%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Rhodes, Holly G. %T Design, Selection, and Implementation of Instructional Materials for the Next Generation Science Standards: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-47111-4 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25001/design-selection-and-implementation-of-instructional-materials-for-the-next-generation-science-standards %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25001/design-selection-and-implementation-of-instructional-materials-for-the-next-generation-science-standards %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 126 %X Instructional materials are a key means to achieving the goals of science education—an enterprise that yields unique and worthwhile benefits to individuals and society. As states and districts move forward with adoption and implementation of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) or work on improving their instruction to align with A Framework for K–12 Science Education (the Framework), instructional materials that align with this new vision for science education have emerged as one of the key mechanisms for creating high-quality learning experiences for students. In response to the need for more coordination across the ongoing efforts to support the design and implementation of instructional materials for science education, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a public workshop in June 2017. The workshop focused on the development of instructional materials that reflect the principles of the Framework and the NGSS. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Rosenfeld, Richard %E Grigg, Amanda %T The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison %@ 978-0-309-27697-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26459/the-limits-of-recidivism-measuring-success-after-prison %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26459/the-limits-of-recidivism-measuring-success-after-prison %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 226 %X Nearly 600,000 people are released from state and federal prisons annually. Whether these individuals will successfully reintegrate into their communities has been identified as a critical measure of the effectiveness of the criminal legal system. However, evaluating the successful reentry of individuals released from prison is a challenging process, particularly given limitations of currently available data and the complex set of factors that shape reentry experiences. The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison finds that the current measures of success for individuals released from prison are inadequate. The use of recidivism rates to evaluate post-release success ignores significant research on how and why individuals cease to commit crimes, as well as the important role of structural factors in shaping post-release outcomes. The emphasis on recidivism as the primary metric to evaluate post-release success also ignores progress in other domains essential to the success of individuals returning to communities, including education, health, family, and employment. In addition, the report highlights the unique and essential insights held by those who have experienced incarceration and proposes that the development and implementation of new measures of post-release success would significantly benefit from active engagement with individuals with this lived experience. Despite significant challenges, the report outlines numerous opportunities to improve the measurement of success among individuals released from prison and the report’s recommendations, if implemented, will contribute to policies that increase the health, safety, and security of formerly incarcerated persons and the communities to which they return. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Nonhuman Primates: Standards and Guidelines for the Breeding, Care, and Management of Laboratory Animals; a Report %D 1968 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18462/nonhuman-primates-standards-and-guidelines-for-the-breeding-care-and-management-of-laboratory-animals-a-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18462/nonhuman-primates-standards-and-guidelines-for-the-breeding-care-and-management-of-laboratory-animals-a-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 62 %X Nonhuman Primates: Standards and Guidelines for the Breeding, Care, and Management of Laboratory Animals sets standards and guidelines for experimental colonies, to production colonies, and to facilities used by importers for maintaining and conditioning primates. Written in response to the increasing extent to which nonhuman primates are being used as laboratory animals, this report discusses facility design and construction and management procedures for the use of prosimians, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, baboons, and the great apes. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Waters, Mary C. %E Pineau, Marisa Gerstein %T The Integration of Immigrants into American Society %@ 978-0-309-37398-2 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21746/the-integration-of-immigrants-into-american-society %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21746/the-integration-of-immigrants-into-american-society %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 458 %X The United States prides itself on being a nation of immigrants, and the country has a long history of successfully absorbing people from across the globe. The integration of immigrants and their children contributes to our economic vitality and our vibrant and ever changing culture. We have offered opportunities to immigrants and their children to better themselves and to be fully incorporated into our society and in exchange immigrants have become Americans - embracing an American identity and citizenship, protecting our country through service in our military, fostering technological innovation, harvesting its crops, and enriching everything from the nation's cuisine to its universities, music, and art. Today, the 41 million immigrants in the United States represent 13.1 percent of the U.S. population. The U.S.-born children of immigrants, the second generation, represent another 37.1 million people, or 12 percent of the population. Thus, together the first and second generations account for one out of four members of the U.S. population. Whether they are successfully integrating is therefore a pressing and important question. Are new immigrants and their children being well integrated into American society, within and across generations? Do current policies and practices facilitate their integration? How is American society being transformed by the millions of immigrants who have arrived in recent decades? To answer these questions, this new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine summarizes what we know about how immigrants and their descendants are integrating into American society in a range of areas such as education, occupations, health, and language. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Toolkit for Rural Community Coordinated Transportation Services %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13751/toolkit-for-rural-community-coordinated-transportation-services %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13751/toolkit-for-rural-community-coordinated-transportation-services %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 428 %X TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 101: Toolkit for Rural Community Coordinated Transportation Services examines strategies and practices used to coordinate rural transportation services, and identifies model processes used for local coordination efforts in rural communities. A stand-alone executive summary of the report provides information, instructions, and lessons learned from rural communities that have implemented coordinated transportation services. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Graham, Robert %E McCoy, Margaret A. %E Schultz, Andrea M. %T Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival: A Time to Act %@ 978-0-309-37199-5 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21723/strategies-to-improve-cardiac-arrest-survival-a-time-to-act %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21723/strategies-to-improve-cardiac-arrest-survival-a-time-to-act %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 456 %X Cardiac arrest can strike a seemingly healthy individual of any age, race, ethnicity, or gender at any time in any location, often without warning. Cardiac arrest is the third leading cause of death in the United States, following cancer and heart disease. Four out of five cardiac arrests occur in the home, and more than 90 percent of individuals with cardiac arrest die before reaching the hospital. First and foremost, cardiac arrest treatment is a community issue - local resources and personnel must provide appropriate, high-quality care to save the life of a community member. Time between onset of arrest and provision of care is fundamental, and shortening this time is one of the best ways to reduce the risk of death and disability from cardiac arrest. Specific actions can be implemented now to decrease this time, and recent advances in science could lead to new discoveries in the causes of, and treatments for, cardiac arrest. However, specific barriers must first be addressed. Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival examines the complete system of response to cardiac arrest in the United States and identifies opportunities within existing and new treatments, strategies, and research that promise to improve the survival and recovery of patients. The recommendations of Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival provide high-priority actions to advance the field as a whole. This report will help citizens, government agencies, and private industry to improve health outcomes from sudden cardiac arrest across the United States. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Ploeg, Michele Ver %E Moffitt, Robert A. %E Citro, Constance F. %T Studies of Welfare Populations: Data Collection and Research Issues %@ 978-0-309-07623-4 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10206/studies-of-welfare-populations-data-collection-and-research-issues %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10206/studies-of-welfare-populations-data-collection-and-research-issues %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 537 %X This volume, a companion to Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition, is a collection of papers on data collection issues for welfare and low-income populations. The papers on survey issues cover methods for designing surveys taking into account nonresponse in advance, obtaining high response rates in telephone surveys, obtaining high response rates in in-person surveys, the effects of incentive payments, methods for adjusting for missing data in surveys of low-income populations, and measurement error issues in surveys, with a special focus on recall error. The papers on administrative data cover the issues of matching and cleaning, access and confidentiality, problems in measuring employment and income, and the availability of data on children. The papers on welfare leavers and welfare dynamics cover a comparison of existing welfare leaver studies, data from the state of Wisconsin on welfare leavers, and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth used to construct measures of heterogeneity in the welfare population based on the recipient's own welfare experience. A final paper discusses qualitative data. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Promising Practices for Strengthening the Regional STEM Workforce Development Ecosystem %@ 978-0-309-39111-5 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21894/promising-practices-for-strengthening-the-regional-stem-workforce-development-ecosystem %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21894/promising-practices-for-strengthening-the-regional-stem-workforce-development-ecosystem %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 122 %X U.S. strength in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines has formed the basis of innovations, technologies, and industries that have spurred the nation's economic growth throughout the last 150 years. Universities are essential to the creation and transfer of new knowledge that drives innovation. This knowledge moves out of the university and into broader society in several ways – through highly skilled graduates (i.e. human capital); academic publications; and the creation of new products, industries, and companies via the commercialization of scientific breakthroughs. Despite this, our understanding of how universities receive, interpret, and respond to industry signaling demands for STEM-trained workers is far from complete. Promising Practices for Strengthening the Regional STEM Workforce Development Ecosystem reviews the extent to which universities and employers in five metropolitan communities (Phoenix, Arizona; Cleveland, Ohio; Montgomery, Alabama; Los Angeles, California; and Fargo, North Dakota) collaborate successfully to align curricula, labs, and other undergraduate educational experiences with current and prospective regional STEM workforce needs. This report focuses on how to create the kind of university-industry collaboration that promotes higher quality college and university course offerings, lab activities, applied learning experiences, work-based learning programs, and other activities that enable students to acquire knowledge, skills, and attributes they need to be successful in the STEM workforce. The recommendations and findings presented will be most relevant to educators, policy makers, and industry leaders. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Burkhardt, Jon E. %E Bernstein, David J. %E Kulbicki, Kathryn %E Eby, David W. %E Molnar, Lisa J. %E Nelson, Charles A. %E McLary, James M. %T Travel Training for Older Adults Part II: Research Report and Case Studies %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22298/travel-training-for-older-adults-part-ii-research-report-and-case-studies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22298/travel-training-for-older-adults-part-ii-research-report-and-case-studies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 0 %X TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 168: Travel Training for Older Adults Travel Training for Older Adults, Part II: Research Report and Case Studies presents a comprehensive roadmap for designing a travel training program to meet the mobility needs of older persons. This supplemental research report reviews the research plan that produced this report as well as the case studies used to formulate the overall strategic program.The Handbook, Part I, addresses the primary components of an effective travel training program to meet the mobility needs of older persons. It provides an extensive set of guidelines for transit agencies and human services providers on how to build and implement training programs to help older adults who are able to use fixed-route public transit.An Executive Summary brochure summarizes the highlights of TCRP Report 168, Parts I and II. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %E Pearson, Greg %E Young, A. Thomas %T Technically Speaking: Why All Americans Need to Know More About Technology %@ 978-0-309-08262-4 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10250/technically-speaking-why-all-americans-need-to-know-more-about %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10250/technically-speaking-why-all-americans-need-to-know-more-about %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Engineering and Technology %P 170 %X Cell phones . . . airbags . . . genetically modified food . . . the Internet. These are all emblems of modern life. You might ask what we would do without them. But an even more interesting question might be what would we do if we had to actually explain how they worked? The United States is riding a whirlwind of technological change. To be sure, there have been periods, such as the late 1800s, when new inventions appeared in society at a comparable rate. But the pace of change today, and its social, economic, and other impacts, are as significant and far reaching as at any other time in history. And it seems that the faster we embrace new technologies, the less we’re able to understand them. What is the long-term effect of this galloping technological revolution? In today’s new world, it is nothing less than a matter of responsible citizenship to grasp the nature and implications of technology. Technically Speaking provides a blueprint for bringing us all up to speed on the role of technology in our society, including understanding such distinctions as technology versus science and technological literacy versus technical competence. It clearly and decisively explains what it means to be a technologically-literate citizen. The book goes on to explore the context of technological literacy—the social, historical, political, and educational environments. This readable overview highlights specific issues of concern: the state of technological studies in K-12 schools, the reach of the Internet into our homes and lives, and the crucial role of technology in today’s economy and workforce. Three case studies of current issues—car airbags, genetically modified foods, and the California energy crisis—illustrate why ordinary citizens need to understand technology to make responsible decisions. This fascinating book from the National Academy of Engineering is enjoyable to read and filled with contemporary examples. It will be important to anyone interested in understanding how the world around them works. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %T Community-Based Health Literacy Interventions: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46667-7 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24917/community-based-health-literacy-interventions-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24917/community-based-health-literacy-interventions-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 244 %X In its landmark report, Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion, the Institute of Medicine noted that there are 90 million adults in the United States with limited health literacy who cannot fully benefit from what the health and health care systems have to offer. Since the release of that report, health literacy has become a vibrant research field that has developed and disseminated a wide range of tools and practices that have helped organizations, ranging in size from large health care systems to individual health care providers and pharmacists, to engage in health literate discussions with and provide health literate materials for patients and family members. Improving the health literacy of organizations can be an important component of addressing the social determinants of health and achieving the triple aim of improving the patient experience, improving the health of populations, and reducing the cost of care. However, the focus on organizations does not address the larger issue of how to improve health literacy across the U.S. population. To get a better understanding of the state of community-based health literacy interventions, the Roundtable on Health Literacy hosted a workshop on July 19, 2017 on community-based health literacy interventions. It featured examples of community-based health literacy programs, discussions on how to evaluate such programs, and the actions the field can take to embrace this larger view of health literacy. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T How People Learn II: Learners, Contexts, and Cultures %@ 978-0-309-45964-8 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24783/how-people-learn-ii-learners-contexts-and-cultures %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24783/how-people-learn-ii-learners-contexts-and-cultures %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 346 %X There are many reasons to be curious about the way people learn, and the past several decades have seen an explosion of research that has important implications for individual learning, schooling, workforce training, and policy. In 2000, How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition was published and its influence has been wide and deep. The report summarized insights on the nature of learning in school-aged children; described principles for the design of effective learning environments; and provided examples of how that could be implemented in the classroom. Since then, researchers have continued to investigate the nature of learning and have generated new findings related to the neurological processes involved in learning, individual and cultural variability related to learning, and educational technologies. In addition to expanding scientific understanding of the mechanisms of learning and how the brain adapts throughout the lifespan, there have been important discoveries about influences on learning, particularly sociocultural factors and the structure of learning environments. How People Learn II: Learners, Contexts, and Cultures provides a much-needed update incorporating insights gained from this research over the past decade. The book expands on the foundation laid out in the 2000 report and takes an in-depth look at the constellation of influences that affect individual learning. How People Learn II will become an indispensable resource to understand learning throughout the lifespan for educators of students and adults. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Hilton, Margaret %T Research on Future Skill Demands: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-11479-0 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12066/research-on-future-skill-demands-a-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12066/research-on-future-skill-demands-a-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Education %K Industry and Labor %P 126 %X Over the past five years, business and education groups have issued a series of reports indicating that the skill demands of work are rising, due to rapid technological change and increasing global competition. Researchers have begun to study changing workplace skill demands. Some economists have found that technological change is "skill-biased," increasing demand for highly skilled workers and contributing to the growing gap in wages between college-educated workers and those with less education. However, other studies of workplace skill demands have reached different conclusions. These differences result partly from differences in disciplinary perspective, research methods, and datasets. The findings of all of these strands of research on changing skill demands are limited by available methods and data sources. Because case study research focuses on individual work sites or occupations, its results may not be representative of larger industry or national trends. At a more basic level, there is some disagreement in the literature about how to define "skill". In part because of such disagreements, researchers have used a variety of measures of skill, making it difficult to compare findings from different studies or to accumulate knowledge of skill trends over time. In the context of this increasing discussion, the National Research Council held a workshop to explore the available research evidence related to two important guiding questions: What are the strengths and weaknesses of different research methods and data sources for providing insights about current and future changes in skill demands? What support does the available evidence (given the strengths and weaknesses of the methods and data sources) provide for the proposition that the skills required for the 21st century workplace will be meaningfully different from earlier eras and will require corresponding changes in educational preparation? %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E French, Melissa G. %T Health Literacy and Numeracy: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-29980-0 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18660/health-literacy-and-numeracy-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18660/health-literacy-and-numeracy-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 164 %X Although health literacy is commonly defined as an individual trait, it does not depend on the skills of individuals alone. Health literacy is the product of the interaction between individuals' capacities and the health literacy-related demands and complexities of the health care system. Specifically, the ability to understand, evaluate, and use numbers is important to making informed health care choices. Health Literacy and Numeracy is the summary of a workshop convened by The Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Health Literacy in July 2013 to discuss topics related to numeracy, including the effects of ill health on cognitive capacity, issues with communication of health information to the public, and communicating numeric information for decision making. This report includes a paper commissioned by the Roundtable, "Numeracy and the Affordable Care Act: Opportunities and Challenges," that discusses research findings about people's numeracy skill levels; the kinds of numeracy skills that are needed to select a health plan, choose treatments, and understand medication instructions; and how providers should communicate with those with low numeracy skills. The paper was featured in the workshop and served as the basis of discussion. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T Engineering Studies at Tribal Colleges and Universities %@ 978-0-309-10127-1 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11582/engineering-studies-at-tribal-colleges-and-universities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11582/engineering-studies-at-tribal-colleges-and-universities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Engineering and Technology %P 71 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Preparing for the Revolution: Information Technology and the Future of the Research University %@ 978-0-309-08640-0 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10545/preparing-for-the-revolution-information-technology-and-the-future-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10545/preparing-for-the-revolution-information-technology-and-the-future-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Education %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 92 %X The rapid evolution of information technology (IT) is transforming our society and its institutions. For the most knowledge-intensive entities of all, research universities, profound IT-related challenges and opportunities will emerge in the next decade or so. Yet, there is a sense that some of the most significant issues are not well understood by academic administrators, faculty, and those who support or depend on the institution's activities. This study identifies those information technologies likely to evolve in the near term (a decade or less) that could ultimately have a major impact on the research university. It also examines the possible implications of these technologies for the research university—its activities (learning, research, outreach) and its organization, management, and financing—and for the broader higher education enterprise. The authoring committee urges research universities and their constituents to develop new strategies to ensure that they survive and thrive in the digital age. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Losing Generations: Adolescents in High-Risk Settings %@ 978-0-309-05234-4 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2113/losing-generations-adolescents-in-high-risk-settings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2113/losing-generations-adolescents-in-high-risk-settings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 288 %X At least 7 million young Americans—fully one-quarter of adolescents 10 to 17 years old—may be at risk of failing to achieve productive adult lives. They use drugs, engage in unprotected sex, drop out of school, and sometimes commit crimes, effectively closing the door to their own futures. And the costs to society are enormous: school and social services are overwhelmed, and our nation faces the future with a diminished citizenry. This penetrating book argues that the problems of troubled youth cannot be separated from the settings in which those youths live—settings that have deteriorated significantly in the past two decades. A distinguished panel examines what works and what does not in the effort to support and nurture adolescents and offers models for successful programs. This volume presents an eye-opening look at what millions of the nation's youths confront every day of their lives, addressing: How the decline in economic security for young working parents affects their children's life chances. How dramatic changes in household structure and the possibilities of family and community violence threaten adolescents' development. How the decline of neighborhoods robs children of a safe environment. How adolescents' health needs go unmet in the current system. Losing Generations turns the spotlight on those institutions youths need—the health care system, schools, the criminal justice, and the child welfare and foster home systems—and how they are functioning. Difficult issues are addressed with study results and insightful analyses: access of poor youths to health insurance coverage, inequities in school funding, how child welfare agencies provide for adolescents in their care, and the high percentage of young black men in the criminal justice system. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Building America's Skilled Technical Workforce %@ 978-0-309-44006-6 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23472/building-americas-skilled-technical-workforce %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23472/building-americas-skilled-technical-workforce %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 258 %X Skilled technical occupations—defined as occupations that require a high level of knowledge in a technical domain but do not require a bachelor’s degree for entry—are a key component of the U.S. economy. In response to globalization and advances in science and technology, American firms are demanding workers with greater proficiency in literacy and numeracy, as well as strong interpersonal, technical, and problem-solving skills. However, employer surveys and industry and government reports have raised concerns that the nation may not have an adequate supply of skilled technical workers to achieve its competitiveness and economic growth objectives. In response to the broader need for policy information and advice, Building America’s Skilled Technical Workforce examines the coverage, effectiveness, flexibility, and coordination of the policies and various programs that prepare Americans for skilled technical jobs. This report provides action-oriented recommendations for improving the American system of technical education, training, and certification. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Hernandez, Lyla M. %T Measures of Health Literacy: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-13980-9 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12690/measures-of-health-literacy-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12690/measures-of-health-literacy-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 142 %X Health literacy--the ability for individuals to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services to facilitate appropriate health decisions--is increasingly recognized as an important facet of health care and health outcomes. Although research on health literacy has grown tremendously in the past decade, there is no widely agreed-upon framework for health literacy as a determinant of health outcomes. Most instruments focus on assessing an individual's health literacy, yet the scope of health literacy reaches far beyond an individual's skills and abilities. Health literacy occurs in the context of the health care system, and therefore measures of health literacy must also assess the demands and complexities of the health care systems with which patients interact. For example, measures are needed to determine how well the system has been organized so that it can be navigated by individuals with different levels of health literacy and how well health organizations are doing at making health information understandable and actionable. To examine what is known about measures of health literacy, the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop. The workshop, summarized in this volume, reviews the current status of measures of health literacy, including those used in the health care setting; discusses possible surrogate measures that might be used to assess health literacy; and explores ways in which health literacy measures can be used to assess patient-centered approaches to care. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Travis, Jeremy %E Western, Bruce %E Redburn, Steve %T The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences %@ 978-0-309-29801-8 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18613/the-growth-of-incarceration-in-the-united-states-exploring-causes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18613/the-growth-of-incarceration-in-the-united-states-exploring-causes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 464 %X After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States more than quadrupled during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The U.S. prison population is largely drawn from the most disadvantaged part of the nation's population: mostly men under age 40, disproportionately minority, and poorly educated. Prisoners often carry additional deficits of drug and alcohol addictions, mental and physical illnesses, and lack of work preparation or experience. The growth of incarceration in the United States during four decades has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S. society. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines research and analysis of the dramatic rise of incarceration rates and its affects. This study makes the case that the United States has gone far past the point where the numbers of people in prison can be justified by social benefits and has reached a level where these high rates of incarceration themselves constitute a source of injustice and social harm. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States recommends changes in sentencing policy, prison policy, and social policy to reduce the nation's reliance on incarceration. The report also identifies important research questions that must be answered to provide a firmer basis for policy. The study assesses the evidence and its implications for public policy to inform an extensive and thoughtful public debate about and reconsideration of policies.