TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kat M. Anderson TI - Contact Tracing and the Challenges of Health Equity in Vulnerable Latino and Native American Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26174 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26174/contact-tracing-and-the-challenges-of-health-equity-in-vulnerable-latino-and-native-american-communities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Communities of color are experiencing significantly higher rates of COVID-19 infection and significantly higher mortality rates when compared to white Americans. It is critical that contact tracing efforts are executed in ways that are appropriate to those communities experiencing a greater burden of COVID-19. In some cases these efforts should take into account the distrust some communities have in health care systems and providers. Other issues relevant to contact tracing include language, cultural competency, health literacy, stigma, and privacy concerns, particularly in multigenerational households. Furthermore, contact tracers may identify individuals who lack access to care and/or health insurance, or the supportive services needed to isolate if they test positive, and some individuals will be residents without documentation. Recruiting and building a new cadre of contact tracers should meet the immediate goal of addressing the pandemic, but attention could also be paid to building a public health infrastructure in communities that supports health equity. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity hosted a public webinar titled, Doing It Right: Contact Tracing and Health Equity, on July 30, 2020, which focused on the role of contact tracing for vulnerable groups, in this case, Native Americans and Latino communities, during the COVID-19 pandemic. This publication provides a summary of the discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Wastewater-based Disease Surveillance for Public Health Action SN - DO - 10.17226/26767 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26767/wastewater-based-disease-surveillance-for-public-health-action PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - The COVID-19 pandemic spurred a rapid expansion of wastewater-based infectious disease surveillance systems to monitor and anticipate disease trends in communities.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched the National Wastewater Surveillance System in September 2020 to help coordinate and build upon those efforts. Produced at the request of CDC, this report reviews the usefulness of community-level wastewater surveillance during the pandemic and assesses its potential value for control and prevention of infectious diseases beyond COVID-19. Wastewater-based Disease Surveillance for Public Health Action concludes that wastewater surveillance is and will continue to be a valuable component of infectious disease management. This report presents a vision for a national wastewater surveillance system that would track multiple pathogens simultaneously and pivot quickly to detect emerging pathogens, and it offers recommendations to ensure that the system is flexible, equitable, and economically sustainable for informing public health actions. The report also recommends approaches to address ethical and privacy concerns and develop a more representative wastewater surveillance system. Predictable and sustained federal funding as well as ongoing coordination and collaboration among many partners will be critical to the effectiveness of efforts moving forward. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Helene Gayle A2 - William Foege A2 - Lisa Brown A2 - Benjamin Kahn TI - Framework for Equitable Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine SN - DO - 10.17226/25917 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25917/framework-for-equitable-allocation-of-covid-19-vaccine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the societal disruption it has brought, national governments and the international community have invested billions of dollars and immense amounts of human resources to develop a safe and effective vaccine in an unprecedented time frame. Vaccination against this novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), offers the possibility of significantly reducing severe morbidity and mortality and transmission when deployed alongside other public health strategies and improved therapies. Health equity is intertwined with the impact of COVID-19 and there are certain populations that are at increased risk of severe illness or death from COVID-19. In the United States and worldwide, the pandemic is having a disproportionate impact on people who are already disadvantaged by virtue of their race and ethnicity, age, health status, residence, occupation, socioeconomic condition, or other contributing factors. Framework for Equitable Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine offers an overarching framework for vaccine allocation to assist policy makers in the domestic and global health communities. Built on widely accepted foundational principles and recognizing the distinctive characteristics of COVID-19, this report's recommendations address the commitments needed to implement equitable allocation policies for COVID-19 vaccine. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Rapid Expert Consultation on Critical Federal Capabilities Needed to Evaluate Real-World Safety, Effectiveness, and Equitable Distribution and Use of Medical Countermeasures During a Public Health Emergency DO - 10.17226/26574 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26574/rapid-expert-consultation-on-critical-federal-capabilities-needed-to-evaluate-real-world-safety-effectiveness-and-equitable-distribution-and-use-of-medical-countermeasures-during-a-public-health-emergency PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of having access to real-world data and evidence to monitor and assess medical countermeasure (MCM) use and performance so policy makers can make more effective and rapid public health decisions, protect population health, and save lives. During public health emergencies, the use of MCMs, such as therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics, can be made available to the public under a range of regulatory access mechanisms. This Rapid Expert Consultation was produced by individual members of the Standing Committee for CDC Center for Preparedness and Response. Its aim is to review and propose modifications to an initial draft list of critical federal capabilities presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that are needed to evaluate real-world safety, effectiveness, equitable distribution, access, and use of MCMs during a public health emergency. This effort draws from expert input, published literature, and lessons learned from previous public health emergencies, as well as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ned Calonge A2 - Lisa Brown A2 - Autumn Downey TI - Evidence-Based Practice for Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response SN - DO - 10.17226/25650 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25650/evidence-based-practice-for-public-health-emergency-preparedness-and-response PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - When communities face complex public health emergencies, state local, tribal, and territorial public health agencies must make difficult decisions regarding how to effectively respond. The public health emergency preparedness and response (PHEPR) system, with its multifaceted mission to prevent, protect against, quickly respond to, and recover from public health emergencies, is inherently complex and encompasses policies, organizations, and programs. Since the events of September 11, 2001, the United States has invested billions of dollars and immeasurable amounts of human capital to develop and enhance public health emergency preparedness and infrastructure to respond to a wide range of public health threats, including infectious diseases, natural disasters, and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear events. Despite the investments in research and the growing body of empirical literature on a range of preparedness and response capabilities and functions, there has been no national-level, comprehensive review and grading of evidence for public health emergency preparedness and response practices comparable to those utilized in medicine and other public health fields. Evidence-Based Practice for Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response reviews the state of the evidence on PHEPR practices and the improvements necessary to move the field forward and to strengthen the PHEPR system. This publication evaluates PHEPR evidence to understand the balance of benefits and harms of PHEPR practices, with a focus on four main areas of PHEPR: engagement with and training of community-based partners to improve the outcomes of at-risk populations after public health emergencies; activation of a public health emergency operations center; communication of public health alerts and guidance to technical audiences during a public health emergency; and implementation of quarantine to reduce the spread of contagious illness. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Medicine A2 - Laura Adams A2 - Mahnoor Ahmed A2 - Ariana Bailey A2 - Peak Sen Chua A2 - Chinenye Stephen Chukwurah A2 - Michael Cocchiola A2 - Anna Cupito A2 - Kushal Kadakia A2 - Jennifer Lee A2 - Asia Williams TI - Emerging Stronger from COVID-19: Priorities for Health System Transformation SN - DO - 10.17226/26657 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26657/emerging-stronger-from-covid-19-priorities-for-health-system-transformation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In mid-2022, the United States has lost more than 1 million people to the COVID-19 pandemic. We have been real-time witnesses to scores of heroic responses to the disease, death, inequity, and economic strife unleashed by the virus, but have also experienced the consequences of poor pandemic preparedness and long-standing structural failures in our health system. For decades, the U.S. health system has fallen far short of its potential to support and improve individual and population health. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented death and devastation—but also an unprecedented opportunity to truly transform U.S. health, health care, and health delivery. To capitalize on this opportunity, the National Academy of Medicine gathered field leaders from across all of the major health system sectors to assess how each sector has responded to the pandemic and the opportunities that exist for health system transformation. The opportunity is now to capitalize on the hard-won lessons of COVID-19 and build a health care system that centers patients, families, and communities; cares for clinicians; supports care systems, public health, and biomedical research to perform at the best of their abilities; applies innovations from digital health and quality, safety, and standards organizations; and encourages health care payers and health product manufacturers and innovators to produce products that benefit all. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Laura B. Sivitz A2 - Kathleen Stratton A2 - Georges C. Benjamin TI - Quarantine Stations at Ports of Entry: Protecting the Public's Health SN - DO - 10.17226/11435 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11435/quarantine-stations-at-ports-of-entry-protecting-the-publics-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - To mitigate the risks posed by microbial threats of public health significance originating abroad, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) places small groups of staff at major U.S. airports. These staff, their offices, and their patient isolation rooms constitute quarantine stations, which are run by CDC's Division of Global Migration and Quarantine (DGMQ). Congress began to allocate funds in fiscal 2003 for the establishment of new quarantine stations at 17 major U.S. ports of entry that comprise airports, seaports, and land-border crossings. In a significant departure from the recent past, both the preexisting 8 quarantine stations and the new 17 are expected to play an active, anticipatory role in nationwide biosurveillance. Consequently, DGMQ asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene an expert committee to assess the present CDC quarantine stations and recommend how they should evolve to meet the challenges posed by microbial threats at the nation's gateways. DGMQ specifically requested "an assessment of the role of the federal quarantine stations, given the changes in the global environment including large increases in international travel, threats posed by bioterrorism and emerging infections, and the movement of animals and cargo." To conduct this assessment and provide recommendations, IOM convened, in October 2004, the Committee on Measures to Enhance the Effectiveness of the CDC Quarantine Station Expansion Plan for U.S. Ports of Entry. At the sponsor's request, the committee released the interim letter report Human Resources at U.S. Ports of Entry to Protect the Public's Health in January 2005 to provide preliminary suggestions for the priority functions of a modern quarantine station, the competences necessary to carry out those functions, and the types of health professionals who have the requisite competences (Appendix A). This, the committee's final report, assesses the present role of the CDC quarantine stations and articulates a vision of their future role as a public health intervention. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Megan Snair A2 - Aurelia Attal-Juncqua A2 - Scott Wollek TI - Evolving Crisis Standards of Care and Ongoing Lessons from COVID-19: Proceedings of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/26573 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26573/evolving-crisis-standards-of-care-and-ongoing-lessons-from-covid-19 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Crisis Standards of Care (CSC) inform decisions on medical care during a large-scale crisis such as a pandemic or natural disaster, eliminating the need to make these decisions at the bedside without protections or guidance. Numerous points throughout the COVID-19 pandemic have demonstrated the necessity of this type of crisis planning. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Disasters and Emergencies convened a series of public workshops to examine the experiences of healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify lessons that can inform current and future CSC planning and implementation. The workshops examined staffing and workforce needs, planning and implementation of CSC plans, and legal, ethical, and equity considerations of CSC planning. Topics of discussion included improving coordination between the bedside and boardroom, increasing buy-in from elected officials, expanding provider engagement, and addressing health equity issues. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshops. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anna Nicholson A2 - Megan Reeve Snair A2 - Jack Herrmann TI - Global Health Risk Framework: Resilient and Sustainable Health Systems to Respond to Global Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21856 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21856/global-health-risk-framework-resilient-and-sustainable-health-systems-to PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015 to inform the commission report. The presentations and discussions from the Workshop on Resilient and Sustainable Health Systems to Respond to Global Infectious Disease Outbreaks are summarized in this report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patricia A. Cuff A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Lessons Learned in Health Professions Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Part 2: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26484 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26484/lessons-learned-in-health-professions-education-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-part-2 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The COVID-19 pandemic was arguably the greatest disrupter health professional education (HPE) has ever experienced. To explore how lessons learned from this unprecedented event could inform the future of HPE, the Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop series in 2020 and 2021. The first workshop focused on identifying challenges faced by educators, administrators, and students amidst the pandemic and how the different stakeholder groups shifted and adapted in response. The second workshop explored how experts from various health professions might respond to hypothetical—but realistic—future world situations impacting HPE. The final two workshops contemplated the future of HPE post-COVID and explored next steps for applying lessons learned from the workshop series to allow educators to test and evaluate educational innovations in real time. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes discussions from the second, third, and fourth workshops in this series. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Big Data and Analytics for Infectious Disease Research, Operations, and Policy: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/23654 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23654/big-data-and-analytics-for-infectious-disease-research-operations-and-policy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - With the amount of data in the world exploding, big data could generate significant value in the field of infectious disease. The increased use of social media provides an opportunity to improve public health surveillance systems and to develop predictive models. Advances in machine learning and crowdsourcing may also offer the possibility to gather information about disease dynamics, such as contact patterns and the impact of the social environment. New, rapid, point-of-care diagnostics may make it possible to capture not only diagnostic information but also other potentially epidemiologically relevant information in real time. With a wide range of data available for analysis, decision-making and policy-making processes could be improved. While there are many opportunities for big data to be used for infectious disease research, operations, and policy, many challenges remain before it is possible to capture the full potential of big data. In order to explore some of the opportunities and issues associated with the scientific, policy, and operational aspects of big data in relation to microbial threats and public health, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in May 2016. Participants discussed a range of topics including preventing, detecting, and responding to infectious disease threats using big data and related analytics; varieties of data (including demographic, geospatial, behavioral, syndromic, and laboratory) and their broader applications; means to improve their collection, processing, utility, and validation; and approaches that can be learned from other sectors to inform big data strategies for infectious disease research, operations, and policy. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Morgan Boname A2 - Theresa Wizemann A2 - Justin Snair TI - Building a National Capability to Monitor and Assess Medical Countermeasure Use During a Public Health Emergency: Going Beyond the Last Mile: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24912 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24912/building-a-national-capability-to-monitor-and-assess-medical-countermeasure-use-during-a-public-health-emergency PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During public health emergencies (PHEs) involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear threats or emerging infectious diseases, medical countermeasures (MCMs) (e.g., drugs, vaccines, devices) may need to be dispensed or administered to affected populations to help mitigate the human health impact of the threat. The optimal MCMs determined for use during an emergency might be U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved but used in unapproved ways (e.g., in a new age group or against a new agent); FDA approved using animal models because human efficacy testing is not ethical or feasible; or not yet FDA approved for any indication. As part of the United States’ scientific and research preparedness enterprise, there is an imperative to go “beyond the last mile” of MCM dispensing and administration to build and maintain a national capability to monitor and assess the use of MCMs (e.g., safety, compliance, clinical benefit) after they have been dispensed during PHEs. To further the discussion on this need, the Board on Health Sciences Policy of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a 2-day public workshop, Building a National Capability to Monitor and Assess Medical Countermeasure Use in Response to Public Health Emergencies. The workshop, sponsored by FDA, was held on June 6–7, 2017, in Washington, DC. Workshop participants discussed the roles and efforts of the federal government and of relevant stakeholders with an interest in building and maintaining a national PHE MCM active monitoring and assessment capability. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Claire Biffl A2 - Julie Liao A2 - Charles Minicucci A2 - Anna Nicholson TI - Systematizing the One Health Approach in Preparedness and Response Efforts for Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26301 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26301/systematizing-the-one-health-approach-in-preparedness-and-response-efforts-for-infectious-disease-outbreaks PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - A planning committee convened by the Forum on Microbial Threats of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop on February 23-25, 2021, titled Systematizing the One Health Approach in Preparedness and Response Efforts for Infectious Disease Outbreaks. The workshop gave particular consideration to research opportunities, multisectoral collaboration mechanisms, community-engagement strategies, educational opportunities, and policies that speakers have found effective in implementing the core capacities and interventions of One Health principles to strengthen national health systems and enhance global health security. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Engaging the Private-Sector Health Care System in Building Capacity to Respond to Threats to the Public's Health and National Security: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25203 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25203/engaging-the-private-sector-health-care-system-in-building-capacity-to-respond-to-threats-to-the-publics-health-and-national-security PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Disasters tend to cross political, jurisdictional, functional, and geographic boundaries. As a result, disasters often require responses from multiple levels of government and multiple organizations in the public and private sectors. This means that public and private organizations that normally operate independently must work together to mount an effective disaster response. To identify and understand approaches to aligning health care system incentives with the American public’s need for a health care system that is prepared to manage acutely ill and injured patients during a disaster, public health emergency, or other mass casualty event, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a 2-day public workshop on March 20 and 21, 2018. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - V. Ayano Ogawa A2 - Ceci Mundaca-Shah A2 - Joe Alper TI - Building Communication Capacity to Counter Infectious Disease Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24738 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24738/building-communication-capacity-to-counter-infectious-disease-threats-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Building communication capacity is a critical piece of preparing for, detecting, and responding to infectious disease threats. The International Health Regulations (IHR) establish risk communication—the real-time exchange of information, advice, and opinions between experts or officials and people who face a threat to their survival, health, and economic or social well-being—as a core capacity that World Health Organization member states must fulfill to strengthen the fight against these threats. Despite global recognition of the importance of complying with IHR, 67 percent of signatory countries report themselves as not compliant. By investing in communication capacity, public health and government officials and civil society organizations facing health crises would be prepared to provide advice, information, and reassurance to the public as well as to rapidly develop messages and community engagement activities that are coordinated and take into account social and behavioral dynamics among all sectors. To learn about current national and international efforts to develop the capacity to communicate effectively during times of infectious disease outbreaks, and to explore gaps in the research agenda that may help address communication needs to advance the field, the Forum on Microbial Threats of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 1.5 day workshop on December 13 and 14, 2016, in Washington, DC. Participants reviewed progress and needs in strengthening communication capacity for dealing with infectious disease threats for both outbreaks and routine challenges in the United States and abroad. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Increasing Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccination Through Requirement and Incentive Programs DO - 10.17226/26545 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26545/increasing-uptake-of-covid-19-vaccination-through-requirement-and-incentive-programs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - As the COVID-19 pandemic enters its third year, the emergence of highly transmissible variants has elevated the urgency of increasing vaccine uptake. Accordingly, decision makers nationwide have been implementing various interventions, such as COVID-19 vaccine requirement and incentive programs for specific populations, to increase vaccine uptake. It is important to stress that such programs need to address equitable access to vaccines. Further, while incentives have not proven consistently to be effective in the United States as a means of promoting uptake of first doses of the COVID-19 vaccines, they may have potential for impact if used for booster doses. This rapid expert consultation draws on the fields of behavioral economics, health behavior, risk communication, and psychology to identify actionable guidance for state and local decision makers engaged in designing COVID-19 vaccine requirement and incentive programs to increase uptake of COVID-19 vaccines. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - David A. Relman A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes A2 - Alison Mack TI - Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12758 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12758/infectious-disease-movement-in-a-borderless-world-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Modern transportation allows people, animals, and plants--and the pathogens they carry--to travel more easily than ever before. The ease and speed of travel, tourism, and international trade connect once-remote areas with one another, eliminating many of the geographic and cultural barriers that once limited the spread of disease. Because of our global interconnectedness through transportation, tourism and trade, infectious diseases emerge more frequently; spread greater distances; pass more easily between humans and animals; and evolve into new and more virulent strains. The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted the workshop "Globalization, Movement of Pathogens (and Their Hosts) and the Revised International Health Regulations" December 16-17, 2008 in order to explore issues related to infectious disease spread in a "borderless" world. Participants discussed the global emergence, establishment, and surveillance of infectious diseases; the complex relationship between travel, trade, tourism, and the spread of infectious diseases; national and international policies for mitigating disease movement locally and globally; and obstacles and opportunities for detecting and containing these potentially wide-reaching and devastating diseases. This document summarizes the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Alison Mack A2 - Megan R. Snair A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes TI - Global Health Risk Framework: Governance for Global Health: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21854 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21854/global-health-risk-framework-governance-for-global-health-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015 to inform the commission report. The presentations and discussions from the Governance for Global Health Workshop are summarized in this report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - V. Ayano Ogawa A2 - Cecilia Mundaca Shah A2 - Anna Nicholson TI - Exploring Lessons Learned from a Century of Outbreaks: Readiness for 2030: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25391 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25391/exploring-lessons-learned-from-a-century-of-outbreaks-readiness-for PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In November 2018, an ad hoc planning committee at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine planned two sister workshops held in Washington, DC, to examine the lessons from influenza pandemics and other major outbreaks, understand the extent to which the lessons have been learned, and discuss how they could be applied further to ensure that countries are sufficiently ready for future pandemics. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from both workshops. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laura Aiuppa Denning A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Long COVID: Examining Long-Term Health Effects of COVID-19 and Implications for the Social Security Administration: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26619 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26619/long-covid-examining-long-term-health-effects-of-covid-19 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - 'Long COVID' refers to the wide range of long-lasting symptoms experienced by some patients after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most common symptoms include fatigue, headache, brain fog, shortness of breath, hair loss, and pain. At this time, there are many knowledge gaps related to Long COVID, including the prevalence of the condition, the impact of the symptoms on survivors' ability to function, and the long-term course of the condition. While many individuals with Long COVID recover within one year, others experience little or no decrease in symptom severity over time. Long COVID symptoms can affect a person's ability to work and otherwise function in daily life, so people with the condition may need to utilize programs such as Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and the Supplemental Security Income Program (SSI). The Social Security Administration (SSA), which administers both of these programs, requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine host a public workshop to discuss research into the long-term health effects of COVID-19, their impacts on individuals and populations, and how the SSDI and SSI programs can support individuals who suffer disability as a result of Long COVID. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER -