TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ruby Takanishi A2 - Suzanne Le Menestrel TI - Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English: Promising Futures SN - DO - 10.17226/24677 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24677/promoting-the-educational-success-of-children-and-youth-learning-english PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Educating dual language learners (DLLs) and English learners (ELs) effectively is a national challenge with consequences both for individuals and for American society. Despite their linguistic, cognitive, and social potential, many ELs—who account for more than 9 percent of enrollment in grades K-12 in U.S. schools—are struggling to meet the requirements for academic success, and their prospects for success in postsecondary education and in the workforce are jeopardized as a result. Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English: Promising Futures examines how evidence based on research relevant to the development of DLLs/ELs from birth to age 21 can inform education and health policies and related practices that can result in better educational outcomes. This report makes recommendations for policy, practice, and research and data collection focused on addressing the challenges in caring for and educating DLLs/ELs from birth to grade 12. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - David Francis A2 - Amy Stephens TI - English Learners in STEM Subjects: Transforming Classrooms, Schools, and Lives SN - DO - 10.17226/25182 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25182/english-learners-in-stem-subjects-transforming-classrooms-schools-and-lives PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The imperative that all students, including English learners (ELs), achieve high academic standards and have opportunities to participate in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning has become even more urgent and complex given shifts in science and mathematics standards. As a group, these students are underrepresented in STEM fields in college and in the workforce at a time when the demand for workers and professionals in STEM fields is unmet and increasing. However, English learners bring a wealth of resources to STEM learning, including knowledge and interest in STEM-related content that is born out of their experiences in their homes and communities, home languages, variation in discourse practices, and, in some cases, experiences with schooling in other countries. English Learners in STEM Subjects: Transforming Classrooms, Schools, and Lives examines the research on ELs' learning, teaching, and assessment in STEM subjects and provides guidance on how to improve learning outcomes in STEM for these students. This report considers the complex social and academic use of language delineated in the new mathematics and science standards, the diversity of the population of ELs, and the integration of English as a second language instruction with core instructional programs in STEM. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Christopher Edley, Jr. A2 - Judith Koenig A2 - Natalie Nielsen A2 - Constance Citro TI - Monitoring Educational Equity SN - DO - 10.17226/25389 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25389/monitoring-educational-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Disparities in educational attainment among population groups have characterized the United States throughout its history. Education is sometimes characterized as the "great equalizer," but to date, the country has not found ways to successfully address the adverse effects of socioeconomic circumstances, prejudice, and discrimination that suppress performance for some groups. To ensure that the pursuit of equity encompasses both the goals to which the nation aspires for its children and the mechanisms to attain those goals, a revised set of equity indicators is needed. Measures of educational equity often fail to account for the impact of the circumstances in which students live on their academic engagement, academic progress, and educational attainment. Some of the contextual factors that bear on learning include food and housing insecurity, exposure to violence, unsafe neighborhoods, adverse childhood experiences, and exposure to environmental toxins. Consequently, it is difficult to identify when intervention is necessary and how it should function. A revised set of equity indicators should highlight disparities, provide a way to explore potential causes, and point toward possible improvements. Monitoring Educational Equity proposes a system of indicators of educational equity and presents recommendations for implementation. This report also serves as a framework to help policy makers better understand and combat inequity in the United States' education system. Disparities in educational opportunities reinforce, and often amplify, disparities in outcomes throughout people's lives. Thus, it is critical to ensure that all students receive comprehensive supports that level the playing field in order to improve the well-being of underrepresented individuals and the nation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Mary C. Waters A2 - Marisa Gerstein Pineau TI - The Integration of Immigrants into American Society SN - DO - 10.17226/21746 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21746/the-integration-of-immigrants-into-american-society PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The United States prides itself on being a nation of immigrants, and the country has a long history of successfully absorbing people from across the globe. The integration of immigrants and their children contributes to our economic vitality and our vibrant and ever changing culture. We have offered opportunities to immigrants and their children to better themselves and to be fully incorporated into our society and in exchange immigrants have become Americans - embracing an American identity and citizenship, protecting our country through service in our military, fostering technological innovation, harvesting its crops, and enriching everything from the nation's cuisine to its universities, music, and art. Today, the 41 million immigrants in the United States represent 13.1 percent of the U.S. population. The U.S.-born children of immigrants, the second generation, represent another 37.1 million people, or 12 percent of the population. Thus, together the first and second generations account for one out of four members of the U.S. population. Whether they are successfully integrating is therefore a pressing and important question. Are new immigrants and their children being well integrated into American society, within and across generations? Do current policies and practices facilitate their integration? How is American society being transformed by the millions of immigrants who have arrived in recent decades? To answer these questions, this new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine summarizes what we know about how immigrants and their descendants are integrating into American society in a range of areas such as education, occupations, health, and language. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Martín-José Sepúlveda A2 - Rebekah Hutton TI - Shaping Summertime Experiences: Opportunities to Promote Healthy Development and Well-Being for Children and Youth SN - DO - 10.17226/25546 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25546/shaping-summertime-experiences-opportunities-to-promote-healthy-development-and-well PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - For children and youth, summertime presents a unique break from the traditional structure, resources, and support systems that exist during the school year. For some students, this time involves opportunities to engage in fun and enriching activities and programs, while others face additional challenges as they lose a variety of supports, including healthy meals, medical care, supervision, and structured programs that enhance development. Children that are limited by their social, economic, or physical environments during the summer months are at higher risk for worse academic, health, social and emotional, and safety outcomes. In contrast, structured summertime activities and programs support basic developmental needs and positive outcomes for children and youth who can access and afford these programs. These discrepancies in summertime experiences exacerbate pre-existing academic inequities. While further research is needed regarding the impact of summertime on developmental domains outside of the academic setting, extensive literature exists regarding the impact of summertime on academic development trajectories. However, this knowledge is not sufficiently applied to policy and practice, and it is important to address these inequalities. Shaping Summertime Experiences examines the impact of summertime experiences on the developmental trajectories of school-age children and youth across four areas of well-being, including academic learning, social and emotional development, physical and mental health, and health-promoting and safety behaviors. It also reviews the state of science and available literature regarding the impact of summertime experiences. In addition, this report provides recommendations to improve the experiences of children over the summertime regarding planning, access and equity, and opportunities for further research and data collection. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kat M. Anderson TI - COVID-19, Health Equity, and the Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26700 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26700/covid-19-health-equity-and-the-asian-american-native-hawaiian-and-pacific-islander-communities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Communities of color have been among the hardest hit by the COVID virus. Less is known, however, about infection and vaccination rates in the different populations that make up the Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AA/NH/PI) communities. In at least 16 states that do disaggregate their data, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders have the highest mortality rates. Additionally, reports of incidents of xenophobia and violence against AANHPI community members, particularly women, became more frequent during the pandemic. Finally, there is a lack of data on AANHPI health and well-being in comparison to other groups, which will make it more difficult to correct these disparities in the future. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity planned and hosted a 2-day public workshop in December 2021 titled COVID-19, Health Equity, and the Asian American, Pacific Islander, and Native Hawaiian Communities. The workshop focused on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the unique obstacles faced by the AANHPI communities in achieving health equity. This Proceedings of a Workshop-In Brief summarizes the events covered in the workshop discussions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - James P. Smith A2 - Barry Edmonston TI - The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration SN - DO - 10.17226/5779 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5779/the-new-americans-economic-demographic-and-fiscal-effects-of-immigration PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - This book sheds light on one of the most controversial issues of the decade. It identifies the economic gains and losses from immigration—for the nation, states, and local areas—and provides a foundation for public discussion and policymaking. Three key questions are explored: What is the influence of immigration on the overall economy, especially national and regional labor markets? What are the overall effects of immigration on federal, state, and local government budgets? What effects will immigration have on the future size and makeup of the nation's population over the next 50 years? The New Americans examines what immigrants gain by coming to the United States and what they contribute to the country, the skills of immigrants and those of native-born Americans, the experiences of immigrant women and other groups, and much more. It offers examples of how to measure the impact of immigration on government revenues and expenditures—estimating one year's fiscal impact in California, New Jersey, and the United States and projecting the long-run fiscal effects on government revenues and expenditures. Also included is background information on immigration policies and practices and data on where immigrants come from, what they do in America, and how they will change the nation's social fabric in the decades to come. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Marta Tienda A2 - Faith Mitchell TI - Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future SN - DO - 10.17226/11314 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11314/multiple-origins-uncertain-destinies-hispanics-and-the-american-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Given current demographic trends, nearly one in five U.S. residents will be of Hispanic origin by 2025. This major demographic shift and its implications for both the United States and the growing Hispanic population make Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies a most timely book. This report from the National Research Council describes how Hispanics are transforming the country as they disperse geographically. It considers their roles in schools, in the labor market, in the health care system, and in U.S. politics. The book looks carefully at the diverse populations encompassed by the term “Hispanic,” representing immigrants and their children and grandchildren from nearly two dozen Spanish-speaking countries. It describes the trajectory of the younger generations and established residents, and it projects long-term trends in population aging, social disparities, and social mobility that have shaped and will shape the Hispanic experience. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Marta Tienda A2 - Faith Mitchell TI - Hispanics and the Future of America SN - DO - 10.17226/11539 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11539/hispanics-and-the-future-of-america PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Hispanics and the Future of America presents details of the complex story of a population that varies in many dimensions, including national origin, immigration status, and generation. The papers in this volume draw on a wide variety of data sources to describe the contours of this population, from the perspectives of history, demography, geography, education, family, employment, economic well-being, health, and political engagement. They provide a rich source of information for researchers, policy makers, and others who want to better understand the fast-growing and diverse population that we call “Hispanic.” The current period is a critical one for getting a better understanding of how Hispanics are being shaped by the U.S. experience. This will, in turn, affect the United States and the contours of the Hispanic future remain uncertain. The uncertainties include such issues as whether Hispanics, especially immigrants, improve their educational attainment and fluency in English and thereby improve their economic position; whether growing numbers of foreign-born Hispanics become citizens and achieve empowerment at the ballot box and through elected office; whether impending health problems are successfully averted; and whether Hispanics’ geographic dispersal accelerates their spatial and social integration. The papers in this volume provide invaluable information to explore these issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Olujimi Ajijola A2 - Charles R. Bridges, Jr. A2 - Lynne M. Holden A2 - Paula Whitacre A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - Educational Pathways for Black Students in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Exploring Barriers and Possible Interventions: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26391 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26391/educational-pathways-for-black-students-in-science-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Academic preparation is critical to increase Black representation in Science, Engineering, and Medicine, but so, too, are such interrelated factors as providing mentoring and role models in sufficient numbers, adequately funding school and community support services, and analyzing the intentional and unintentional consequences of a range of policies and practices. To address these issues, the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop on September 2 and 3, 2020. Titled "Educational Pathways for Blacks in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Exploring Barriers and Possible Interventions," the workshop provided a platform to explore challenges and opportunities, beginning in the earliest years of life through K-12 schooling, undergraduate and postgraduate education, and into the workforce. Presenters throughout the workshop provided perspectives from research and from their own experiences to discuss the need for systemic solutions inside and outside of formal education institutions. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Structural Racism and Rigorous Models of Social Inequity: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26690 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26690/structural-racism-and-rigorous-models-of-social-inequity-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Structural racism refers to the public and private policies, institutional practices, norms, and cultural representations that inherently create unequal freedom, opportunity, value, resources, advantage, restrictions, constraints, or disadvantage for individuals and populations according to their race and ethnicity both across the life course and between generations. Developing a research agenda on structural racism includes consideration of the historical and contemporary policies and other structural factors that explicitly or implicitly affect the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities, as well as strategies to measure those factors. The Committee on Population of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day public workshop on May 16-17, 2022, to identify and discuss the mechanisms through which structural racism operates, with a particular emphasis on health and well-being; to develop an agenda for future research and data collection on structural racism; and to strengthen the evidence base for policy making. Speaker presentations and workshop discussions provided insights into known sources of structural racism and rigorous models of health inequity, revealed novel sources and approaches informed by other disciplines and related fields, and highlighted key research and data priorities for future work on structural racism and health inequity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lawrence Pesesky A2 - Deborah Matherly A2 - Leigh Lane A2 - David Aimen A2 - Deva Deka A2 - Asha Weinstein Agrawal A2 - Bruce Brown A2 - Anne Morris TI - Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox DO - 10.17226/24991 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24991/assessing-the-environmental-justice-effects-of-toll-implementation-or-rate-changes-guidebook-and-toolbox PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 860: Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox provides a set of tools to enable analysis and measurement of the impacts of toll pricing, toll payment, toll collection technology, and other aspects of toll implementation and rate changes on low-income and minority populations.The guidebook shows the practitioner when and how to apply the tools in the toolbox through an eight-step process framework corresponding to the typical transportation project planning and development process. The guidebook and toolbox together provide an assessment framework and supporting tools to measure the impacts of tolling on such factors as mobility, access, and household expenditures, as well as tools to engage low-income and minority populations.This report is accompanied by NCHRP Web-Only Document 237: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes—Final Report. This report presents information gathered in the development of the guidebook and the toolbox. This web-only document summarizes the technical research and presents the technical memorandum that documents the literature, existing case studies, resource documents, and other reports compiled. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Neil J. Smelser A2 - William Julius Wilson A2 - Faith Mitchell TI - America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume II SN - DO - 10.17226/9719 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9719/america-becoming-racial-trends-and-their-consequences-volume-ii PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The 20th Century has been marked by enormous change in terms of how we define race. In large part, we have thrown out the antiquated notions of the 1800s, giving way to a more realistic, sociocultural view of the world. The United States is, perhaps more than any other industrialized country, distinguished by the size and diversity of its racial and ethnic minority populations. Current trends promise that these features will endure. Fifty years from now, there will most likely be no single majority group in the United States. How will we fare as a nation when race-based issues such as immigration, job opportunities, and affirmative action are already so contentious today? In America Becoming, leading scholars and commentators explore past and current trends among African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans in the context of a white majority. This volume presents the most up-to-date findings and analysis on racial and social dynamics, with recommendations for ongoing research. It examines compelling issues in the field of race relations, including: Race and ethnicity in criminal justice. Demographic and social trends for Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. Trends in minority-owned businesses. Wealth, welfare, and racial stratification. Residential segregation and the meaning of "neighborhood." Disparities in educational test scores among races and ethnicities. Health and development for minority children, adolescents, and adults. Race and ethnicity in the labor market, including the role of minorities in America's military. Immigration and the dynamics of race and ethnicity. The changing meaning of race. Changing racial attitudes. This collection of papers, compiled and edited by distinguished leaders in the behavioral and social sciences, represents the most current literature in the field. Volume 1 covers demographic trends, immigration, racial attitudes, and the geography of opportunity. Volume 2 deals with the criminal justice system, the labor market, welfare, and health trends, Both books will be of great interest to educators, scholars, researchers, students, social scientists, and policymakers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Neil J. Smelser A2 - William Julius Wilson A2 - Faith Mitchell TI - America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume I SN - DO - 10.17226/9599 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9599/america-becoming-racial-trends-and-their-consequences-volume-i PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The 20th Century has been marked by enormous change in terms of how we define race. In large part, we have thrown out the antiquated notions of the 1800s, giving way to a more realistic, sociocultural view of the world. The United States is, perhaps more than any other industrialized country, distinguished by the size and diversity of its racial and ethnic minority populations. Current trends promise that these features will endure. Fifty years from now, there will most likely be no single majority group in the United States. How will we fare as a nation when race-based issues such as immigration, job opportunities, and affirmative action are already so contentious today? In America Becoming, leading scholars and commentators explore past and current trends among African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans in the context of a white majority. This volume presents the most up-to-date findings and analysis on racial and social dynamics, with recommendations for ongoing research. It examines compelling issues in the field of race relations, including: Race and ethnicity in criminal justice. Demographic and social trends for Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. Trends in minority-owned businesses. Wealth, welfare, and racial stratification. Residential segregation and the meaning of "neighborhood." Disparities in educational test scores among races and ethnicities. Health and development for minority children, adolescents, and adults. Race and ethnicity in the labor market, including the role of minorities in America's military. Immigration and the dynamics of race and ethnicity. The changing meaning of race. Changing racial attitudes. This collection of papers, compiled and edited by distinguished leaders in the behavioral and social sciences, represents the most current literature in the field. Volume 1 covers demographic trends, immigration, racial attitudes, and the geography of opportunity. Volume 2 deals with the criminal justice system, the labor market, welfare, and health trends. Both books will be of great interest to educators, scholars, researchers, students, social scientists, and policymakers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation: America's Science and Technology Talent at the Crossroads SN - DO - 10.17226/12984 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12984/expanding-underrepresented-minority-participation-americas-science-and-technology-talent-at PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Industry and Labor AB - In order for the United States to maintain the global leadership and competitiveness in science and technology that are critical to achieving national goals, we must invest in research, encourage innovation, and grow a strong and talented science and technology workforce. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation explores the role of diversity in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) workforce and its value in keeping America innovative and competitive. According to the book, the U.S. labor market is projected to grow faster in science and engineering than in any other sector in the coming years, making minority participation in STEM education at all levels a national priority. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation analyzes the rate of change and the challenges the nation currently faces in developing a strong and diverse workforce. Although minorities are the fastest growing segment of the population, they are underrepresented in the fields of science and engineering. Historically, there has been a strong connection between increasing educational attainment in the United States and the growth in and global leadership of the economy. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation suggests that the federal government, industry, and post-secondary institutions work collaboratively with K-12 schools and school systems to increase minority access to and demand for post-secondary STEM education and technical training. The book also identifies best practices and offers a comprehensive road map for increasing involvement of underrepresented minorities and improving the quality of their education. It offers recommendations that focus on academic and social support, institutional roles, teacher preparation, affordability and program development. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lynne M. Holden A2 - Camara P. Jones A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - The State of Anti-Black Racism in the United States: Reflections and Solutions from the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26692 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26692/the-state-of-anti-black-racism-in-the-united-states-reflections-and-solutions-from-the-roundtable-on-black-men-and-black-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The mission of the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine is to advance discussions on the barriers and opportunities encountered by Black students and professionals as they navigate the pathways from K-12 and postsecondary education to careers in science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) and highlight promising practices for increasing the representation, retention, and inclusiveness of Black men and Black women in SEM. This proceedings serves as a summary of the presentations and discussions from a capstone workshop, held virtually on December 6 and 7, 2021, to review how anti-Black racism had permeated across the topics covered by the Roundtable over the previous 2 years. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laurel Van Horn A2 - Eric Lipp A2 - Katherine O'Reilly A2 - Pat Pound A2 - Jens Vange A2 - Shane Wirth A2 - Jason Shevrin A2 - Shu Cole TI - Innovative Solutions to Facilitate Accessibility for Airport Travelers with Disabilities DO - 10.17226/25728 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25728/innovative-solutions-to-facilitate-accessibility-for-airport-travelers-with-disabilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - The airport industry has adopted specific design codes in response to state and federal regulatory requirements—including the Americans with Disabilities Act—to accommodate employees and travelers with disabilities. These design codes include general architectural guidelines and technology adapted for transportation facilities.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 210: Innovative Solutions to Facilitate Accessibility for Airport Travelers with Disabilities outlines innovative solutions to facilitate accessibility for passengers with a variety of physical, sensory, and/or cognitive challenges.The report includes additional materials, including case-study highlights in Appendix A, a user-needs survey in Appendix B, and a Wayfinding Accessibility Audit Checklist, which also includes a separate introduction. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy SN - DO - 10.17226/25120 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25120/securing-the-vote-protecting-american-democracy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - During the 2016 presidential election, America's election infrastructure was targeted by actors sponsored by the Russian government. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy examines the challenges arising out of the 2016 federal election, assesses current technology and standards for voting, and recommends steps that the federal government, state and local governments, election administrators, and vendors of voting technology should take to improve the security of election infrastructure. In doing so, the report provides a vision of voting that is more secure, accessible, reliable, and verifiable. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Between Public and Private Mobility: Examining the Rise of Technology-Enabled Transportation Services DO - 10.17226/21875 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21875/between-public-and-private-mobility-examining-the-rise-of-technology-enabled-transportation-services PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Special Report 319: Between Public and Private Mobility: Examining the Rise of Technology-Enabled Transportation Services analyzes how innovative transportation services, including ridesharing, carsharing, bikesharing, and microtransit, are changing mobility for millions of travelers. Such services could reduce congestion and emissions from surface transportation if regulated wisely to encourage concurrent, rather than sequential, ride sharing. Rapidly growing transportation network companies (TNCs), like Uber and Lyft, however, are disrupting conventional taxi and limousine services and raise policy challenges regarding personal security and public safety, insurance requirements, employment and labor issues, and accessibility and equity. The committee’s report offers guidance to state and local officials responsible for policy setting and regulation of for-hire transportation services in each of these areas. The report also addresses the need for greater consistency in regulations across jurisdictions and calls for TNCs to share more information about the volume, frequency, and types of trips being provided to allow for informed regulation and planning of transportation services. Report appendixes are available online only: • Appendix A: Taxonomy of Established and Emerging Personal Transportation Services • Appendix B: Taxi, Sedan, and Limousine Industries and Regulations, by Bruce Schaller • Appendix C: Bikesharing Safety and Helmet Use Supplemental information includes a:• Press release• Recorded webcast taped on January 13, 2016 at the TRB Annual Meeting• Report in Brief• Slider on 10 Facts about Using Uber, Lyft, or Taxis • TRNews article ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jennifer E. DeVoe A2 - Amy Geller A2 - Yamrot Negussie TI - Vibrant and Healthy Kids: Aligning Science, Practice, and Policy to Advance Health Equity SN - DO - 10.17226/25466 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25466/vibrant-and-healthy-kids-aligning-science-practice-and-policy-to PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Children are the foundation of the United States, and supporting them is a key component of building a successful future. However, millions of children face health inequities that compromise their development, well-being, and long-term outcomes, despite substantial scientific evidence about how those adversities contribute to poor health. Advancements in neurobiological and socio-behavioral science show that critical biological systems develop in the prenatal through early childhood periods, and neurobiological development is extremely responsive to environmental influences during these stages. Consequently, social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors significantly affect a child's health ecosystem and ability to thrive throughout adulthood. Vibrant and Healthy Kids: Aligning Science, Practice, and Policy to Advance Health Equity builds upon and updates research from Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity (2017) and From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (2000). This report provides a brief overview of stressors that affect childhood development and health, a framework for applying current brain and development science to the real world, a roadmap for implementing tailored interventions, and recommendations about improving systems to better align with our understanding of the significant impact of health equity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Alison Mack A2 - Alina Baciu A2 - Nirupa Goel TI - Supporting a Movement for Health and Health Equity: Lessons from Social Movements: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18751 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18751/supporting-a-movement-for-health-and-health-equity-lessons-from PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Supporting a Movement for Health and Health Equity is the summary of a workshop convened in December 2013 by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity and the Elimination of Health Disparities and the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement to explore the lessons that may be gleaned from social movements, both those that are health-related and those that are not primarily focused on health. Participants and presenters focused on elements identified from the history and sociology of social change movements and how such elements can be applied to present-day efforts nationally and across communities to improve the chances for long, healthy lives for all. The idea of movements and movement building is inextricably linked with the history of public health. Historically, most movements - including, for example, those for safer working conditions, for clean water, and for safe food - have emerged from the sustained efforts of many different groups of individuals, which were often organized in order to protest and advocate for changes in the name of such values as fairness and human rights. The purpose of the workshop was to have a conversation about how to support the fragments of health movements that roundtable members believed they could see occurring in society and in the health field. Recent reports from the National Academies have highlighted evidence that the United States gets poor value on its extraordinary investments in health - in particular, on its investments in health care - as American life expectancy lags behind that of other wealthy nations. As a result, many individuals and organizations, including the Healthy People 2020 initiative, have called for better health and longer lives. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Emily A. Callahan TI - A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25409 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25409/a-health-equity-approach-to-obesity-efforts-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The obesity crisis in the United States disproportionately affects some demographic groups more than others. Contextual influences on obesity are complex and include an individual's weight-related behaviors and outcomes, the intermediate variables that influence these behaviors and outcomes, and broader, upstream historical, social, economic, physical, and policy contexts. The National Academies convened a workshop on April 1, 2019 to explore the history of health equity issues in demographic groups that have above-average obesity risk and to consider principles and approaches to address these issues as part of obesity prevention and treatment efforts. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Bruce Western A2 - Khalil Gibran Muhammad A2 - Yamrot Negussie A2 - Emily Backes TI - Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy SN - DO - 10.17226/26705 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26705/reducing-racial-inequality-in-crime-and-justice-science-practice-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The history of the U.S. criminal justice system is marked by racial inequality and sustained by present day policy. Large racial and ethnic disparities exist across the several stages of criminal legal processing, including in arrests, pre-trial detention, and sentencing and incarceration, among others, with Black, Latino, and Native Americans experiencing worse outcomes. The historical legacy of racial exclusion and structural inequalities form the social context for racial inequalities in crime and criminal justice. Racial inequality can drive disparities in crime, victimization, and system involvement. Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy synthesizes the evidence on community-based solutions, noncriminal policy interventions, and criminal justice reforms, charting a path toward the reduction of racial inequalities by minimizing harm in ways that also improve community safety. Reversing the effects of structural racism and severing the close connections between racial inequality, criminal harms such as violence, and criminal justice involvement will involve fostering local innovation and evaluation, and coordinating local initiatives with state and federal leadership. This report also highlights the challenge of creating an accurate, national picture of racial inequality in crime and justice: there is a lack of consistent, reliable data, as well as data transparency and accountability. While the available data points toward trends that Black, Latino, and Native American individuals are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and given more severe punishments compared to White individuals, opportunities for improving research should be explored to better inform decision-making. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lynne M. Holden A2 - Louis W. Sullivan A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - Supporting Black Students Through Their Science, Engineering, and Medicine Career Journeys: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/27339 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27339/supporting-black-students-through-their-science-engineering-and-medicine-career-journeys PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Increasing the number of Black men and Black women who enter the fields of science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) will benefit the social and economic health of the nation. On May 2-3, 2022 the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to highlight promising financial and supportive services and programs throughout various stages of career development. Sessions followed student progression through the major stages of education and career development, and identified policies and practices that aim to mitigate and alleviate long-standing barriers to the full participation of Black students in SEM at the K–12, undergraduate, and graduate and professional levels. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Darla Thompson A2 - Joe Alper TI - Exploring Equity in Multisector Community Health Partnerships: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24786 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24786/exploring-equity-in-multisector-community-health-partnerships-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Building on previous National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshops that explored how safe and healthy communities are a necessary component of health equity and efforts to improve population health, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement wanted to explore how a variety of community-based organizations came together to achieve population health. To do so, the roundtable hosted a workshop in Oakland, California, on December 8, 2016, to explore multisector health partnerships that engage residents, reduce health disparities, and improve health and well-being. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lawrence Pesesky A2 - Deborah Matherly A2 - Leigh Lane A2 - David Aimen A2 - Deva Deka A2 - Asha Weinstein Agrawal A2 - Bruce Brown A2 - Anne Morris TI - Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes—Final Report DO - 10.17226/24992 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24992/environmental-justice-analyses-when-considering-toll-implementation-or-rate-changes-final-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 237: Environmental Justice Analyses When Considering Toll Implementation or Rate Changes—Final Report presents information gathered in the development of NCHRP Research Report 860: Assessing the Environmental Justice Effects of Toll Implementation or Rate Changes: Guidebook and Toolbox. This web-only document summarizes the technical research and presents the technical memorandum that documents the literature, existing case studies, resource documents, and other reports compiled.NCHRP Research Report 860 provides a set of tools to enable analysis and measurement of the impacts of toll pricing, toll payment, toll collection technology, and other aspects of toll implementation and rate changes on low-income and minority populations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lorelle L. Espinosa A2 - Kent McGuire A2 - Leigh Miles Jackson TI - Minority Serving Institutions: America's Underutilized Resource for Strengthening the STEM Workforce SN - DO - 10.17226/25257 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25257/minority-serving-institutions-americas-underutilized-resource-for-strengthening-the-stem PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Industry and Labor KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - There are over 20 million young people of color in the United States whose representation in STEM education pathways and in the STEM workforce is still far below their numbers in the general population. Their participation could help re-establish the United States' preeminence in STEM innovation and productivity, while also increasing the number of well-educated STEM workers. There are nearly 700 minority-serving institutions (MSIs) that provide pathways to STEM educational success and workforce readiness for millions of students of color—and do so in a mission-driven and intentional manner. They vary substantially in their origins, missions, student demographics, and levels of institutional selectivity. But in general, their service to the nation provides a gateway to higher education and the workforce, particularly for underrepresented students of color and those from low-income and first-generation to college backgrounds. The challenge for the nation is how to capitalize on the unique strengths and attributes of these institutions and to equip them with the resources, exceptional faculty talent, and vital infrastructure needed to educate and train an increasingly critical portion of current and future generations of scientists, engineers, and health professionals. Minority Serving Institutions examines the nation's MSIs and identifies promising programs and effective strategies that have the highest potential return on investment for the nation by increasing the quantity and quality MSI STEM graduates. This study also provides critical information and perspective about the importance of MSIs to other stakeholders in the nation's system of higher education and the organizations that support them. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo A2 - Alex Helman TI - Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups SN - DO - 10.17226/26479 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26479/improving-representation-in-clinical-trials-and-research-building-research-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The United States has long made substantial investments in clinical research with the goal of improving the health and well-being of our nation. There is no doubt that these investments have contributed significantly to treating and preventing disease and extending human life. Nevertheless, clinical research faces a critical shortcoming. Currently, large swaths of the U.S. population, and those that often face the greatest health challenges, are less able to benefit from these discoveries because they are not adequately represented in clinical research studies. While progress has been made with representation of white women in clinical trials and clinical research, there has been little progress in the last three decades to increase participation of racial and ethnic minority population groups. This underrepresentation is compounding health disparities, with serious consequences for underrepresented groups and for the nation. At the request of Congress, Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups identifies policies, procedures, programs, or projects aimed at increasing the inclusion of these groups in clinical research and the specific strategies used by those conducting clinical trials and clinical and translational research to improve diversity and inclusion. This report models the potential economic benefits of full inclusion of men, women, and racial and ethnic groups in clinical research and highlights new programs and interventions in medical centers and other clinical settings designed to increase participation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Nancy Bates A2 - Marshall Chin A2 - Tara Becker TI - Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation SN - DO - 10.17226/26424 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26424/measuring-sex-gender-identity-and-sexual-orientation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation are key indicators of the demographic diversity in the United States. Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. This is turn affects sexual orientation, because it is defined on the basis of the relationship between a person's own sex or gender and that of their actual or preferred partners. Sex, gender, and sexual orientation are core aspects of identity that shape opportunities, experiences with discrimination, and outcomes through the life course; therefore, it is crucial that measures of these concepts accurately capture their complexity. Recognition of the diversity within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and other sexual and gender minorities - the LGBTQI+ population - has also led to a reexamination of how the concepts of sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation are measured. Better measurement will improve the ability to identify sexual and gender minority populations and understand the challenges they face. LGBTQI+ people continue to experience disparate and inequitable treatment, including harassment, discrimination, and violence, which in turn affects outcomes in many areas of everyday life, including health and access to health care services, economic and educational attainment, and family and social support. Though knowledge of these disparities has increased significantly over the past decade, glaring gaps remain, often driven by a lack of reliable data. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation recommends that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) adopt new practices for collecting data on sex, gender, and sexual orientation - including collecting gender data by default, and not conflating gender with sex as a biological variable. The report recommends standardized language to be used in survey questions that ask about a respondent's sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Better measurements will improve data quality, as well as the NIH's ability to identify LGBTQI+ populations and understand the challenges they face. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - LaRue Allen A2 - Rebekah Hutton TI - Closing the Opportunity Gap for Young Children SN - DO - 10.17226/26743 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26743/closing-the-opportunity-gap-for-young-children PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Many young children in the United States are thriving and have access to the conditions and resources they need to grow up healthy. However, a substantial number of young children face more challenging conditions such as: poverty; food insecurity; exposure to violence; and inadequate access to health care, well-funded quality schools, and mental health care. In many cases, the historical origins of unequal access to crucial supports for children's physical, emotional, and cognitive development are rooted in policies that intentionally segregated and limited various populations' access to resources and create opportunity gaps that intertwine and compound to affect academic, health, and economic outcomes over an individual's life course and across generations. Closing the Opportunity Gap for Young Children, identifies and describes the causes, costs, and effects of the opportunity gap in young children and explores how disparities in access to quality educational experiences, health care, and positive developmental experiences from birth through age eight intersect with key academic, health, and economic outcomes. The report identifies drivers of these gaps in three key domains—education, mental health, and physical health—and offers recommendations for policy makers for addressing these gaps so that all children in the United States have the opportunity to thrive. In addition, the report offers a detailed set of recommendations for policy makers, practitioners, community organizations, and philanthropic organizations to reduce opportunity gaps in education, health, and social-emotional development. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - David Keen A2 - Janine Kyritsis A2 - Ellen Meiser A2 - Mara Rosales TI - Resource Guide for Improving Diversity and Inclusion Programs for the Public Transportation Industry DO - 10.17226/26230 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26230/resource-guide-for-improving-diversity-and-inclusion-programs-for-the-public-transportation-industry PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Many transit agencies are striving to improve diversity and inclusion. They continue to initiate and sustain programs and develop more innovative strategies.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 228: Resource Guide for Improving Diversity and Inclusion Programs for the Public Transportation Industry builds on the snapshot of transit agency diversity initiatives provided nearly 20 years ago in TCRP Synthesis 46: Diversity Training Initiatives to understand how diversity programs at transit agencies have evolved, how inclusion has been incorporated, and what policies, plans, and practices have been successfully implemented within the industry. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Sheila P. Burke A2 - Daniel E. Polsky A2 - Amy B. Geller TI - Federal Policy to Advance Racial, Ethnic, and Tribal Health Equity SN - DO - 10.17226/26834 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26834/federal-policy-to-advance-racial-ethnic-and-tribal-health-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Racially and ethnically minoritized populations and tribal communities often face preventable inequities in health outcomes due to structural disadvantages and diminished opportunities around health care, employment, education, and more. Federal Policy to Advance Racial, Ethnic, and Tribal Health Equity analyzes how past and current federal policies may create, maintain, and/or amplify racial, ethnic, and tribal health inequities. This report identifies key features of policies that have served to reduce inequities and makes recommendations to help achieve racial, ethnic, and tribal health equity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lauren Savaglio A2 - Alina Baciu TI - Harnessing the Value of Co-Creating and Stewarding Places for Health, Equity, and Well-Being: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26212 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26212/harnessing-the-value-of-co-creating-and-stewarding-places-for-health-equity-and-well-being PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Roundtable on Population Health Improvement of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop at Hunter College in New York City, New York on February 6, 2020, to explore the value of co-creating and keeping inclusive healthy spaces. The workshop was designed to understand and highlight the economics of inclusive placemaking and to explore its value in improving health, equity, and well-being. Placemaking (the work of creating livable, vibrant, or quality places, especially public places) draws on various traditions of community development, arts and culture, regional planning, and civic engagement, combining different disciplinary perspectives into a creative way of shaping public spaces, land use, commerce, transportation, housing, and social fabric. The workshop (1) examined the economics of this work, (2) described how inclusive placemakers gather resources to do their work, and (3) explored the social and economic value they are able to generate when places are designed with health, equity, and well-being in mind. This publication is a summary of the presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Tumaini Rucker Coker A2 - Jennifer Appleton Gootman A2 - Emily P. Backes TI - Addressing the Long-Term Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Families SN - DO - 10.17226/26809 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26809/addressing-the-long-term-effects-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-children-and-families PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the lives of children and their families, who have faced innumerable challenges such as illness and death; school closures; social isolation; financial hardship; food insecurity; deleterious mental health effects; and difficulties accessing health care. In almost every outcome related to social, emotional, behavioral, educational, mental, physical, and economic health and well-being, families identifying as Black, Latino, and Native American, and those with low incomes, have disproportionately borne the brunt of the negative effects of the pandemic. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and families will be felt for years to come. While these long-term effects are unknown, they are likely to have particularly significant implications for children and families from racially and ethnically minoritized communities and with low incomes. Addressing the Long-Term Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Families identifies social, emotional, behavioral, educational, mental, physical, and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and looks at strategies for addressing the challenges and obstacles that the pandemic introduced for children and families in marginalized communities. This report provides recommendations for programs, supports, and interventions to counteract the negative effects of the pandemic on child and family well-being and offers a path forward to recover from the harms of the pandemic, address inequities, and prepare for the future. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Charlotte J. Patterson A2 - Martín-José Sepúlveda A2 - Jordyn White TI - Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations SN - DO - 10.17226/25877 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25877/understanding-the-well-being-of-lgbtqi-populations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The increase in prevalence and visibility of sexually gender diverse (SGD) populations illuminates the need for greater understanding of the ways in which current laws, systems, and programs affect their well-being. Individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, transgender, non-binary, queer, or intersex, as well as those who express same-sex or -gender attractions or behaviors, will have experiences across their life course that differ from those of cisgender and heterosexual individuals. Characteristics such as age, race and ethnicity, and geographic location intersect to play a distinct role in the challenges and opportunities SGD people face. Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations reviews the available evidence and identifies future research needs related to the well-being of SDG populations across the life course. This report focuses on eight domains of well-being; the effects of various laws and the legal system on SGD populations; the effects of various public policies and structural stigma; community and civic engagement; families and social relationships; education, including school climate and level of attainment; economic experiences (e.g., employment, compensation, and housing); physical and mental health; and health care access and gender-affirming interventions. The recommendations of Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations aim to identify opportunities to advance understanding of how individuals experience sexuality and gender and how sexual orientation, gender identity, and intersex status affect SGD people over the life course. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - James N. Weinstein A2 - Amy Geller A2 - Yamrot Negussie A2 - Alina Baciu TI - Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity SN - DO - 10.17226/24624 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24624/communities-in-action-pathways-to-health-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Evelynn Hammonds A2 - Valerie Taylor A2 - Rebekah Hutton TI - Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech SN - DO - 10.17226/26345 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26345/transforming-trajectories-for-women-of-color-in-tech PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Demand for tech professionals is expected to increase substantially over the next decade, and increasing the number of women of color in tech will be critical to building and maintaining a competitive workforce. Despite years of efforts to increase the diversity of the tech workforce, women of color have remained underrepresented, and the numbers of some groups of women of color have even declined. Even in cases where some groups of women of color may have higher levels of representation, data show that they still face significant systemic challenges in advancing to positions of leadership. Research evidence suggests that structural and social barriers in tech education, the tech workforce, and in venture capital investment disproportionately and negatively affect women of color. Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech uses current research as well as information obtained through four public information-gathering workshops to provide recommendations to a broad set of stakeholders within the tech ecosystem for increasing recruitment, retention, and advancement of women of color. This report identifies gaps in existing research that obscure the nature of challenges faced by women of color in tech, addresses systemic issues that negatively affect outcomes for women of color in tech, and provides guidance for transforming existing systems and implementing evidence-based policies and practices to increase the success of women of color in tech. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Gilda A. Barabino A2 - Susan T. Fiske A2 - Layne A. Scherer A2 - Emily A. Vargas TI - Advancing Antiracism, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEMM Organizations: Beyond Broadening Participation SN - DO - 10.17226/26803 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26803/advancing-antiracism-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-in-stemm-organizations-beyond PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Individuals from minoritized racial and ethnic groups continue to face systemic barriers that impede their ability to access, persist, and thrive in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) higher education and workforce. Without actively dismantling policies and practices that disadvantage people from minoritized groups, STEMM organizations stand to lose much needed talent and innovation as well as the ideas that come from having a diverse workforce. A new report from the Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences examines the backdrop of systemic racism in the United States that has harmed and continues to harm people from minoritized groups, which is critical for understanding the unequal representation in STEMM. The report outlines actions that top leaders and gatekeepers in STEMM organizations, such as presidents and chief executive officers, can take to foster a culture and climate of antiracism, diversity, equity, and inclusion that is genuinely accessible and supportive to all. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Richard A. Krop A2 - Jaime Rooke A2 - Elise Emil A2 - Oana Leahu-Aluas A2 - Jon McDonnell A2 - Nancy K. West A2 - Mara Rosales TI - Guidance for Diversity in Airport Business Contracting and Workforce Programs DO - 10.17226/25896 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25896/guidance-for-diversity-in-airport-business-contracting-and-workforce-programs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Many airports are already taking active steps to address and unlock the benefits of a diverse and inclusive workforce. These programs provide benefits to the airport and surrounding communities, but there has not been a comprehensive benefit-cost analysis for diversity contracting programs and their impact on the workforce.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 217: Guidance for Diversity in Airport Business Contracting and Workforce Programs provides guidelines to assist airport operators and various stakeholders at airports of all types and sizes to identify and quantify the benefits, costs, and regional economic impact of diversity contracting for airport businesses.As recipients of federal funds, airports are required to administer a federal program that seeks to provide equal access for participation in airport-related business opportunities. Likewise, many airports are also obligated to do so under state and local programs.The report includes additional materials: an Airport Diversity Contracting Tool and a Tool Users Guide. ER -