@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth", isbn = "978-0-309-31482-4", abstract = "The growing problem of changing environmental conditions caused by climate destabilization is well recognized as one of the defining issues of our time. The root problem is greenhouse gas emissions, and the fundamental solution is curbing those emissions. Climate geoengineering has often been considered to be a \"last-ditch\" response to climate change, to be used only if climate change damage should produce extreme hardship. Although the likelihood of eventually needing to resort to these efforts grows with every year of inaction on emissions control, there is a lack of information on these ways of potentially intervening in the climate system.\nAs one of a two-book report, this volume of Climate Intervention discusses albedo modification - changing the fraction of incoming solar radiation that reaches the surface. This approach would deliberately modify the energy budget of Earth to produce a cooling designed to compensate for some of the effects of warming associated with greenhouse gas increases. The prospect of large-scale albedo modification raises political and governance issues at national and global levels, as well as ethical concerns. Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth discusses some of the social, political, and legal issues surrounding these proposed techniques.\nIt is far easier to modify Earth's albedo than to determine whether it should be done or what the consequences might be of such an action. One serious concern is that such an action could be unilaterally undertaken by a small nation or smaller entity for its own benefit without international sanction and regardless of international consequences. Transparency in discussing this subject is critical. In the spirit of that transparency, Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth was based on peer-reviewed literature and the judgments of the authoring committee; no new research was done as part of this study and all data and information used are from entirely open sources. By helping to bring light to this topic area, this book will help leaders to be far more knowledgeable about the consequences of albedo modification approaches before they face a decision whether or not to use them.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18988/climate-intervention-reflecting-sunlight-to-cool-earth", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Reflecting Sunlight: Recommendations for Solar Geoengineering Research and Research Governance", isbn = "978-0-309-67605-2", abstract = "Climate change is creating impacts that are widespread and severe for individuals, communities, economies, and ecosystems around the world. While efforts to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts are the first line of defense, researchers are exploring other options to reduce warming. Solar geoengineering strategies are designed to cool Earth either by adding small reflective particles to the upper atmosphere, by increasing reflective cloud cover in the lower atmosphere, or by thinning high-altitude clouds that can absorb heat. While such strategies have the potential to reduce global temperatures, they could also introduce an array of unknown or negative consequences.\nThis report concludes that a strategic investment in research is needed to enhance policymakers' understanding of climate response options. The United States should develop a transdisciplinary research program, in collaboration with other nations, to advance understanding of solar geoengineering's technical feasibility and effectiveness, possible impacts on society and the environment, and social dimensions such as public perceptions, political and economic dynamics, and ethical and equity considerations. The program should operate under robust research governance that includes such elements as a research code of conduct, a public registry for research, permitting systems for outdoor experiments, guidance on intellectual property, and inclusive public and stakeholder engagement processes.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25762/reflecting-sunlight-recommendations-for-solar-geoengineering-research-and-research-governance", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Margo Corum and Brent Heard and Anne Johnson and Nancy D. Lamontagne", title = "Climate Intervention in an Earth Systems Science Framework: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "To consider how an Earth system science approach can inform research on climate intervention, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop on June 20-22, 2023 titled Climate Intervention in an Earth Systems Science Framework. Individuals with a wide range of physical, ecological, and social sciences expertise explored climate interventions within the context of convergent research and the capacities of the National Science Foundation (NSF). The workshop drew on the National Academies report Next Generation Earth Systems Science at the National Science Foundation, which called upon NSF to pursue an Earth systems science initiative that emphasizes research on interconnections and feedback between natural and social processes; focuses on real-world problems; enhances the participation of social, engineering, and data scientists; and strengthens efforts to include diverse perspectives in research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27476/climate-intervention-in-an-earth-systems-science-framework-proceedings-of", year = 2024, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Climate Intervention: Two Book Set", isbn = "978-0-309-37636-5", abstract = "Climate Intervention is no substitute for reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and adaptation efforts aimed at reducing the negative consequences of climate change. However, as our planet enters a period of changing climate never before experienced in recorded human history, interest is growing in the potential for deliberate intervention in the climate system to counter climate change.\nThese reports provide a scientific foundation to help inform the ethical, legal, and political discussions surrounding climate intervention (also known as geoengineering) - the purposeful intervention in the climate system to counter climate change. The reports assess the potential impacts, benefits, and costs of two different proposed classes of climate intervention: (1) carbon dioxide removal and (2) albedo modification (reflecting sunlight) . The reports also discuss governance issues and the research needed to provide a credible scientific underpinning for future discussions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21770/climate-intervention-two-book-set", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Carol Berkower and Abigail Ulman and Alex Reich", title = "Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "As the effects of climate change become more widespread and significant, communities least able to respond are bearing the largest burden. In the United States, communities disadvantaged by a legacy of racial segregation and environmental injustice struggle with disparate health outcomes, are vulnerable to the effects of climate change (e.g., severe flooding in low-lying areas and extreme heat in urban neighborhoods), and lack sufficient resources to recover from and rebuild for resilience against future events.\nOn October 12 and 14, 2021, the 2-day virtual workshop \"Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity - A New Vision\" brought together environmental health experts, resilience practitioners, climate scientists, and people with lived experience to discuss the disproportionate impact of climate change on communities experiencing health disparities and environmental injustice. During the workshop, the first in a four-part series, 41 speakers shared their perspectives on the topic and suggested specific actions that decision-makers can take to address the intersecting crises of climate change and health inequity. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26435/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-proceedings-of-a-workshop", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Anne Johnson and Audrey Thévenon and Sabina Vadnais", title = "Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Lessons Learned in Addressing Inequities in Heat-Related Climate Change Impacts: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "Extreme heat is a pervasive and critical hazard of climate change. While heat poses a significant threat to large swaths of the human population, it is not affecting all people or all communities equally. To explore what it takes to prevent and mitigate inequitable health impacts from extreme heat, the National Academies Environmental Health Matters Initiative (EHMI) organized a workshop on June 20-21, 2023, titled Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Lessons Learned in Addressing Inequities in Heat-Related Climate Change Impacts.\nThe workshop was the third in a series of EHMI events exploring the state of knowledge about climate-related health disparities. This hybrid event convened people with lived experience in communities affected by extreme heat; experts in environmental health, economic, and racial justice; climate scientists; energy specialists; and people involved in sustainable planning and disaster relief. Through presentations, shared stories, and interactive discussions, participants explored real-world challenges related to extreme heat, along with actions being pursued to prevent, adapt to, or mitigate the health consequences.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27204/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-lessons-learned-in-addressing-inequities-in-heat-related-climate-change-impacts", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Anne Johnson and Alex Reich", title = "Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity—State-Level Implementation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "Because of historic and ongoing discriminatory policies and practices, certain populations - namely people of color, Indigenous people, and low-income communities - disproportionately suffer from the adverse impacts of extreme weather and other disasters that are exacerbated by climate change. To examine actions that could help improve climate-related health outcomes in disproportionately impacted communities, the Environmental Health Matters Initiative, a program spanning all major units of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, convened a two-day workshop Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity - State-Level Implementation on May 24 and 26, 2022. The workshop brought together representatives from state and federal agencies, universities, community-based organizations, state and national advocacy organizations, foundations, and private sector organizations. This publication highlights the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26693/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-state-level-implementation-proceedings", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration", isbn = "978-0-309-30529-7", abstract = "The signals are everywhere that our planet is experiencing significant climate change. It is clear that we need to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from our atmosphere if we want to avoid greatly increased risk of damage from climate change. Aggressively pursuing a program of emissions abatement or mitigation will show results over a timescale of many decades. How do we actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make a bigger difference more quickly?\nAs one of a two-book report, this volume of Climate Intervention discusses CDR, the carbon dioxide removal of greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere and sequestration of it in perpetuity. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration introduces possible CDR approaches and then discusses them in depth. Land management practices, such as low-till agriculture, reforestation and afforestation, ocean iron fertilization, and land-and-ocean-based accelerated weathering, could amplify the rates of processes that are already occurring as part of the natural carbon cycle. Other CDR approaches, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration, direct air capture and sequestration, and traditional carbon capture and sequestration, seek to capture CO2 from the atmosphere and dispose of it by pumping it underground at high pressure. This book looks at the pros and cons of these options and estimates possible rates of removal and total amounts that might be removed via these methods.\nWith whatever portfolio of technologies the transition is achieved, eliminating the carbon dioxide emissions from the global energy and transportation systems will pose an enormous technical, economic, and social challenge that will likely take decades of concerted effort to achieve. Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration will help to better understand the potential cost and performance of CDR strategies to inform debate and decision making as we work to stabilize and reduce atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18805/climate-intervention-carbon-dioxide-removal-and-reliable-sequestration", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Jens-Uwe Kuhn and Nizam Arain and Justin Bell and Brianna Davis and Helen Kaiser and Devin Madden and Guilene Prepetit and Kaaren Williamsen", title = "Strategies for Developing, Implementing, and Sustaining Sexual Harassment Bystander Intervention Programs for Faculty, Staff, and Graduate Students", abstract = "To address the persistent problem of sexual harassment within higher education, research suggests that environments need to convey that sexual harassment is not a norm and actively discourage it when it does occur. One approach that researchers have identified as helping to create such environments is bystander intervention programs, which prepare and equip individuals to interrupt and intervene when harassing behavior occurs. This paper explores bystander intervention training approaches that are designed for the complex work environments within higher education, and considers how to apply the principles of bystander intervention to the experiences and environments of faculty, staff, and graduate students., Institutions within the Action Collaborative were asked a standard set of questions to learn about their experiences with commitment and buy-in from leadership, details on how the trainings were developed and what audience it was targeted to, and how the training programs were evaluated. The paper summarizes responses from seven of these institutions and ends with a call for additional research and action.\nThis individually-authored issue paper was created by members of the Prevention Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education to understand how institutions are addressing the gap in bystander intervention training for faculty, staff, and graduate students. The Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine brings together academic and research institutions and key stakeholders to work toward targeted, collective action on addressing and preventing sexual harassment across all disciplines and among all people in higher education. The Action Collaborative includes four working groups (Prevention, Response, Remediation, and Evaluation) that identify topics in need of research, gather information, and publish resources for the higher education community.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27266/strategies-for-developing-implementing-and-sustaining-sexual-harassment-bystander-intervention-programs-for-faculty-staff-and-graduate-students", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council and Institute of Medicine", editor = "Jack P. Shonkoff and Deborah A. Phillips and Bonnie Keilty", title = "Early Childhood Intervention: Views from the Field: Report of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-07039-3", abstract = "On June 24-25, 1999, the Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development of the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the National Research Council\/National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop for researchers and practitioners to examine the underlying knowledge base that informs current best practices in early childhood services, from the prenatal period to school entry.\nEarly Childhood Intervention discusses the diversity of working assumptions, theories of change, and views about child development and early intervention that currently shape a wide variety of social policies and service delivery systems for young children and their families.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9858/early-childhood-intervention-views-from-the-field-report-of-a", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Review of the Draft Fifth National Climate Assessment", isbn = "978-0-309-69523-7", abstract = "Roughly every four years, the U.S. Global Change Research Program produces a congressionally mandated assessment of global change science and the impacts, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change in the United States. The draft Fifth National Climate Assessment (NCA5), released publicly in November 2022, covers a wide range of U.S. impacts, from human health and community well-being to the built environment, businesses and economies, and ecosystems and water resources. NCA5 had the largest scale of collaboration to date in the series, with input from hundreds of experts from all levels of governments, academia, non-government organizations, the private sector, and the public. The National Academies report provides an independent, comprehensive review and makes recommendations to strengthen the accuracy, credibility, and accessibility of the draft NCA5 report.\nThe National Academies\u2019 review of the draft NCA5 report finds that it successfully meets the requirements of the federal mandate, provides accurate information, and effectively communicates climate science to the public, decision makers, and other stakeholders. The review makes recommendations for ways the draft NCA5 report could be strengthened, including: adopting more clear and consistent structure for key messages and figures across the report; resolving inconsistencies between chapters in how terms and topics are discussed, for example the use of scenarios and projections; intentionally applying an equity and justice lens across chapters; and increasing emphasis on certain topical areas.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26757/review-of-the-draft-fifth-national-climate-assessment", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Brian D. Smedley and S. Leonard Syme", title = "Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research", isbn = "978-0-309-07175-8", abstract = "At the dawn of the twenty-first century, Americans enjoyed better overall health than at any other time in the nation's history. Rapid advancements in medical technologies, breakthroughs in understanding the genetic underpinnings of health and ill health, improvements in the effectiveness and variety of pharmaceuticals, and other developments in biomedical research have helped develop cures for many illnesses and improve the lives of those with chronic diseases.\nBy itself, however, biomedical research cannot address the most significant challenges to improving public health. Approximately half of all causes of mortality in the United States are linked to social and behavioral factors such as smoking, diet, alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, and accidents. Yet less than five percent of the money spent annually on U.S. health care is devoted to reducing the risks of these preventable conditions. Behavioral and social interventions offer great promise, but as yet their potential has been relatively poorly tapped. Promoting Health identifies those promising areas of social science and behavioral research that may address public health needs.\nIt includes 12 papers\u2014commissioned from some of the nation's leading experts\u2014that review these issues in detail, and serves to assess whether the knowledge base of social and behavioral interventions has been useful, or could be useful, in the development of broader public health interventions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9939/promoting-health-intervention-strategies-from-social-and-behavioral-research", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health", isbn = "978-0-309-20941-0", abstract = "The indoor environment affects occupants' health and comfort. Poor environmental conditions and indoor contaminants are estimated to cost the U.S. economy tens of billions of dollars a year in exacerbation of illnesses like asthma, allergic symptoms, and subsequent lost productivity. Climate change has the potential to affect the indoor environment because conditions inside buildings are influenced by conditions outside them.\nClimate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health addresses the impacts that climate change may have on the indoor environment and the resulting health effects. It finds that steps taken to mitigate climate change may cause or exacerbate harmful indoor environmental conditions. The book discusses the role the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should take in informing the public, health professionals, and those in the building industry about potential risks and what can be done to address them. The study also recommends that building codes account for climate change projections; that federal agencies join to develop or refine protocols and testing standards for evaluating emissions from materials, furnishings, and appliances used in buildings; and that building weatherization efforts include consideration of health effects.\nClimate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health is written primarily for the EPA and other federal agencies, organizations, and researchers with interests in public health; the environment; building design, construction, and operation; and climate issues.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13115/climate-change-the-indoor-environment-and-health", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Apurva Dave and Hannah Stewart", title = "Climate Security in South Asia: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-70138-9", abstract = "The South Asia region presents a confluence of major climate impacts and key security issues. From a weather and climate standpoint, the region experiences a wide range of hazards, such as the recent heatwaves, droughts, storms, and floods that have upended the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. From a demographic and socioeconomic standpoint, the region is experiencing rapid transformations and progress, even as fundamental challenges such as poverty and inequality persist. From a security standpoint, the region is the setting for a range of social and political dynamics that impact U.S. interests, including conflict at national and subnational levels; regional rivalries; and the imprint of global geopolitics.\nOn October 26-27, 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, under the auspices of the National Academies Climate Security Roundtable, convened a workshop to explore climate security in South Asia. Over two days, workshop participants considered some of the underlying climate, development, and geopolitical dynamics at play in the South Asia region; explored a set of historical case studies and future scenarios for climate change and security in South Asia; and they considered the available tools for analysis and forecasting climate-related risks. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26926/climate-security-in-south-asia-proceedings-of-a-workshop", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Transit Research Analysis Committee Letter Report: March 14, 2023", abstract = "TRB's Transit Research Analysis Committee (TRAC) has delivered a letter report to Mary Leary, Acting Associate Administrator for Research, Demonstration, and Innovation (RD&I) at the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). The March 14, 2023 letter report provides feedback to FTA on its innovation initiatives that are a focus of the administration\u2019s research plan.TRAC is an interdisciplinary committee of experts from industry, academia, and the private and public sectors. Based on these reviews, TRAC may make recommendations to FTA to help ensure the RD&I program is relevant, timely, and effective in meeting the diverse and changing needs of the public transportation sector and the communities it serves.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26929/transit-research-analysis-committee-letter-report-march-14-2023", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Sustaining Ocean Observations to Understand Future Changes in Earth's Climate", isbn = "978-0-309-46680-6", abstract = "The ocean is an integral component of the Earth's climate system. It covers about 70% of the Earth's surface and acts as its primary reservoir of heat and carbon, absorbing over 90% of the surplus heat and about 30% of the carbon dioxide associated with human activities, and receiving close to 100% of fresh water lost from land ice.\nWith the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, notably carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion, the Earth's climate is now changing more rapidly than at any time since the advent of human societies. Society will increasingly face complex decisions about how to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change such as droughts, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, species loss, changes to growing seasons, and stronger and possibly more frequent storms.\nObservations play a foundational role in documenting the state and variability of components of the climate system and facilitating climate prediction and scenario development. Regular and consistent collection of ocean observations over decades to centuries would monitor the Earth's main reservoirs of heat, carbon dioxide, and water and provides a critical record of long-term change and variability over multiple time scales. Sustained high-quality observations are also needed to test and improve climate models, which provide insights into the future climate system. Sustaining Ocean Observations to Understand Future Changes in Earth's Climate considers processes for identifying priority ocean observations that will improve understanding of the Earth's climate processes, and the challenges associated with sustaining these observations over long timeframes.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24919/sustaining-ocean-observations-to-understand-future-changes-in-earths-climate", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Understanding Earth's Deep Past: Lessons for Our Climate Future", isbn = "978-0-309-20915-1", abstract = "There is little dispute within the scientific community that humans are changing Earth's climate on a decadal to century time-scale. By the end of this century, without a reduction in emissions, atmospheric CO2 is projected to increase to levels that Earth has not experienced for more than 30 million years. As greenhouse gas emissions propel Earth toward a warmer climate state, an improved understanding of climate dynamics in warm environments is needed to inform public policy decisions. In Understanding Earth's Deep Past, the National Research Council reports that rocks and sediments that are millions of years old hold clues to how the Earth's future climate would respond in an environment with high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases.\n\nUnderstanding Earth's Deep Past provides an assessment of both the demonstrated and underdeveloped potential of the deep-time geologic record to inform us about the dynamics of the global climate system. The report describes past climate changes, and discusses potential impacts of high levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases on regional climates, water resources, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and the cycling of life-sustaining elements. While revealing gaps in scientific knowledge of past climate states, the report highlights a range of high priority research issues with potential for major advances in the scientific understanding of climate processes. This proposed integrated, deep-time climate research program would study how climate responded over Earth's different climate states, examine how climate responds to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and clarify the processes that lead to anomalously warm polar and tropical regions and the impact on marine and terrestrial life. \n\nIn addition to outlining a research agenda, Understanding Earth's Deep Past proposes an implementation strategy that will be an invaluable resource to decision-makers in the field, as well as the research community, advocacy organizations, government agencies, and college professors and students.\n\n\n \n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13111/understanding-earths-deep-past-lessons-for-our-climate-future", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth's Climate: A Workshop Report", isbn = "978-0-309-26564-5", abstract = "On September 8-9, 2011, experts in solar physics, climate models, paleoclimatology, and atmospheric science assembled at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado for a workshop to consider the Sun's variability over time and potential Sun-climate connections.While it does not provide findings, recommendations, or consensus on the current state of the science, The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth's Climate: A Workshop Report briefly introduces the primary topics discussed by presenters at the event. As context for these topics, the summary includes background information on the potential Sun-climate connection, the measurement record from space, and potential perturbations of climate due to long-term solar variability. This workshop report also summarizes some of the science questions explored by the participants as potential future research endeavors.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13519/the-effects-of-solar-variability-on-earths-climate-a-workshop", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Apurva Dave and Hannah Stewart and Adrian Wolfberg", title = "Climate Security in Central America: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-70817-3", abstract = "To advance a systems understanding of climate-related security risks in the Central America region, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop titled Climate Security in Central America on May 3-4, 2023. The workshop was held under the auspices of the National Academies Climate Security Roundtable. Over two days, workshop participants considered some of the underlying environmental, social, economic, and political dynamics at play in Central America; they explored indicators and pathways for climate-related security risks in the region; and they considered the available tools for analyzing and forecasting these risks. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27203/climate-security-in-central-america-proceedings-of-a-workshop", year = 2024, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Suzanne Landi", title = "Including Health in Global Frameworks for Development, Wealth, and Climate Change: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-29478-2", abstract = "Including Health in Global Frameworks for Development, Wealth, and Climate Change is the summary of a three-part public webinar convened by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine and its collaborative on Global Environmental Health and Sustainable Development. Presenters and participants discussed the role of health in measuring a country's wealth (going beyond gross domestic product), health scenario communication, and international health goals and indicators. The workshop focused on fostering discussion across academic, government, business, and civil society sectors to make use of existing data and information that can be adapted to track progress of global sustainable development and human health. This report examines frameworks for global development goals and connections to health indicators, the role for health in the context of novel sustainable economic frameworks that go beyond gross domestic product, and scenarios to project climate change impacts.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18554/including-health-in-global-frameworks-for-development-wealth-and-climate-change", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }