurses, EMS personnel, hospital administrators, and others involved in emergency care. Participants identified successes and shortcomings in previous regionalization efforts; examined the many factors involved in successfully implementing regionalization; and discussed future challenges to regionalizing emergency care. This document summarizes the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - New Research Directions for the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency: Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/12964 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12964/new-research-directions-for-the-national-geospatial-intelligence-agency-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) within the Department of Defense has the primary mission of providing timely, relevant, and accurate imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information--collectively known as geospatial intelligence (GEOINT)--in support of national security. In support of its mission, NGA sponsors research that builds the scientific foundation for geospatial intelligence and that reinforces the academic base, thus training the next generation of NGA analysts while developing new approaches to analytical problems. Historically, NGA has supported research in five core areas: (1) photogrammetry and geomatics, (2) remote sensing and imagery science, (3) geodesy and geophysics, (4) cartographic science, and (5) geographic information systems (GIS) and geospatial analysis. Positioning NGA for the future is the responsibility of the InnoVision Directorate, which analyzes intelligence trends, technological advances, and emerging customer and partner concepts to provide cutting-edge technology and process solutions. At the request of InnoVision, the National Research Council (NRC) held a 3-day workshop to explore the evolution of the five core research areas and to identify emerging disciplines that may improve the quality of geospatial intelligence over the next 15 years. This workshop report offers a potential research agenda that would expand NGA's capabilities and improve its effectiveness in providing geospatial intelligence. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Cori Vancheri TI - The Safe Use Initiative and Health Literacy: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12975 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12975/the-safe-use-initiative-and-health-literacy-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Every year at least 1.5 million people suffer adverse effects from medication. These problems occur because people misunderstand labels, are unaware of drug interactions, or otherwise use medication improperly. The Food and Drug Administration's Safe Use Initiative seeks to identify preventable medication risks and develop solutions to them. The IOM held a workshop to discuss the FDA's Safe Use Initiative and other efforts to improve drug labeling and safety. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Amy Smith TI - Grand Challenges of Our Aging Society: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12852 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12852/grand-challenges-of-our-aging-society-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Aging populations are generating both challenges and opportunities for societies around the globe. Increases in longevity and improvements in health raise many questions. What steps can be taken to optimize physical and cognitive health and productivity across the life span? How will older people finance their retirement and health care? What will be the macroeconomic implications of an aging population? How will communities be shaped by the shift in age structure? What global interconnections will affect how each society handles the aging of its population? To address these questions, the National Academies organized a symposium, summarized in the present volume, to determine how best to contribute to an evidence-based dialogue on population aging that will shape policies and programs. Presentations in the fields of biology, public health, medicine, informatics, macroeconomics, finance, urban planning, and engineering approached the challenges of aging from many different angles. The presenters reviewed the current state of knowledge in their respective fields, identifying areas of consensus and controversy and delineating the priority questions for further research and policy development. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Margaret Hilton TI - Exploring the Intersection of Science Education and 21st Century Skills: A Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12771 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12771/exploring-the-intersection-of-science-education-and-21st-century-skills PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - An emerging body of research suggests that a set of broad "21st century skills"—such as adaptability, complex communication skills, and the ability to solve non-routine problems—are valuable across a wide range of jobs in the national economy. However, the role of K-12 education in helping students learn these skills is a subject of current debate. Some business and education groups have advocated infusing 21st century skills into the school curriculum, and several states have launched such efforts. Other observers argue that focusing on skills detracts attention from learning of important content knowledge. To explore these issues, the National Research Council conducted a workshop, summarized in this volume, on science education as a context for development of 21st century skills. Science is seen as a promising context because it is not only a body of accepted knowledge, but also involves processes that lead to this knowledge. Engaging students in scientific processes—including talk and argument, modeling and representation, and learning from investigations—builds science proficiency. At the same time, this engagement may develop 21st century skills. Exploring the Intersection of Science Education and 21st Century Skills addresses key questions about the overlap between 21st century skills and scientific content and knowledge; explores promising models or approaches for teaching these abilities; and reviews the evidence about the transferability of these skills to real workplace applications. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking SN - DO - 10.17226/12840 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12840/report-of-a-workshop-on-the-scope-and-nature-of-computational-thinking PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking presents a number of perspectives on the definition and applicability of computational thinking. For example, one idea expressed during the workshop is that computational thinking is a fundamental analytical skill that everyone can use to help solve problems, design systems, and understand human behavior, making it useful in a number of fields. Supporters of this viewpoint believe that computational thinking is comparable to the linguistic, mathematical and logical reasoning taught to all children. Various efforts have been made to introduce K-12 students to the most basic and essential computational concepts and college curricula have tried to provide a basis for life-long learning of increasingly new and advanced computational concepts and technologies. At both ends of this spectrum, however, most efforts have not focused on fundamental concepts. The book discusses what some of those fundamental concepts might be. Report of a Workshop on the Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking explores the idea that as the use of computational devices is becoming increasingly widespread, computational thinking skills should be promulgated more broadly. The book is an excellent resource for professionals in a wide range of fields including educators and scientists. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Robert Pool TI - Field Evaluation in the Intelligence and Counterintelligence Context: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12854 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12854/field-evaluation-in-the-intelligence-and-counterintelligence-context-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - On September 22-23, 2009, the National Research Council held a workshop on the field evaluation of behavioral and cognitive sciences—based methods and tools for use in the areas of intelligence and counterintelligence. Broadly speaking, the purpose of the workshop was to discuss the best ways to take methods and tools from behavioral science and apply them to work in intelligence operations. More specifically, the workshop focused on the issue of field evaluation—the testing of these methods and tools in the context in which they will be used in order to determine if they are effective in real-world settings. This book is a summary and synthesis of the two days of presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. The workshop participants included invited speakers and experts from a number of areas related to the behavioral sciences and the intelligence community. The discussions covered such ground as the obstacles to field evaluation of behavioral science tools and methods, the importance of field evaluation, and various lessons learned from experience with field evaluation in other areas. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Steve Olson TI - The Role of Human Factors in Home Health Care: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12927 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12927/the-role-of-human-factors-in-home-health-care-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The rapid growth of home health care has raised many unsolved issues and will have consequences that are far too broad for any one group to analyze in their entirety. Yet a major influence on the safety, quality, and effectiveness of home health care will be the set of issues encompassed by the field of human factors research—the discipline of applying what is known about human capabilities and limitations to the design of products, processes, systems, and work environments. To address these challenges, the National Research Council began a multidisciplinary study to examine a diverse range of behavioral and human factors issues resulting from the increasing migration of medical devices, technologies, and care practices into the home. Its goal is to lay the groundwork for a thorough integration of human factors research with the design and implementation of home health care devices, technologies, and practices. On October 1 and 2, 2009, a group of human factors and other experts met to consider a diverse range of behavioral and human factors issues associated with the increasing migration of medical devices, technologies, and care practices into the home. This book is a summary of that workshop, representing the culmination of the first phase of the study. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Gooloo S. Wunderlich TI - Improving Health Care Cost Projections for the Medicare Population: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12985 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12985/improving-health-care-cost-projections-for-the-medicare-population-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Developing credible short-term and long-term projections of Medicare health care costs is critical for public- and private-sector policy planning, but faces challenges and uncertainties. There is uncertainty not only in the underlying economic and demographic assumptions used in projection models, but also in what a policy modeler assumes about future changes in the health status of the population and the factors affecting health status , the extent and pace of scientific and technological breakthroughs in medical care, the preferences of the population for particular kinds of care, the likelihood that policy makers will alter current law and regulations, and how each of these factors relates to health care costs for the elderly population. Given the substantial growth in the Medicare population and the continued increases in Medicare, Medicaid, and private health insurance spending, the availability of well-specified models and analyses that can provide useful information on the likely cost implications of health care policy alternatives is essential. It is therefore timely to review the capabilities and limitations of extant health care cost models and to identify areas for research that offer the most promise to improve modeling, not only of current U.S. health care programs, but also of policy alternatives that may be considered in the coming years. The National Research Council conducted a public workshop focusing on areas of research needed to improve health care cost projections for the Medicare population, and on the strengths and weaknesses of competing frameworks for projecting health care expenditures for the elderly. The workshop considered major classes of projection and simulation models that are currently used and the underlying data sources and research inputs for these models. It also explored areas in which additional research and data are needed to inform model development and health care policy analysis more broadly. The workshop, summarized in this volume, drew people from a wide variety of disciplines and perspectives, including federal agencies, academia, and nongovernmental organizations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Elizabeth Haytmanek A2 - Katherine McClure TI - Mitigating the Nutritional Impacts of the Global Food Price Crisis: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12698 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12698/mitigating-the-nutritional-impacts-of-the-global-food-price-crisis PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Agriculture AB - In 2007 and 2008, the world witnessed a dramatic increase in food prices. The global financial crisis that began in 2008 compounded the burden of high food prices, exacerbating the problems of hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. The tandem food price and economic crises struck amidst the massive, chronic problem of hunger and undernutrition in developing countries. National governments and international actors have taken a variety of steps to mitigate the negative effects of increased food prices on particular groups. The recent abrupt increase in food prices, in tandem with the current global economic crisis, threatens progress already made in these areas, and could inhibit future efforts. The Institute of Medicine held a workshop, summarized in this volume, to describe the dynamic technological, agricultural, and economic issues contributing to the food price increases of 2007 and 2008 and their impacts on health and nutrition in resource-poor regions. The compounding effects of the current global economic downturn on nutrition motivated additional discussions on these dual crises, their impacts on the nutritional status of vulnerable populations, and opportunities to mitigate their negative nutritional effects. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Paul C. Stern A2 - Roger E. Kasperson TI - Facilitating Climate Change Responses: A Report of Two Workshops on Knowledge from the Social and Behavioral Sciences SN - DO - 10.17226/12996 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12996/facilitating-climate-change-responses-a-report-of-two-workshops-on PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, understanding the need for policy makers at the national level to entrain the behavioral and social sciences in addressing the challenges of global climate change, called on the National Research Council to organize two workshops to showcase some of the decision-relevant contributions that these sciences have already made and can advance with future efforts. The workshops focused on two broad areas: (1) mitigation (behavioral elements of a strategy to reduce the net future human influence on climate) and (2) adaptation (behavioral and social determinants of societal capacity to minimize the damage from climate changes that are not avoided). Facilitating Climate Change Responses documents the information presented in the workshop presentations and discussions. This material illustrates some of the ways the behavioral and social sciences can contribute to the new era of climate research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - David A. Relman A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes A2 - Alison Mack TI - The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12799 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12799/the-domestic-and-international-impacts-of-the-2009-h1n1-influenza-a-pandemic PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In March and early April 2009, a new, swine-origin 2009-H1N1 influenza A virus emerged in Mexico and the United States. During the first few weeks of surveillance, the virus spread by human-to-human transmission worldwide to over 30 countries. On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 in response to the ongoing global spread of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus. By October 30, 2009, the H1N1 influenza A had spread to 191 countries and resulted in 5,700 fatalities. A national emergency was declared in the United States and the swine flu joined SARS and the avian flu as pandemics of the 21st century. Vaccination is currently available, but in limited supply, and with a 60 percent effectiveness rate against the virus. The story of how this new influenza virus spread out of Mexico to other parts of North America and then on to Europe, the Far East, and now Australia and the Pacific Rim countries has its origins in the global interconnectedness of travel, trade, and tourism. Given the rapid spread of the virus, the international scientific, public health, security, and policy communities had to mobilize quickly to characterize this unique virus and address its potential effects. The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control have played critical roles in the surveillance, detection and responses to the H1N1 virus. The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions aimed to examine the evolutionary origins of the H1N1 virus and evaluate its potential public health and socioeconomic consequences, while monitoring and mitigating the impact of a fast-moving pandemic. The rapporteurs for this workshop reported on the need for increased and geographically robust global influenza vaccine production capacities; enhanced and sustained interpandemic demand for seasonal influenza vaccines; clear "triggers" for pandemic alert levels; and accelerated research collaboration on new vaccine manufacturing techniques. This book will be an essential guide for healthcare professionals, policymakers, drug manufacturers and investigators. ER -