TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward SN - DO - 10.17226/12589 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12589/strengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-path-forward PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Scores of talented and dedicated people serve the forensic science community, performing vitally important work. However, they are often constrained by lack of adequate resources, sound policies, and national support. It is clear that change and advancements, both systematic and scientific, are needed in a number of forensic science disciplines to ensure the reliability of work, establish enforceable standards, and promote best practices with consistent application. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward provides a detailed plan for addressing these needs and suggests the creation of a new government entity, the National Institute of Forensic Science, to establish and enforce standards within the forensic science community. The benefits of improving and regulating the forensic science disciplines are clear: assisting law enforcement officials, enhancing homeland security, and reducing the risk of wrongful conviction and exoneration. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States gives a full account of what is needed to advance the forensic science disciplines, including upgrading of systems and organizational structures, better training, widespread adoption of uniform and enforceable best practices, and mandatory certification and accreditation programs. While this book provides an essential call-to-action for congress and policy makers, it also serves as a vital tool for law enforcement agencies, criminal prosecutors and attorneys, and forensic science educators. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - David Weisburd A2 - Malay K. Majmundar TI - Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities SN - DO - 10.17226/24928 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24928/proactive-policing-effects-on-crime-and-communities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term "proactive policing" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. Proactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. Proactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Bruce Western A2 - Khalil Gibran Muhammad A2 - Yamrot Negussie A2 - Emily Backes TI - Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy SN - DO - 10.17226/26705 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26705/reducing-racial-inequality-in-crime-and-justice-science-practice-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The history of the U.S. criminal justice system is marked by racial inequality and sustained by present day policy. Large racial and ethnic disparities exist across the several stages of criminal legal processing, including in arrests, pre-trial detention, and sentencing and incarceration, among others, with Black, Latino, and Native Americans experiencing worse outcomes. The historical legacy of racial exclusion and structural inequalities form the social context for racial inequalities in crime and criminal justice. Racial inequality can drive disparities in crime, victimization, and system involvement. Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy synthesizes the evidence on community-based solutions, noncriminal policy interventions, and criminal justice reforms, charting a path toward the reduction of racial inequalities by minimizing harm in ways that also improve community safety. Reversing the effects of structural racism and severing the close connections between racial inequality, criminal harms such as violence, and criminal justice involvement will involve fostering local innovation and evaluation, and coordinating local initiatives with state and federal leadership. This report also highlights the challenge of creating an accurate, national picture of racial inequality in crime and justice: there is a lack of consistent, reliable data, as well as data transparency and accountability. While the available data points toward trends that Black, Latino, and Native American individuals are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and given more severe punishments compared to White individuals, opportunities for improving research should be explored to better inform decision-making. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Kenneth W. Kizer A2 - Rebecca A. English A2 - Meredith Hackmann TI - Realizing the Promise of Equity in the Organ Transplantation System SN - DO - 10.17226/26364 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26364/realizing-the-promise-of-equity-in-the-organ-transplantation-system PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Each year, the individuals and organizations in the U.S. organ donation, procurement, allocation, and distribution system work together to provide transplants to many thousands of people, but thousands more die before getting a transplant due to the ongoing shortage of deceased donor organs and inequitable access to transplant waiting lists. Realizing the Promise of Equity in the Organ Transplantation System, a new consensus study report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee on A Fairer and More Equitable, Cost-Effective, and Transparent System of Donor Organ Procurement, Allocation, and Distribution, provides expert recommendations to improve fairness, equity, transparency, and cost-effectiveness in the donor organ system. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - James N. Weinstein A2 - Amy Geller A2 - Yamrot Negussie A2 - Alina Baciu TI - Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity SN - DO - 10.17226/24624 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24624/communities-in-action-pathways-to-health-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Sheila P. Burke A2 - Daniel E. Polsky A2 - Amy B. Geller TI - Federal Policy to Advance Racial, Ethnic, and Tribal Health Equity SN - DO - 10.17226/26834 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26834/federal-policy-to-advance-racial-ethnic-and-tribal-health-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Racially and ethnically minoritized populations and tribal communities often face preventable inequities in health outcomes due to structural disadvantages and diminished opportunities around health care, employment, education, and more. Federal Policy to Advance Racial, Ethnic, and Tribal Health Equity analyzes how past and current federal policies may create, maintain, and/or amplify racial, ethnic, and tribal health inequities. This report identifies key features of policies that have served to reduce inequities and makes recommendations to help achieve racial, ethnic, and tribal health equity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Leading Health Indicators 2030: Advancing Health, Equity, and Well-Being SN - DO - 10.17226/25682 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25682/leading-health-indicators-2030-advancing-health-equity-and-well-being PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Beginning in 1979 and in each subsequent decades, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has overseen the Healthy People initiative to set national goals and objectives for health promotion and disease prevention. At the request of HHS, this study presents a slate of Leading Health Indicators (LHIs) that will serve as options for the Healthy People Federal Interagency Workgroup to consider as they develop the final criteria and set of LHIs for Healthy People 2030. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Structural Racism and Rigorous Models of Social Inequity: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26690 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26690/structural-racism-and-rigorous-models-of-social-inequity-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Structural racism refers to the public and private policies, institutional practices, norms, and cultural representations that inherently create unequal freedom, opportunity, value, resources, advantage, restrictions, constraints, or disadvantage for individuals and populations according to their race and ethnicity both across the life course and between generations. Developing a research agenda on structural racism includes consideration of the historical and contemporary policies and other structural factors that explicitly or implicitly affect the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities, as well as strategies to measure those factors. The Committee on Population of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day public workshop on May 16-17, 2022, to identify and discuss the mechanisms through which structural racism operates, with a particular emphasis on health and well-being; to develop an agenda for future research and data collection on structural racism; and to strengthen the evidence base for policy making. Speaker presentations and workshop discussions provided insights into known sources of structural racism and rigorous models of health inequity, revealed novel sources and approaches informed by other disciplines and related fields, and highlighted key research and data priorities for future work on structural racism and health inequity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Between Public and Private Mobility: Examining the Rise of Technology-Enabled Transportation Services DO - 10.17226/21875 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21875/between-public-and-private-mobility-examining-the-rise-of-technology-enabled-transportation-services PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Special Report 319: Between Public and Private Mobility: Examining the Rise of Technology-Enabled Transportation Services analyzes how innovative transportation services, including ridesharing, carsharing, bikesharing, and microtransit, are changing mobility for millions of travelers. Such services could reduce congestion and emissions from surface transportation if regulated wisely to encourage concurrent, rather than sequential, ride sharing. Rapidly growing transportation network companies (TNCs), like Uber and Lyft, however, are disrupting conventional taxi and limousine services and raise policy challenges regarding personal security and public safety, insurance requirements, employment and labor issues, and accessibility and equity. The committee’s report offers guidance to state and local officials responsible for policy setting and regulation of for-hire transportation services in each of these areas. The report also addresses the need for greater consistency in regulations across jurisdictions and calls for TNCs to share more information about the volume, frequency, and types of trips being provided to allow for informed regulation and planning of transportation services. Report appendixes are available online only: • Appendix A: Taxonomy of Established and Emerging Personal Transportation Services • Appendix B: Taxi, Sedan, and Limousine Industries and Regulations, by Bruce Schaller • Appendix C: Bikesharing Safety and Helmet Use Supplemental information includes a:• Press release• Recorded webcast taped on January 13, 2016 at the TRB Annual Meeting• Report in Brief• Slider on 10 Facts about Using Uber, Lyft, or Taxis • TRNews article ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Wesley Skogan A2 - Kathleen Frydl TI - Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence SN - DO - 10.17226/10419 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Because police are the most visible face of government power for most citizens, they are expected to deal effectively with crime and disorder and to be impartial. Producing justice through the fair, and restrained use of their authority. The standards by which the public judges police success have become more exacting and challenging. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing explores police work in the new century. It replaces myths with research findings and provides recommendations for updated policy and practices to guide it. The book provides answers to the most basic questions: What do police do? It reviews how police work is organized, explores the expanding responsibilities of police, examines the increasing diversity among police employees, and discusses the complex interactions between officers and citizens. It also addresses such topics as community policing, use of force, racial profiling, and evaluates the success of common police techniques, such as focusing on crime “hot spots.” It goes on to look at the issue of legitimacy—how the public gets information about police work, and how police are viewed by different groups, and how police can gain community trust. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing will be important to anyone concerned about police work: policy makers, administrators, educators, police supervisors and officers, journalists, and interested citizens. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Darla Thompson TI - Framing the Dialogue on Race and Ethnicity to Advance Health Equity: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/23576 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23576/framing-the-dialogue-on-race-and-ethnicity-to-advance-health-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In February 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in which speakers shared strategies for individuals, organizations, and communities to advance racial and health equity. Participants discussed increasing awareness about the role of historical contexts and dominant narratives in interpreting data and information about different racial and ethnic groups, framing messages for different social and political outcomes, and readying people to institutionalize practices, policies, and partnerships that advance racial and health equity. This publication serves as a factual summary of the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Neil J. Smelser A2 - William Julius Wilson A2 - Faith Mitchell TI - America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume II SN - DO - 10.17226/9719 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9719/america-becoming-racial-trends-and-their-consequences-volume-ii PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The 20th Century has been marked by enormous change in terms of how we define race. In large part, we have thrown out the antiquated notions of the 1800s, giving way to a more realistic, sociocultural view of the world. The United States is, perhaps more than any other industrialized country, distinguished by the size and diversity of its racial and ethnic minority populations. Current trends promise that these features will endure. Fifty years from now, there will most likely be no single majority group in the United States. How will we fare as a nation when race-based issues such as immigration, job opportunities, and affirmative action are already so contentious today? In America Becoming, leading scholars and commentators explore past and current trends among African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans in the context of a white majority. This volume presents the most up-to-date findings and analysis on racial and social dynamics, with recommendations for ongoing research. It examines compelling issues in the field of race relations, including: Race and ethnicity in criminal justice. Demographic and social trends for Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. Trends in minority-owned businesses. Wealth, welfare, and racial stratification. Residential segregation and the meaning of "neighborhood." Disparities in educational test scores among races and ethnicities. Health and development for minority children, adolescents, and adults. Race and ethnicity in the labor market, including the role of minorities in America's military. Immigration and the dynamics of race and ethnicity. The changing meaning of race. Changing racial attitudes. This collection of papers, compiled and edited by distinguished leaders in the behavioral and social sciences, represents the most current literature in the field. Volume 1 covers demographic trends, immigration, racial attitudes, and the geography of opportunity. Volume 2 deals with the criminal justice system, the labor market, welfare, and health trends, Both books will be of great interest to educators, scholars, researchers, students, social scientists, and policymakers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Darla Thompson A2 - Joe Alper TI - Exploring Equity in Multisector Community Health Partnerships: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24786 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24786/exploring-equity-in-multisector-community-health-partnerships-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Building on previous National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine workshops that explored how safe and healthy communities are a necessary component of health equity and efforts to improve population health, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement wanted to explore how a variety of community-based organizations came together to achieve population health. To do so, the roundtable hosted a workshop in Oakland, California, on December 8, 2016, to explore multisector health partnerships that engage residents, reduce health disparities, and improve health and well-being. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Sarah M. Tracey A2 - Erin Kellogg A2 - Clarissa E. Sanchez A2 - Wendy Keenan TI - Achieving Behavioral Health Equity for Children, Families, and Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25347 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25347/achieving-behavioral-health-equity-for-children-families-and-communities-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In November 2017, the The Forum on Promoting Children's Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Health, in collaboration with the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity, convened a workshop on promoting children's behavioral health equity. The workshop used a socio-ecological developmental model to explore health equity of children and families, including those with complex needs and chronic conditions. Particular attention was paid to challenges experienced by children and families in both rural and urban contexts, to include but not limited to poverty, individual and institutional racism, low-resourced communities, and hindered access to educational and health care services. Workshop participants also engaged in solution-oriented discussions of initiatives, policies, and programs that aim to improve social determinants of health, opportunities for behavioral health promotion, and access to quality services that address the behavioral health of all children and families. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the event. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lynne M. Holden A2 - Camara P. Jones A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - The State of Anti-Black Racism in the United States: Reflections and Solutions from the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26692 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26692/the-state-of-anti-black-racism-in-the-united-states-reflections-and-solutions-from-the-roundtable-on-black-men-and-black-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The mission of the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine is to advance discussions on the barriers and opportunities encountered by Black students and professionals as they navigate the pathways from K-12 and postsecondary education to careers in science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) and highlight promising practices for increasing the representation, retention, and inclusiveness of Black men and Black women in SEM. This proceedings serves as a summary of the presentations and discussions from a capstone workshop, held virtually on December 6 and 7, 2021, to review how anti-Black racism had permeated across the topics covered by the Roundtable over the previous 2 years. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Alison Mack A2 - Alina Baciu A2 - Nirupa Goel TI - Supporting a Movement for Health and Health Equity: Lessons from Social Movements: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18751 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18751/supporting-a-movement-for-health-and-health-equity-lessons-from PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Supporting a Movement for Health and Health Equity is the summary of a workshop convened in December 2013 by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity and the Elimination of Health Disparities and the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement to explore the lessons that may be gleaned from social movements, both those that are health-related and those that are not primarily focused on health. Participants and presenters focused on elements identified from the history and sociology of social change movements and how such elements can be applied to present-day efforts nationally and across communities to improve the chances for long, healthy lives for all. The idea of movements and movement building is inextricably linked with the history of public health. Historically, most movements - including, for example, those for safer working conditions, for clean water, and for safe food - have emerged from the sustained efforts of many different groups of individuals, which were often organized in order to protest and advocate for changes in the name of such values as fairness and human rights. The purpose of the workshop was to have a conversation about how to support the fragments of health movements that roundtable members believed they could see occurring in society and in the health field. Recent reports from the National Academies have highlighted evidence that the United States gets poor value on its extraordinary investments in health - in particular, on its investments in health care - as American life expectancy lags behind that of other wealthy nations. As a result, many individuals and organizations, including the Healthy People 2020 initiative, have called for better health and longer lives. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Martín-José Sepúlveda A2 - Rebekah Hutton TI - Shaping Summertime Experiences: Opportunities to Promote Healthy Development and Well-Being for Children and Youth SN - DO - 10.17226/25546 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25546/shaping-summertime-experiences-opportunities-to-promote-healthy-development-and-well PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - For children and youth, summertime presents a unique break from the traditional structure, resources, and support systems that exist during the school year. For some students, this time involves opportunities to engage in fun and enriching activities and programs, while others face additional challenges as they lose a variety of supports, including healthy meals, medical care, supervision, and structured programs that enhance development. Children that are limited by their social, economic, or physical environments during the summer months are at higher risk for worse academic, health, social and emotional, and safety outcomes. In contrast, structured summertime activities and programs support basic developmental needs and positive outcomes for children and youth who can access and afford these programs. These discrepancies in summertime experiences exacerbate pre-existing academic inequities. While further research is needed regarding the impact of summertime on developmental domains outside of the academic setting, extensive literature exists regarding the impact of summertime on academic development trajectories. However, this knowledge is not sufficiently applied to policy and practice, and it is important to address these inequalities. Shaping Summertime Experiences examines the impact of summertime experiences on the developmental trajectories of school-age children and youth across four areas of well-being, including academic learning, social and emotional development, physical and mental health, and health-promoting and safety behaviors. It also reviews the state of science and available literature regarding the impact of summertime experiences. In addition, this report provides recommendations to improve the experiences of children over the summertime regarding planning, access and equity, and opportunities for further research and data collection. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Bastian Schroeder A2 - Lee Rodegerdts A2 - Pete Jenior A2 - Edward Myers A2 - Christopher Cunningham A2 - Katy Salamati A2 - Sarah Searcy A2 - Sarah O’Brien A2 - Janet Barlow A2 - Billie Louise (Beezy) Bentzen TI - Guidelines for the Application of Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities DO - 10.17226/24675 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24675/guidelines-for-the-application-of-crossing-solutions-at-roundabouts-and-channelized-turn-lanes-for-pedestrians-with-vision-disabilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 222: Guidelines for the Application of Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities provides guidance to engineers and planners on the design of roundabouts and channelized turn lanes for accessibility. NCHRP Web-Only Document 222 is the final report for NCHRP Research Report 834: Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities: A Guidebook.The accessibility of modern roundabouts and intersections with channelized turn lanes is an important civil rights challenge in the United States that has broad potential implications for engineering practice in this country. This report builds on the results of NCHRP Report 674: Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities. It provides a framework for empirical study and analysis of accessibility performance, documents field testing of several treatments, and provides a research extension through modeling and simulation to expand the results beyond the field-tested sites. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Rose Marie Martinez A2 - Kelly McHugh TI - Advancing Maternal Health Equity and Reducing Maternal Morbidity and Mortality: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26307 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26307/advancing-maternal-health-equity-and-reducing-maternal-morbidity-and-mortality PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The United States faces an alarmingly high rate of maternal morbidity and mortality, distinguishing it from other high-income countries that have achieved decreases in these rates in recent years. U.S. maternal morbidity and mortality rates are disproportionate across racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic groups. Statistics on maternal health outcomes reveal that there are challenges to protecting both the lives and future health of birthing people and their children. Recognizing the urgency of this growing problem, the National Academies Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice convened a 2-day virtual workshop, Advancing Maternal Health Equity and Reducing Maternal Mortality. The workshop examined the current state of maternal health in the United States and explored the factors needed to help communities and health care systems become more effective in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality and improving health outcomes through the fourth trimester. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Gerald David Jaynes A2 - Robin M. Williams, Jr. TI - A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society SN - DO - 10.17226/1210 PY - 1989 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1210/a-common-destiny-blacks-and-american-society PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - "[A] collection of scholars [has] released a monumental study called A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society. It offers detailed evidence of the progress our nation has made in the past 50 years in living up to American ideals. But the study makes clear that our work is far from over." —President Bush, Remarks by the president to the National Urban League Conference The product of a four-year, intensive study by distinguished experts, A Common Destiny presents a clear, readable "big picture" of blacks' position in America. Drawing on historical perspectives and a vast amount of data, the book examines the past 50 years of change and continuity in the status of black Americans. By studying and comparing black and white age cohorts, this volume charts the status of blacks in areas such as education, housing, employment, political participation and family life. ER -