TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Sea Change: 2015-2025 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences SN - DO - 10.17226/21655 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21655/sea-change-2015-2025-decadal-survey-of-ocean-sciences PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Ocean science connects a global community of scientists in many disciplines - physics, chemistry, biology, geology and geophysics. New observational and computational technologies are transforming the ability of scientists to study the global ocean with a more integrated and dynamic approach. This enhanced understanding of the ocean is becoming ever more important in an economically and geopolitically connected world, and contributes vital information to policy and decision makers charged with addressing societal interests in the ocean. Science provides the knowledge necessary to realize the benefits and manage the risks of the ocean. Comprehensive understanding of the global ocean is fundamental to forecasting and managing risks from severe storms, adapting to the impacts of climate change, and managing ocean resources. In the United States, the National Science Foundation (NSF) is the primary funder of the basic research which underlies advances in our understanding of the ocean. Sea Change addresses the strategic investments necessary at NSF to ensure a robust ocean scientific enterprise over the next decade. This survey provides guidance from the ocean sciences community on research and facilities priorities for the coming decade and makes recommendations for funding priorities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Oil in the Sea IV: Quick Guide for Practitioners and Researchers DO - 10.17226/27155 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27155/oil-in-the-sea-iv-quick-guide-for-practitioners-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - This booklet provides key insights from Oil in the Sea IV: Inputs, Fates, and Effects, published in 2022, which benefited from significant advancements in scientific methods to detect the input and fates of oil in the sea, and from lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in 2010. Going beyond previous reports, Oil in the Sea IV includes analysis of human health impacts of oil in the sea, oil in the Arctic marine environment, and prevention and response efforts that can help to both reduce the amount of oil reaching the sea and minimize its effects. The booklet is meant to serve as a reference guide to all those involved in oil spill research and response. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Oil in the Sea IV: Inputs, Fates, and Effects SN - DO - 10.17226/26410 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26410/oil-in-the-sea-iv-inputs-fates-and-effects PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - Oil and natural gas represent more than 50 percent of the worldwide energy supply, with high energy demand driven by population growth and improving standards of living. Despite significant progress in reducing the amount of oil in the sea from consumption, exploration, transportation, and production, risks remain. This report, the fourth in a series, documents the current state-of-knowledge on inputs, fates and effects of oil in the sea, reflecting almost 20 additional years of research, including long-term effects from spills such as the Exxon Valdez and a decade-long boom in oil spill science research following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The report finds that land-based sources of oil are the biggest input of oil to the sea, far outweighing other sources, and it also notes that the effects of chronic inputs on the marine environment, such as land-based runoff, are very different than that from an acute input, such as a spill. Steps to prevent chronic land-based oil inputs include reducing gasoline vehicle usage, improving fuel efficiency, increasing usage of electric vehicles, replacing older vehicles. The report identifies research gaps and provides specific recommendations aimed at preventing future accidental spills and ensuring oil spill responders are equipped with the best response tools and information to limit oil’s impact on the marine environment. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Global Change Research Needs and Opportunities for 2022-2031 SN - DO - 10.17226/26055 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26055/global-change-research-needs-and-opportunities-for-2022-2031 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) is a collection of 13 Federal entities charged by law to assist the United States and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change. Global Change Research Needs and Opportunities for 2022-2031 advises the USGCRP on how best to meet its mandate in light of climate change impacts happening today and projected into the future. This report identifies critical climate change risks, research needed to support decision-making relevant to managing these risks, and opportunities for the USGCRP's participating agencies and other partners to advance these research priorities over the next decade. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Carol Berkower A2 - Abigail Ulman A2 - Alex Reich TI - Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26435 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26435/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - As the effects of climate change become more widespread and significant, communities least able to respond are bearing the largest burden. In the United States, communities disadvantaged by a legacy of racial segregation and environmental injustice struggle with disparate health outcomes, are vulnerable to the effects of climate change (e.g., severe flooding in low-lying areas and extreme heat in urban neighborhoods), and lack sufficient resources to recover from and rebuild for resilience against future events. On October 12 and 14, 2021, the 2-day virtual workshop "Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity - A New Vision" brought together environmental health experts, resilience practitioners, climate scientists, and people with lived experience to discuss the disproportionate impact of climate change on communities experiencing health disparities and environmental injustice. During the workshop, the first in a four-part series, 41 speakers shared their perspectives on the topic and suggested specific actions that decision-makers can take to address the intersecting crises of climate change and health inequity. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - Steve Olson TI - Engineering Responses to Climate Change: Proceedings of a Forum SN - DO - 10.17226/26458 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26458/engineering-responses-to-climate-change-proceedings-of-a-forum PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - At the forum held during the 2021 annual meeting of the National Academy of Engineering, distinguished engineers gathered virtually to explore the roles that engineers can play in both mitigating and helping society adapt to climate change. Through a series of brief presentations and responses to questions from the moderator and the forum audience, the speakers discussed many of the issues at the forefront of climate-related engineering practice and policy today. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the event. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Johnson A2 - Audrey Thévenon A2 - Sabina Vadnais TI - Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Lessons Learned in Addressing Inequities in Heat-Related Climate Change Impacts: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/27204 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27204/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-lessons-learned-in-addressing-inequities-in-heat-related-climate-change-impacts PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - Extreme heat is a pervasive and critical hazard of climate change. While heat poses a significant threat to large swaths of the human population, it is not affecting all people or all communities equally. To explore what it takes to prevent and mitigate inequitable health impacts from extreme heat, the National Academies Environmental Health Matters Initiative (EHMI) organized a workshop on June 20-21, 2023, titled Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Lessons Learned in Addressing Inequities in Heat-Related Climate Change Impacts. The workshop was the third in a series of EHMI events exploring the state of knowledge about climate-related health disparities. This hybrid event convened people with lived experience in communities affected by extreme heat; experts in environmental health, economic, and racial justice; climate scientists; energy specialists; and people involved in sustainable planning and disaster relief. Through presentations, shared stories, and interactive discussions, participants explored real-world challenges related to extreme heat, along with actions being pursued to prevent, adapt to, or mitigate the health consequences. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Climate Change: Evidence and Causes: Update 2020 SN - DO - 10.17226/25733 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25733/climate-change-evidence-and-causes-update-2020 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Climate change is one of the defining issues of our time. It is now more certain than ever, based on many lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth's climate. The Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences, with their similar missions to promote the use of science to benefit society and to inform critical policy debates, produced the original Climate Change: Evidence and Causes in 2014. It was written and reviewed by a UK-US team of leading climate scientists. This new edition, prepared by the same author team, has been updated with the most recent climate data and scientific analyses, all of which reinforce our understanding of human-caused climate change. Scientific information is a vital component for society to make informed decisions about how to reduce the magnitude of climate change and how to adapt to its impacts. This booklet serves as a key reference document for decision makers, policy makers, educators, and others seeking authoritative answers about the current state of climate-change science. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Engaging Socially Vulnerable Communities and Communicating About Climate Change–Related Risks and Hazards DO - 10.17226/26734 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26734/engaging-socially-vulnerable-communities-and-communicating-about-climate-change-related-risks-and-hazards PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change can compound existing vulnerabilities and inequities experienced by socially vulnerable people including pregnant people, children, low-income populations, Indigenous populations, immigrant groups, the elderly, people with disabilities, vulnerable occupation groups, communities of color, and people with preexisting or chronic medical conditions. Decision makers need to adopt strategies for engaging these communities on an ongoing basis to inform and empower individual decision making, identify and understand local concerns, and provide the necessary resources. This rapid expert consultation highlights how decision makers can continuously engage with vulnerable communities, as well as communicate risk and promote adaptation in the face of extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change. Implementing this guidance can help decision makers, researchers, and communities work collaboratively, linking analysis, deliberation, and program design to best adapt to climate change-related hazards and risks. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Johnson A2 - Alex Reich TI - Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity—State-Level Implementation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26693 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26693/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-state-level-implementation-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Because of historic and ongoing discriminatory policies and practices, certain populations - namely people of color, Indigenous people, and low-income communities - disproportionately suffer from the adverse impacts of extreme weather and other disasters that are exacerbated by climate change. To examine actions that could help improve climate-related health outcomes in disproportionately impacted communities, the Environmental Health Matters Initiative, a program spanning all major units of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, convened a two-day workshop Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity - State-Level Implementation on May 24 and 26, 2022. The workshop brought together representatives from state and federal agencies, universities, community-based organizations, state and national advocacy organizations, foundations, and private sector organizations. This publication highlights the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Emily A. Callahan TI - Defining Progress in Obesity Solutions Through Structural Changes: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26895 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26895/defining-progress-in-obesity-solutions-through-structural-changes-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The Roundtable on Obesity Solutions of the Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual public workshop, Defining Progress in Obesity Solutions through Structural Changes, on October 25, 2022. The workshop focused on methods to assess progress in addressing structural drivers of obesity. Presentations explored innovative approaches and performance indicators that could be used to gauge progress in obesity solutions as well as strategies to hold leaders and decision makers accountable. Workshop sessions covered topics such as the science, strengths, and limitations of body mass index (BMI), and a review of structural drivers of obesity in a variety of systems - political and economic, environmental, health care, and sociocultural - along with current approaches used to measure progress in those systems. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of the U.S. Global Change Research Program's Draft Decadal Strategic Plan, 2022-2031 SN - DO - 10.17226/26608 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26608/review-of-the-us-global-change-research-programs-draft-decadal-strategic-plan-2022-2031 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - More intense heat waves, extended wildfire seasons and other escalating impacts of climate change have made it more important than ever to fill knowledge gaps that improve society's understanding, assessment, and response to global change. The US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) - a collection of 13 Federal entities charged by law to help the United States and the world fill those knowledge gaps - laid out proposed mechanisms and priorities for global change research over the next decade in its draft Decadal Strategic Plan 2022-2031. The draft plan recognizes that priority knowledge gaps have shifted over the past decade as demand has grown for more useful and more inclusive data to inform decision-making, and as the focus on resilience and sustainability has increased. As part of its work in advising the USGCRP since 2011, the National Academies reviewed USGCRP's draft plan to determine how it might be enhanced. Advances in the draft plan include an increased emphasis on social sciences, community engagement with marginalized groups, and promotion of diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice in the production of science. Strengthening the interconnections between the plan's core pillars and expanding opportunities for coordination among federal agencies tasked with responding to global climate change would improve the plan. The draft plan could more strongly convey a sense of urgency throughout the plan and would benefit from additional examples of key research outputs that could advance policy and decision making on global change challenges. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Bethany Brookshire A2 - Eva Childers A2 - Sheena M. Posey Norris TI - Health Disparities in Central Nervous System Disorders: Driving Transformative Change: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/27191 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27191/health-disparities-in-central-nervous-system-disorders-driving-transformative-change PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - To reduce health disparities in CNS disorders, innovative approaches and solutions are needed to address structural constraints. This workshop, held on April 25, 2023, explored the role of different leaders in academia, industry, and government to increase the diversity of the neuroscience workforce, advance community partnerships, and facilitate multidisciplinary collaborations to drive transformative and sustainable change in CNS disorders research and clinical care. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - David A. Noyce A2 - Andrea R. Bill A2 - Boris R. Claros A2 - Madhav V. Chitturi A2 - Michael Knodler, Jr. A2 - Francis Tainter A2 - David S. Hurwitz A2 - Peter Koonce A2 - Christopher L. Brehmer TI - Evaluation of Change and Clearance Intervals Prior to the Flashing Yellow Arrow Permissive Left-Turn Indication DO - 10.17226/27464 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27464/evaluation-of-change-and-clearance-intervals-prior-to-the-flashing-yellow-arrow-permissive-left-turn-indication PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - When a separate lane is provided for left-turning vehicles, the interval during which drivers turn can be described as either protected or permissive. In a protected left-turn movement, the left-turning driver has the exclusive right-of-way and faces no other (legal) conflicts. In a permissive left-turn movement, the left-turning driver may turn only after yielding to other conflicting movements, including vehicles, pedestrians, and/or bicycles. NCHRP Web-Only Document 394: Evaluation of Change and Clearance Intervals Prior to the Flashing Yellow Arrow Permissive Left-Turn Indication, develops recommendations for the use of steady yellow arrow change and steady red arrow clearance intervals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lisa Bain A2 - Sheena M. Posey Norris A2 - Clare Stroud TI - Methadone Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder: Improving Access Through Regulatory and Legal Change: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26635 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26635/methadone-treatment-for-opioid-use-disorder-improving-access-through-regulatory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Methadone is a Food and Drug Administration- (FDA-) approved medication for treating opioid use disorder (OUD), a chronic brain disease that affects more than 2.7 million people in the United States aged 12 and older. Despite its effectiveness in saving lives, many barriers impede access to, initiation of, and retention in methadone treatment for OUD. To address these barriers, on March 3 and 4, 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop on "Methadone Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder: Examining Federal Regulations and Laws," at the request of the Office of National Drug Control Policy in the Executive Office of the President. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Emily A. Callahan TI - Leveraging Health Communication, Data, and Innovative Approaches for Sustainable Systems-Wide Changes to Reduce the Prevalence of Obesity: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26341 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26341/leveraging-health-communication-data-and-innovative-approaches-for-sustainable-systems-wide-changes-to-reduce-the-prevalence-of-obesity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The Roundtable on Obesity Solutions of the Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual public workshop, Leveraging Health Communication, Data, and Innovative Approaches for Sustainable Systems-Wide Changes to Reduce the Prevalence of Obesity, on June 22, 2021. The workshop, the second in a series of three workshops to examine foundational drivers of obesity and sustainable systems-wide changes to reduce the prevalence of obesity, explored strategies for leveraging health communication and data-informed, innovative approaches. Participants in the workshop discussed how health communication might enhance the understanding and the use of current modeling and data-driven efforts to advance obesity solutions; they also explored innovative data and policy approaches for obesity solutions. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Emily A. Callahan TI - Exploring Strategies for Sustainable Systems-Wide Changes to Reduce the Prevalence of Obesity: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26260 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26260/exploring-strategies-for-sustainable-systems-wide-changes-to-reduce-the-prevalence-of-obesity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The Roundtable on Obesity Solutions of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual public workshop, Exploring Strategies for Sustainable Systems-Wide Changes to Reduce the Prevalence of Obesity, on April 8, 2021. The workshop, the first in a series of three workshops to explore this broad topic, provided a foundational introductory session for the series that covered the intersection of biased mental models, stigma, weight bias, structural racism, and effective health communications with obesity solutions. Additional sessions discussed the intersection of structural racism and obesity in the context of housing and education and the intersection of biased mental models, stigma, weight bias, and obesity in the context of workplace and health care settings. This publication summarizes highlights of the presentations and discussions that occurred at the first workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Sea Basing: Ensuring Joint Force Access from the Sea SN - DO - 10.17226/11370 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11370/sea-basing-ensuring-joint-force-access-from-the-sea PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The availability of land bases from which to launch and maintain military, diplomatic, and humanitarian relief operations is becoming increasingly uncertain because of physical or political constraints. The ability to operate from a sea base, therefore, is likely to become more and more important. The Defense Science Board recently concluded that Sea Basing will be a critical future joint military capability and that DOD should proceed to develop such capability. Following the DSB report, the Navy requested that the National Research Council (NRC) convene a workshop to assess the science and technology base, both inside and outside the Navy, for developing Sea Basing and to identify R&D for supporting future concepts. This report of the workshop includes an examination of Sea Basing operational concepts; ship and aircraft technology available to make Sea Basing work; and issues involved in creating the sea base as a joint system of systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Hannah Stewart A2 - Heather Kreidler TI - Integrating the Human Sciences to Scale Societal Responses to Environmental Change: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/27129 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27129/integrating-the-human-sciences-to-scale-societal-responses-to-environmental-change PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Responding to climate change will entail massive socio-emotional and behavioral changes. Translating policies, investments, or built infrastructure-reshaping mandates into real and sustained local impact that incorporates accountability and culture change will require hands-on work. Adaptive societal responses to climate change will succeed or fail based on the attitudes, behaviors, social cohesion and capital, organizational and emotional strengths, and collective impact and input of all stakeholders. To consider how to integrate, align, and converge the broad mix of social, behavioral, and cognitive sciences to produce new insights and inform efforts for enhanced human responses to environmental change, Board on Environmental Change and Society of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine convened this 2023 workshop, entitled Committee on Integrating the Human Sciences to Scale Societal Responses to Environmental Change: A Workshop. The workshop was intended to investigate ways to accelerate and deepen conversations within the social sciences and to focus on synthesis, especially for the purpose of increasing community capacity to understand and effectively respond to climate change-induced environmental changes - at scales ranging from the individual to the household to the community, and all the way up to the level of state and international governance. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Sarah E. Wilbanks A2 - Steven L. Osit TI - Airport Customer Facility Charges: Analysis of Laws, Regulations, and Case Law DO - 10.17226/27049 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27049/airport-customer-facility-charges-analysis-of-laws-regulations-and-case-law PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Customer facility charges (CFCs) are imposed by airport proprietors on customers of rental car companies at airports to pay for capital and operating costs of rental car facilities. CFCs have relatively little federal regulatory oversight, and most are implemented through local municipal acts and/or contractual arrangements. Recently, challenges to the imposition and use of CFCs and other airport fees and charges have been mounted in several states.ACRP Legal Research Digest 45: Airport Customer Facility Charges: Analysis of Laws, Regulations, and Case Law, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, examines legal issues arising under state and federal law from the imposition and use of CFCs. The digest includes an inventory of state-level authorizing legislation in jurisdictions that regulate CFCs. Judicial decisions regarding the collection and use of CFCs and related issues are also analyzed. ER -