%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research %@ 978-0-309-45304-2 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 486 %X Significant changes have taken place in the policy landscape surrounding cannabis legalization, production, and use. During the past 20 years, 25 states and the District of Columbia have legalized cannabis and/or cannabidiol (a component of cannabis) for medical conditions or retail sales at the state level and 4 states have legalized both the medical and recreational use of cannabis. These landmark changes in policy have impacted cannabis use patterns and perceived levels of risk. However, despite this changing landscape, evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects of cannabis use remains elusive. While a myriad of studies have examined cannabis use in all its various forms, often these research conclusions are not appropriately synthesized, translated for, or communicated to policy makers, health care providers, state health officials, or other stakeholders who have been charged with influencing and enacting policies, procedures, and laws related to cannabis use. Unlike other controlled substances such as alcohol or tobacco, no accepted standards for safe use or appropriate dose are available to help guide individuals as they make choices regarding the issues of if, when, where, and how to use cannabis safely and, in regard to therapeutic uses, effectively. Shifting public sentiment, conflicting and impeded scientific research, and legislative battles have fueled the debate about what, if any, harms or benefits can be attributed to the use of cannabis or its derivatives, and this lack of aggregated knowledge has broad public health implications. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids provides a comprehensive review of scientific evidence related to the health effects and potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis. This report provides a research agenda—outlining gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for providing additional insight into these issues—that summarizes and prioritizes pressing research needs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Feasibility of Using Mycoherbicides for Controlling Illicit Drug Crops %@ 978-0-309-22171-9 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13278/feasibility-of-using-mycoherbicides-for-controlling-illicit-drug-crops %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13278/feasibility-of-using-mycoherbicides-for-controlling-illicit-drug-crops %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %P 186 %X The control of illicit-drug trafficking and drug use is a difficult and complex process that involves a variety of prevention, control, treatment, and law enforcement strategies. Eradication strategies for controlling illicit-drug crops are used to target the beginning of the drug-supply chain by preventing or reducing crop yields. Mycoherbicides have been proposed as an eradication tool to supplement the current methods of herbicide spraying, mechanical removal, and manual destruction of illicit-drug crops. Some people regard them as preferable to chemical herbicides for controlling illicit-drug crops because of their purported specificity to only one plant species or a few closely related species. As living microorganisms, they have the potential to provide long-term control if they can persist in the environment and affect later plantings. Research on mycoherbicides against illicit-drug crops has focused on three pathogens: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cannabis for cannabis (Cannabis sativa), F. oxysporum f.sp. erythroxyli for coca (Erythroxylum coca and E. novogranatense), and Crivellia papaveracea or Brachycladium papaveris (formerly known as Pleospora papaveracea and Dendryphion penicillatum, respectively) for opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Feasibility of Using Mycoherbicides for Controlling Illicit Drug Crops addresses issues about the potential use of the proposed mycoherbicides: their effectiveness in eradicating their target plants; the feasibility of their large-scale industrial manufacture and delivery; their potential spread and persistence in the environment; their pathogenicity and toxicity to nontarget organisms, including other plants, fungi, animals, and humans; their potential for mutation and resulting effects on target plants and nontarget organisms; and research and development needs. On the basis of its review, the report concludes that the available data are insufficient to determine the effectiveness of the specific fungi proposed as mycoherbicides to combat illicit-drug crops or to determine their potential effects on nontarget plants, microorganisms, animals, humans, or the environment. However, the committee offers an assessment of what can and cannot be determined at the present time regarding each of the issues raised in the statement of task. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Mack, Alison %E Joy, Janet %T Marijuana As Medicine?: The Science Beyond the Controversy %@ 978-0-309-06531-3 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9586/marijuana-as-medicine-the-science-beyond-the-controversy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9586/marijuana-as-medicine-the-science-beyond-the-controversy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 214 %X Some people suffer from chronic, debilitating disorders for which no conventional treatment brings relief. Can marijuana ease their symptoms? Would it be breaking the law to turn to marijuana as a medication? There are few sources of objective, scientifically sound advice for people in this situation. Most books about marijuana and medicine attempt to promote the views of advocates or opponents. To fill the gap between these extremes, authors Alison Mack and Janet Joy have extracted critical findings from a recent Institute of Medicine study on this important issue, interpreting them for a general audience. Marijuana As Medicine? provides patients—as well as the people who care for them—with a foundation for making decisions about their own health care. This empowering volume examines several key points, including: Whether marijuana can relieve a variety of symptoms, including pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and appetite loss. The dangers of smoking marijuana, as well as the effects of its active chemical components on the immune system and on psychological health. The potential use of marijuana-based medications on symptoms of AIDS, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and several other specific disorders, in comparison with existing treatments. Marijuana As Medicine? introduces readers to the active compounds in marijuana. These include the principal ingredient in Marinol, a legal medication. The authors also discuss the prospects for developing other drugs derived from marijuana's active ingredients. In addition to providing an up-to-date review of the science behind the medical marijuana debate, Mack and Joy also answer common questions about the legal status of marijuana, explaining the conflict between state and federal law regarding its medical use. Intended primarily as an aid to patients and caregivers, this book objectively presents critical information so that it can be used to make responsible health care decisions. Marijuana As Medicine? will also be a valuable resource for policymakers, health care providers, patient counselors, medical faculty and students—in short, anyone who wants to learn more about this important issue. %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Marijuana and Health %D 1982 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18942/marijuana-and-health %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18942/marijuana-and-health %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 206 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Joy, Janet E. %E Watson, Stanley J., Jr. %E Benson, John A., Jr. %T Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base %@ 978-0-309-07155-0 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6376/marijuana-and-medicine-assessing-the-science-base %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6376/marijuana-and-medicine-assessing-the-science-base %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 288 %X The medical use of marijuana is surrounded by a cloud of social, political, and religious controversy, which obscures the facts that should be considered in the debate. This book summarizes what we know about marijuana from evidence-based medicine—the harm it may do and the relief it may bring to patients. The book helps the reader understand not only what science has to say about medical marijuana but also the logic behind the scientific conclusions. Marijuana and Medicine addresses the science base and the therapeutic effects of marijuana use for medical conditions such as glaucoma and multiple sclerosis. It covers marijuana's mechanism of action, acute and chronic effects on health and behavior, potential adverse effects, efficacy of different delivery systems, analysis of the data about marijuana as a gateway drug, and the prospects for developing cannabinoid drugs. The book evaluates how well marijuana meets accepted standards for medicine and considers the conclusions of other blue-ribbon panels. Full of useful facts, this volume will be important to anyone interested in informed debate about the medical use of marijuana: advocates and opponents as well as policymakers, regulators, and health care providers. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Anderson, Kat M. %T The Effects of Drug Control Policies on Individual and Community Health for People of Color: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-27387-9 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26401/the-effects-of-drug-control-policies-on-individual-and-community-health-for-people-of-color %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26401/the-effects-of-drug-control-policies-on-individual-and-community-health-for-people-of-color %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 64 %X The United States has a complex system of laws and policies that attempt to regulate the distribution, manufacture, and use of a variety of non-legal drug substances as part of its overall criminal justice system. Laws regarding drug use have disproportionately impacted individuals and communities of color at every step of the journey through the criminal justice system, including arrest, conviction, sentencing, and incarceration. These disparities have clear outcomes for both individual and community health. To examine the effects of drug control policies on the health of individuals and communities of color, the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity held a workshop on October 8, 2018, in Washington, DC. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Rivard, Jeanne %T Behavioral Economics and the Promotion of Health Among Aging Populations: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25190/behavioral-economics-and-the-promotion-of-health-among-aging-populations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25190/behavioral-economics-and-the-promotion-of-health-among-aging-populations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 12 %X There has been a significant increase in research applying behavioral economics and related behavioral science to health. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop June 4–5, 2018, to discuss behavioral economics research with the goal of extending such research to be of benefit to older and middle-aged adults. The goals of the workshop were (1) to share knowledge about successful applications; (2) to encourage investigations that will deepen understanding of the specific conditions, people, and contexts for which such applications are more and less effective; and (3) to identify the mechanisms underlying the interventions. Specifically, there was a focus on considering interventions that could generate long-term benefits in areas of interest to the National Institute on Aging, such as decreasing sedentary behavior, promoting volunteering and social engagement, improving medical regimen adherence, and reducing inappropriate use of opioids and using opioids when medically necessary. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Reiss, Albert J., Jr. %E Roth, Jeffrey A. %T Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences %@ 978-0-309-05080-7 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4421/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-3-social-influences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4421/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-3-social-influences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 592 %X This volume examines social influences on violent events and violent behavior, particularly concentrating on how the risks of violent criminal offending and victimization are influenced by communities, social situations, and individuals; the role of spouses and intimates; the differences in violence levels between males and females; and the roles of psychoactive substances in violent events. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Teutsch, Steven M. %E Geller, Amy B. %E Mead, Aimee M. %T Premium Cigars: Patterns of Use, Marketing, and Health Effects %@ 978-0-309-09106-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26421/premium-cigars-patterns-of-use-marketing-and-health-effects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26421/premium-cigars-patterns-of-use-marketing-and-health-effects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 522 %X The early to mid-1990s saw a large surge in U.S. cigar consumption, including premium cigars. Based on recent import data, premium cigar use may be increasing, though they currently make up a small percent of the total U.S. cigar market. Premium cigars have also been the subject of legal and regulatory efforts for the past decade. In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a comprehensive review of available knowledge about cigars - the only one to date. The resulting research recommendations have largely not been addressed, and many of the identified information gaps persist. Furthermore, there is no single, consistent definition of premium cigars, making research challenging. In response, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee of experts to address this issue. The resulting report, Premium Cigars: Patterns of Use, Marketing, and Health Effects, includes 13 findings, 24 conclusions, and nine priority research recommendations and assesses the state of evidence on premium cigar characteristics, current patterns of use, marketing and perceptions of the product, and short- long-term health effects. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Graig, Laurene %E Olchefske, India %E Alper, Joe %T Pain Management for People with Serious Illness in the Context of the Opioid Use Disorder Epidemic: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49223-2 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25435/pain-management-for-people-with-serious-illness-in-the-context-of-the-opioid-use-disorder-epidemic %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25435/pain-management-for-people-with-serious-illness-in-the-context-of-the-opioid-use-disorder-epidemic %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 104 %X The United States is facing an opioid use disorder epidemic with opioid overdoses killing 47,000 people in the U.S. in 2017. The past three decades have witnessed a significant increase in the prescribing of opioids for pain, based on the belief that patients were being undertreated for their pain, coupled with a widespread misunderstanding of the addictive properties of opioids. This increase in prescribing of opioids also saw a parallel increase in addiction and overdose. In an effort to address this ongoing epidemic of opioid misuse, policy and regulatory changes have been enacted that have served to limit the availability of prescription opioids for pain management. Overlooked amid the intense focus on efforts to end the opioid use disorder epidemic is the perspective of clinicians who are experiencing a significant amount of daily tension as opioid regulations and restrictions have limited their ability to treat the pain of their patients facing serious illness. Increased public and clinician scrutiny of opioid use has resulted in patients with serious illness facing stigma and other challenges when filling prescriptions for their pain medications or obtaining the prescription in the first place. Thus clinicians, patients, and their families are caught between the responses to the opioid use disorder epidemic and the need to manage pain related to serious illness. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine sponsored a workshop on November 29, 2018, to examine these unintended consequences of the responses to the opioid use disorder epidemic for patients, families, communities, and clinicians, and to consider potential policy opportunities to address them. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Wizemann, Theresa M. %T Exploring Tax Policy to Advance Population Health, Health Equity, and Economic Prosperity: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-48359-9 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25237/exploring-tax-policy-to-advance-population-health-health-equity-and-economic-prosperity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25237/exploring-tax-policy-to-advance-population-health-health-equity-and-economic-prosperity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 98 %X The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Roundtable on Population Health Improvement has been focused on the subject of dependable resources for population health since its inception in 2013. On December 7, 2017, the roundtable convened a workshop to explore tax policy as it relates to advancing population health, health equity, and economic prosperity. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Leshner, Alan I. %E Mancher, Michelle %T Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives %@ 978-0-309-48648-4 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25310/medications-for-opioid-use-disorder-save-lives %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25310/medications-for-opioid-use-disorder-save-lives %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 174 %X The opioid crisis in the United States has come about because of excessive use of these drugs for both legal and illicit purposes and unprecedented levels of consequent opioid use disorder (OUD). More than 2 million people in the United States are estimated to have OUD, which is caused by prolonged use of prescription opioids, heroin, or other illicit opioids. OUD is a life-threatening condition associated with a 20-fold greater risk of early death due to overdose, infectious diseases, trauma, and suicide. Mortality related to OUD continues to escalate as this public health crisis gathers momentum across the country, with opioid overdoses killing more than 47,000 people in 2017 in the United States. Efforts to date have made no real headway in stemming this crisis, in large part because tools that already exist—like evidence-based medications—are not being deployed to maximum impact. To support the dissemination of accurate patient-focused information about treatments for addiction, and to help provide scientific solutions to the current opioid crisis, this report studies the evidence base on medication assisted treatment (MAT) for OUD. It examines available evidence on the range of parameters and circumstances in which MAT can be effectively delivered and identifies additional research needed. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Effects of Psychoactive Chemicals on Commercial Driver Health and Performance: Stimulants, Hypnotics, Nutritional, and Other Supplements %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14534/effects-of-psychoactive-chemicals-on-commercial-driver-health-and-performance-stimulants-hypnotics-nutritional-and-other-supplements %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14534/effects-of-psychoactive-chemicals-on-commercial-driver-health-and-performance-stimulants-hypnotics-nutritional-and-other-supplements %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 92 %X TRB’s Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 19: Effects of Psychoactive Chemicals on Commercial Driver Health and Performance: Stimulants, Hypnotics, Nutritional, and Other Supplements identifies available information and research gaps relating to the use of chemical substances by commercial drivers and is intended to provide up-to-date information to inform decision makers about the near-, mid-, and long-range planning needs for research and educational outreach programs.The report is designed to help the commercial transportation safety community and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration in addressing issues involving the proliferation and availability of psychoactive chemical substances.Appendixes D and G to CTBSSP Synthesis 19 are available only in the pdf version of report. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alvarado, Carla %T Exploring Tax Policy to Advance Population Health, Health Equity, and Economic Prosperity: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25066/exploring-tax-policy-to-advance-population-health-health-equity-and-economic-prosperity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25066/exploring-tax-policy-to-advance-population-health-health-equity-and-economic-prosperity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 9 %X On December 7, 2017, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement held a 1-day workshop in Oakland, California, at The California Endowment Oakland Regional Office–Healthy Communities Center. The workshop featured presentations, panel discussions, and an exercise about tax policy as both an influence on health outcomes and a possible source of financing for population health activities; ranging from diabetes prevention to universal pre-kindergarten. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Sullivan, Jaime %E Clouser, Karalyn %E Shaw, John %T Rural Transportation Issues: Research Roadmap %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26343/rural-transportation-issues-research-roadmap %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26343/rural-transportation-issues-research-roadmap %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 414 %X Although only 19% of the population live in rural areas, more than 70% of the U.S.’s four million miles of roadways are in rural areas. The rural transportation system also includes numerous airports; railways; inland and coastal waterways; rural and intercity buses; and bicycle, pedestrian, and multi-use paths and trails. In addition, approximately 47% of the nation’s motor vehicle fatalities occur in rural areas.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 988: Rural Transportation Issues: Research Roadmap is designed to assist state departments of transportation and other public agencies and help inform policy–driven investment decisions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Reuter, Peter %T Understanding the Demand for Illegal Drugs %@ 978-0-309-15934-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12976/understanding-the-demand-for-illegal-drugs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12976/understanding-the-demand-for-illegal-drugs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 124 %X Despite efforts to reduce drug consumption in the United States over the past 35 years, drugs are just as cheap and available as they have ever been. Cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamines continue to cause great harm in the country, particularly in minority communities in the major cities. Marijuana use remains a part of adolescent development for about half of the country's young people, although there is controversy about the extent of its harm. Given the persistence of drug demand in the face of lengthy and expensive efforts to control the markets, the National Institute of Justice asked the National Research Council to undertake a study of current research on the demand for drugs in order to help better focus national efforts to reduce that demand. This study complements the 2003 book, Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs by giving more attention to the sources of demand and assessing the potential of demand-side interventions to make a substantial difference to the nation's drug problems. Understanding the Demand for Illegal Drugs therefore focuses tightly on demand models in the field of economics and evaluates the data needs for advancing this relatively undeveloped area of investigation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A Institute of Medicine %E Iannotta, Joah G. %T Nontechnical Strategies to Reduce Children's Exposure to Inappropriate Material on the Internet: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-07591-6 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10168/nontechnical-strategies-to-reduce-childrens-exposure-to-inappropriate-material-on-the-internet %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10168/nontechnical-strategies-to-reduce-childrens-exposure-to-inappropriate-material-on-the-internet %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 103 %X In response to a mandate from Congress in conjunction with the Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act of 1998, the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board and the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine established a committee of experts to explore options to protect children from pornography and other inappropriate Internet content. In June 2000, the Committee to Study Tools and Strategies for Protecting Kids from Pornography on the Internet and Their Applicability to Other Inappropriate Internet Content was established. Support for the committee's work came from the U.S. Department of Education, the U.S. Department of Justice, Microsoft Corporation, IBM, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and the National Research Council. The committee has been charged with exploring the pros and cons of different technology options and operational policies as well as nontechnical strategies that can help to provide young people with positive and safe online experiences. On December 13, 2000, the committee convened a workshop to provide public input to its work and focus on nontechnical strategies that could be effective in a broad range of settings (e.g., home, school, libraries) in which young people might be online. The overarching goal of this activity was to provide a forum for discussing the implications of this research with regard to policy and practice and identifying research needed to advance and inform policy and practice.