%0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Gillespie, Robin Mary %E Krum, Andrew %E Bowman, Darrell %E Baker, Stephanie %E Belzer, Michael %T Bus Operator Workstation Design for Improving Occupational Health and Safety %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23478/bus-operator-workstation-design-for-improving-occupational-health-and-safety %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23478/bus-operator-workstation-design-for-improving-occupational-health-and-safety %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 126 %X TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 185: Bus Operator Workstation Design for Improving Occupational Health and Safety provides guidance to transit agencies and bus manufacturers as they integrate emerging technologies into current procurement practices and improve bus operator workstation design across the transit industry.The research produced practical guidance documents and tools applicable to the procurement process and bus design, including a suggested procurement process and strategies for transit agencies to develop, train, and support a bus procurement team; training for the procurement team, including an ergonomics training module for bus operators; guidelines to update TCRP Report 25: Bus Operator Workstation Evaluation and Design Guidelines; and a digital model of a bus operator workstation that may be used by designers and transit agencies to develop specifications.Organization Guidance ToolsSuggested Procurement Practices for Bus Operator Health and SafetyProcurement Team TrainingErgonomics for Bus Operators Training TemplateDesign Guidance ToolsBus Operator Workstation Feature GuidelineBus Operator Workstation Engineering CAD Model (IGS File)Bus Operator Workstation Engineering CAD Model (STEP File)Bus Operator Workstation 3-D PDF ModelBus Operator Workstation 3-D PDF User’s GuideAppendices D, E, and F to this report are briefly summarized in the published report. Links to the complete appendices can be accessed from the project webpage. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Research on Women's Issues in Transportation - Volume 2: Technical Papers %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23299/research-on-womens-issues-in-transportation-volume-2-technical-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23299/research-on-womens-issues-in-transportation-volume-2-technical-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 210 %X TRB’s Conference Proceedings 35: Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation – Volume 2: Technical Papers contains peer-reviewed breakout and poster papers and several abstracts of papers presented at the November 18–20, 2004, conference in Chicago, Illinois. The conference was designed to identify and explore additional research and data needed to inform transportation policy decisions that address women’s mobility, safety, and security needs and to encourage research by young researchers. Volume 1, which will be released this winter, will include the conference summary, the four peer-reviewed overview papers presented by the topic leaders, and a list of conference participants. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A Institute of Medicine %T Mining Safety and Health Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health %@ 978-0-309-10342-8 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11850/mining-safety-and-health-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11850/mining-safety-and-health-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Earth Sciences %P 290 %X The U.S. mining sector has the highest fatality rate of any industry in the country. Fortunately, advances made over the past three decades in mining technology, equipment, processes, procedures, and workforce education and training have significantly improved safety and health. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Mining Safety and Health Research Program (Mining Program) has played a large role in these improvements. An assessment of the relevance and impact of NIOSH Mining Program research by a National Research Council committee reveals that the program makes essential contributions to the enhancement of health and safety in the mining industry. To further increase its effectiveness, the Mining Program should proactively identify workplace hazards and establish more challenging and innovative goals toward hazard reduction. The ability of the program to successfully expand its activities, however, depends on available funding. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A Institute of Medicine %T Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities %@ 978-0-309-07284-7 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10032/musculoskeletal-disorders-and-the-workplace-low-back-and-upper-extremities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10032/musculoskeletal-disorders-and-the-workplace-low-back-and-upper-extremities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 510 %X Every year workers' low-back, hand, and arm problems lead to time away from jobs and reduce the nation's economic productivity. The connection of these problems to workplace activities-from carrying boxes to lifting patients to pounding computer keyboards-is the subject of major disagreements among workers, employers, advocacy groups, and researchers. Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace examines the scientific basis for connecting musculoskeletal disorders with the workplace, considering people, job tasks, and work environments. A multidisciplinary panel draws conclusions about the likelihood of causal links and the effectiveness of various intervention strategies. The panel also offers recommendations for what actions can be considered on the basis of current information and for closing information gaps. This book presents the latest information on the prevalence, incidence, and costs of musculoskeletal disorders and identifies factors that influence injury reporting. It reviews the broad scope of evidence: epidemiological studies of physical and psychosocial variables, basic biology, biomechanics, and physical and behavioral responses to stress. Given the magnitude of the problem-approximately 1 million people miss some work each year-and the current trends in workplace practices, this volume will be a must for advocates for workplace health, policy makers, employers, employees, medical professionals, engineers, lawyers, and labor officials. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Report, Workshop Summary, and Workshop Papers %@ 978-0-309-06397-5 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6431/work-related-musculoskeletal-disorders-report-workshop-summary-and-workshop-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6431/work-related-musculoskeletal-disorders-report-workshop-summary-and-workshop-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 240 %X Estimated costs associated with lost days and compensation claims related to musculoskeletal disorders—including back pains and repetitive motion injuries—range from $13 billion to $20 billion annually. This is a serious national problem that has spurred considerable debate about the causal links between such disorders and risk factors in the workplace. This book presents a preliminary assessment of what is known about the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and what may cause them. It includes papers and a workshop summary of findings from orthopedic surgery, public health, occupational medicine, epidemiology, risk analysis, ergonomics, and human factors. Topics covered include the biological responses of tissues to stress, the biomechanics of work stressors, the epidemiology of physical work factors, and the contributions of individual, recreational, and social factors to such disorders. The book also considers the relative success of various workplace interventions for prevention and rehabilitation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Airline Passenger Security Screening: New Technologies and Implementation Issues %@ 978-0-309-05439-3 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5116/airline-passenger-security-screening-new-technologies-and-implementation-issues %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5116/airline-passenger-security-screening-new-technologies-and-implementation-issues %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 88 %X This book addresses new technologies being considered by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for screening airport passengers for concealed weapons and explosives. The FAA is supporting the development of promising new technologies that can reveal the presence not only of metal-based weapons as with current screening technologies, but also detect plastic explosives and other non-metallic threat materials and objects, and is concerned that these new technologies may not be appropriate for use in airports for other than technical reasons. This book presents discussion of the health, legal, and public acceptance issues that are likely to be raised regarding implementation of improvements in the current electromagnetic screening technologies, implementation of screening systems that detect traces of explosive materials on passengers, and implementation of systems that generate images of passengers beneath their clothes for analysis by human screeners. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Review of the Evidence %@ 978-0-309-06327-2 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6309/work-related-musculoskeletal-disorders-a-review-of-the-evidence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6309/work-related-musculoskeletal-disorders-a-review-of-the-evidence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 42 %X In May 1998 the National Institutes of Health asked the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council to assemble a group of experts to examine the scientific literature relevant to work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the lower back, neck, and upper extremities. A steering committee was convened to design a workshop, to identify leading researchers on the topic to participate, and to prepare a report based on the workshop discussions and their own expertise. In addition, the steering committee was asked to address, to the extent possible, a set of seven questions posed by Congressman Robert Livingston on the topic of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The steering committee includes experts in orthopedic surgery, occupational medicine, epidemiology, ergonomics, human factors, statistics, and risk analysis. This document is based on the evidence presented and discussed at the two-day Workshop on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries: Examining the Research Base, which was held on August 21 and 22, 1998, and on follow-up deliberations of the steering committee, reflecting its own expertise. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Rouse, William %E Kober, Nancy %E Mavor, Anne %T The Case For Human Factors in Industry and Government: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-05894-0 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5862/the-case-for-human-factors-in-industry-and-government-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5862/the-case-for-human-factors-in-industry-and-government-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 50 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Oron-Gilad, Tal %T Interfaces for Ground and Air Military Robots: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-09606-5 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11251/interfaces-for-ground-and-air-military-robots-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11251/interfaces-for-ground-and-air-military-robots-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Engineering and Technology %P 60 %X In the early years of robotics and automated vehicles, the fight was against nature and not against a manifestly intelligent opponent. In military environments, however, where prediction and anticipation are complicated by the existence of an intelligent adversary, it is essential to retain human operators in the control loop. Future combat systems will require operators to control and monitor aerial and ground robotic systems and to act as part of larger teams coordinating diverse robotic systems over multiple echelons. The National Research Council organized a workshop to identify the most important human-related research and design issues from both the engineering and human factors perspectives, and develop a list of fruitful research directions. Interfaces for Ground and Air Military Robots summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Tactical Display for Soldiers: Human Factors Considerations %@ 978-0-309-05638-0 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5436/tactical-display-for-soldiers-human-factors-considerations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5436/tactical-display-for-soldiers-human-factors-considerations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 240 %X This book examines the human factors issues associated with the development, testing, and implementation of helmet-mounted display technology in the 21st Century Land Warrior System. Because the framework of analysis is soldier performance with the system in the full range of environments and missions, the book discusses both the military context and the characteristics of the infantry soldiers who will use the system. The major issues covered include the positive and negative effects of such a display on the local and global situation awareness of the individual soldier, an analysis of the visual and psychomotor factors associated with each design feature, design considerations for auditory displays, and physical sources of stress and the implications of the display for affecting the soldier's workload. The book proposes an innovative approach to research and testing based on a three-stage strategy that begins in the laboratory, moves to controlled field studies, and culminates in operational testing. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Video Displays, Work, and Vision %@ 978-0-309-03388-6 %D 1983 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/169/video-displays-work-and-vision %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/169/video-displays-work-and-vision %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 287 %X Along with the widespread use of computers have come growing fears that working in front of video display terminals (VDTs) can irritate and even damage the eyes. Separating scientific fact from popular opinion, this report takes a critical look at the link between VDT use and eye discomfort and disease as well as at changes in visual performance and oculomotor function. Drawing on information from ergonomics, illuminating engineering, and industrial and organizational psychology, the report gives practical advice on optimal workstation design to improve the comfort, performance, and job satisfaction of VDT users. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety Belt Usage %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13838/commercial-motor-vehicle-driver-safety-belt-usage %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13838/commercial-motor-vehicle-driver-safety-belt-usage %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 52 %X TRB’s Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 8: Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Safety Belt Usage identifies and documents motivating factors that influence commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers in deciding whether to wear safety belts and research and practices that address CMV safety belt usage. It also offers a review of ergonomic and human engineering factors in the design and use of safety belts in CMVs as well as approaches to facilitate safety belt use by truck manufacturers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Huey, Beverly Messick %E Wickens, Christopher D. %T Workload Transition: Implications for Individual and Team Performance %@ 978-0-309-04796-8 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2045/workload-transition-implications-for-individual-and-team-performance %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2045/workload-transition-implications-for-individual-and-team-performance %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 304 %X Workload transition is a potentially crucial problem in work situations wherein operators are faced with abrupt changes in task demands. People involved include military combat personnel, air-traffic controllers, medical personnel in emergency rooms, and long-distance drivers. They must be able to respond efficiently to sudden increases in workload imposed by a failure, crisis, or other, often unexpected, event. This book provides a systematic evaluation of workload transition. It focuses on a broad spectrum of activities ranging from team cooperation to the maintenance of this problem on a theoretical level and offers several practical solutions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Pew, Richard W. %E Mavor, Anne S. %T Human-System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look %@ 978-0-309-10720-4 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11893/human-system-integration-in-the-system-development-process-a-new %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11893/human-system-integration-in-the-system-development-process-a-new %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Computers and Information Technology %P 396 %X In April 1991 BusinessWeek ran a cover story entitled, “I Can't Work This ?#!!@ Thing,” about the difficulties many people have with consumer products, such as cell phones and VCRs. More than 15 years later, the situation is much the same--but at a very different level of scale. The disconnect between people and technology has had society-wide consequences in the large-scale system accidents from major human error, such as those at Three Mile Island and in Chernobyl. To prevent both the individually annoying and nationally significant consequences, human capabilities and needs must be considered early and throughout system design and development. One challenge for such consideration has been providing the background and data needed for the seamless integration of humans into the design process from various perspectives: human factors engineering, manpower, personnel, training, safety and health, and, in the military, habitability and survivability. This collection of development activities has come to be called human-system integration (HSI). Human-System Integration in the System Development Process reviews in detail more than 20 categories of HSI methods to provide invaluable guidance and information for system designers and developers. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Human-AI Teaming: State-of-the-Art and Research Needs %@ 978-0-309-27017-5 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26355/human-ai-teaming-state-of-the-art-and-research-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26355/human-ai-teaming-state-of-the-art-and-research-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 140 %X Although artificial intelligence (AI) has many potential benefits, it has also been shown to suffer from a number of challenges for successful performance in complex real-world environments such as military operations, including brittleness, perceptual limitations, hidden biases, and lack of a model of causation important for understanding and predicting future events. These limitations mean that AI will remain inadequate for operating on its own in many complex and novel situations for the foreseeable future, and that AI will need to be carefully managed by humans to achieve their desired utility. Human-AI Teaming: State-of-the-Art and Research Needs examines the factors that are relevant to the design and implementation of AI systems with respect to human operations. This report provides an overview of the state of research on human-AI teaming to determine gaps and future research priorities and explores critical human-systems integration issues for achieving optimal performance. %0 Book %T Advancing The Principles of The Prevention Through People Program %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9150/advancing-the-principles-of-the-prevention-through-people-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9150/advancing-the-principles-of-the-prevention-through-people-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 57 %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academy of Engineering %T Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2008 Symposium %@ 978-0-309-12821-6 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12523/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12523/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Education %P 194 %X Every year at the U.S. Frontiers of Engineering Symposium, 100 of this country's best and brightest engineers, ages 30 to 45, have an opportunity to learn from their peers about pioneering work being done in many areas of engineering. The symposium gives early career engineers working in academia, industry, and government in many different engineering disciplines an opportunity to make contacts with and learn from individuals they would not meet in the usual round of professional meetings. This networking may lead to collaborative work and facilitate the transfer of new techniques and approaches. It is hoped that the exchange of information on current developments in many fields of engineering will lead to insights that may be applicable in specific disciplines and thereby build U.S. innovative capacity. Different topics are covered each year, and, with a few exceptions, different individuals participate. The four general topics covered at the 2008 meeting were: drug delivery systems, emerging nanoelectronic devices, cognitive engineering, and countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The intent of this book is to convey the excitement of this unique meeting and to highlight cutting-edge developments in engineering research and technical work. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Benaman, Heidi Ann %T Design Considerations for Airport EOCs %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25280/design-considerations-for-airport-eocs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25280/design-considerations-for-airport-eocs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 100 %X TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Report 189: Design Considerations for Airport EOCs will guide airport staff in the planning and design of an airport emergency operations center (EOC). This report provides EOC design considerations in the areas of physical space, technology, function, operations, and governance. The guidance includes lessons learned, a Concept and Development Planning Decision Tree flow chart, and several useful checklists to help airport staff work through all of the considerations involved in establishing or enhancing an EOC. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Facilities Staffing Requirements for the Veterans Health Administration—Resource Planning and Methodology for the Future: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-49302-4 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25455/facilities-staffing-requirements-for-the-veterans-health-administration-resource-planning-and-methodology-for-the-future %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25455/facilities-staffing-requirements-for-the-veterans-health-administration-resource-planning-and-methodology-for-the-future %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 48 %X The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was tasked by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) to prepare a comprehensive resource planning and staffing methodology guidebook for VHA Facility Management (Engineering) Programs. The resource and staffing methodology must take into account all significant parameters and variables involved in the VHA Engineering Programs. The methodology should yield customized outputs based on site-specific input data, to enable specification of the optimal budget and staffing levels for each site. Currently, the VHA does not utilize a staffing model for defining its facilities workforce. Each medical center defines its required facilities staffing. This interim report focuses on the types, availability, usage, and limitations of models in the staffing processes. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Evaluation of Manufacturing Vision and Strategies for the Production of Military Combat Vehicles: The Crusader Artillery System %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10608/evaluation-of-manufacturing-vision-and-strategies-for-the-production-of-military-combat-vehicles %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10608/evaluation-of-manufacturing-vision-and-strategies-for-the-production-of-military-combat-vehicles %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 40 %X The Army project manager for the Crusader artillery system set a goal of using state-of-the art manufacturing for the system’s production. To assist in meeting these goals, the Army asked the National Research Council to provide expert advice on the strategy, technology, and business plans for system development. While the Crusader project was cancelled, Congress has directed the Army to consider alternative systems. This report presents an analysis of and recommendations on several issues concerning the manufacturing process that was to be used by the contractor for the Crusader project. Some of these issues should be of relevance to potential replacement artillery systems should the Army proceed with any.