TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Attracting PhDs to K-12 Education: A Demonstration Program for Science, Mathematics, and Technology SN - DO - 10.17226/10433 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10433/attracting-phds-to-k-12-education-a-demonstration-program-for PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The National Research Council (NRC) has undertaken a three-phase project to explore the possibility of a program to attract science, mathematics and engineering PhDs to careers in K-12 education. The first phase of the project surveyed the interests of recent PhDs in science and mathematics in pursuing careers in secondary education. Analysis of the Phase I data suggests that a significant percentage of PhDs might be interested in pursuing careers in secondary education under some circumstances. This report from the second phase of the project presents a proposal for a national demonstration program to determine how one might prepare PhDs to be productive members of the K-12 education community. The proposed program is designed to help meet the needs of the nation's schools, while providing further career opportunities for recent PhDs in science, mathematics and engineering. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - An Assessment of the Need for Native Seeds and the Capacity for Their Supply: Interim Report SN - DO - 10.17226/25859 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25859/an-assessment-of-the-need-for-native-seeds-and-the-capacity-for-their-supply PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Across the United States, millions of acres of land have been so disturbed by human activities or severe climate events that significant portions of their native plant communities have been lost and their ecosystems have been seriously compromised. Restoring impaired ecosystems requires a supply of diverse native plant seeds that are well suited to the climates, soils, and other living species of the system. Native seeds are also in demand for applications in urban land management, roadside maintenance, conservation agriculture, and other restorative activities that take into account the connection between native plant communities and the increasingly urgent need for resilient landscapes. Given the varied climatic and environmental niches of the more than 17,000 native plant species of the United States, supplying the desired seed types and species mixes for this wide range of activities is a challenge. As the first phase of a nationwide analysis of the full scope of needs for native plant seeds, this interim report describes the participants in the native plant seed supply chain, makes preliminary observations, and proposes an information-gathering plan for the second phase of the assessment. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Ruxandra Floroiu A2 - Richard T. Sylves TI - Alerting America: Effective Risk Communication: Summary of a Forum DO - 10.17226/10652 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10652/alerting-america-effective-risk-communication-summary-of-a-forum PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English AB - This is a summary of presentations and discussion from a forum on risk communication convened by the Natural Disasters Roundtable. Issues related to risk communication were discussed at the forum by speakers and participants from the scientific community, local and federal agencies, and media organizations. The need for more research and actions to further the nation’s risk communication capacity and make communities less vulnerable to natural, technological, and human-induced disasters was an overarching theme of the day. This summary is authored by Ruxandra Floroiu, formerly of the National Research Council and by Richard T. Sylves, University of Delaware. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Investing in Research Infrastructure in the Behavioral and Social Sciences SN - DO - 10.17226/6276 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6276/investing-in-research-infrastructure-in-the-behavioral-and-social-sciences PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Policy for Science and Technology ER - TY - BOOK TI - GEWEX-CLIVAR: Coordination of U.S. Activities DO - 10.17226/9653 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9653/gewex-clivar-coordination-of-us-activities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Climate Change and Ecosystems DO - 10.17226/25504 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25504/climate-change-and-ecosystems PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The National Academies convened a forum on November 8-9, 2018 to highlight current research frontiers such as the effects of climate extremes, interactions among climate and other stressors, the timing, sequence, and clustering of climate-related events, and tipping points for abrupt change. Topics of discussion at the forum pertained to the changes ecosystems are currently undergoing, sustaining ecosystems, the impact of ecosystems on global climate change, societal adaptation to climate change, and priorities for future research. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the forum. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Improving Student Learning in Mathematics and Science: The Role of National Standards in State Policy SN - DO - 10.17226/5844 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5844/improving-student-learning-in-mathematics-and-science-the-role-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK TI - Science and Human Rights DO - 10.17226/9733 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9733/science-and-human-rights PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Why does the National Academy of Sciences have a Committee on Human Rights? How does the committee define human rights and which rights are fundamental? Does a focus on human rights undermine efforts toward international scientific cooperation , development, political stability, or nuclear disarmament? Why does the committee work only in behalf of scientists and how do scientists become victims of human rights violations? How and why do some health professionals collude with torturers? These questions are typical of those asked frequently of the members and staff of the academy's Committee on Human Rights. They are important questions that this document helps to answer. Science and Human Rights is the summary of the presentation and discussion of a Symposium convened by the National Academy of Sciences to discuss these issues. Also included in this report are three major papers written by former prisoners from Chile, South Africa, and the Soviet Union. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management: Proceedings of a Symposium May 24-25, 1990 Santa Fe, New Mexico SN - DO - 10.17226/1832 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1832/colorado-river-ecology-and-dam-management-proceedings-of-a-symposium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - This book contains 11 papers that review the extant information about the Colorado River from an ecosystem perspective and serve as the basis for discussion of the use of ecosystem/earth science information for river management and dam operations. It also contains a synopsis of the committee's findings and recommendations to the Bureau of Reclamation as the agency seeks to change its direction to the management of natural resources. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change SN - DO - 10.17226/12784 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12784/informing-an-effective-response-to-climate-change PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - Global climate change is one of America's most significant long-term policy challenges. Human activity—especially the use of fossil fuels, industrial processes, livestock production, waste disposal, and land use change—is affecting global average temperatures, snow and ice cover, sea-level, ocean acidity, growing seasons and precipitation patterns, ecosystems, and human health. Climate-related decisions are being carried out by almost every agency of the federal government, as well as many state and local government leaders and agencies, businesses and individual citizens. Decision makers must contend with the availability and quality of information, the efficacy of proposed solutions, the unanticipated consequences resulting from decisions, the challenge of implementing chosen actions, and must consider how to sustain the action over time and respond to new information. Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change, a volume in the America's Climate Choices series, describes and assesses different activities, products, strategies, and tools for informing decision makers about climate change and helping them plan and execute effective, integrated responses. It discusses who is making decisions (on the local, state, and national levels), who should be providing information to make decisions, and how that information should be provided. It covers all levels of decision making, including international, state, and individual decision making. While most existing research has focused on the physical aspect of climate change, Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change employs theory and case study to describe the efforts undertaken so far, and to guide the development of future decision-making resources. Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change offers much-needed guidance to those creating public policy and assists in implementing that policy. The information presented in this book will be invaluable to the research community, especially social scientists studying climate change; practitioners of decision-making assistance, including advocacy organizations, non-profits, and government agencies; and college-level teachers and students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Ecological Risks: Perspectives from Poland and the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/1608 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1608/ecological-risks-perspectives-from-poland-and-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Nina V. Fedoroff A2 - Nancy Marie Brown TI - Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist's View of Genetically Modified Foods SN - DO - 10.17226/11000 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11000/mendel-in-the-kitchen-a-scientists-view-of-genetically-modified PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - While European restaurants race to footnote menus, reassuring concerned gourmands that no genetically modified ingredients were used in the preparation of their food, starving populations around the world eagerly await the next harvest of scientifically improved crops. Mendel in the Kitchen provides a clear and balanced picture of this tangled, tricky (and very timely) topic. Any farmer you talk to could tell you that we've been playing with the genetic makeup of our food for millennia, carefully coaxing nature to do our bidding. The practice officially dates back to Gregor Mendel -- who was not a renowned scientist, but a 19th century Augustinian monk. Mendel spent many hours toiling in his garden, testing and cultivating more than 28,000 pea plants, selectively determining very specific characteristics of the peas that were produced, ultimately giving birth to the idea of heredity -- and the now very common practice of artificially modifying our food. But as science takes the helm, steering common field practices into the laboratory, the world is now keenly aware of how adept we have become at tinkering with nature --which in turn has produced a variety of questions. Are genetically modified foods really safe? Will the foods ultimately make us sick, perhaps in ways we can't even imagine? Isn't it genuinely dangerous to change the nature of nature itself? Nina Fedoroff, a leading geneticist and recognized expert in biotechnology, answers these questions, and more. Addressing the fear and mistrust that is rapidly spreading, Federoff and her co-author, science writer Nancy Brown, weave a narrative rich in history, technology, and science to dispel myths and misunderstandings. In the end, Fedoroff arues, plant biotechnology can help us to become better stewards of the earth while permitting us to feed ourselves and generations of children to come. Indeed, this new approach to agriculture holds the promise of being the most environmentally conservative way to increase our food supply. ER - TY - BOOK TI - 1993 Data Forum: A Review of an Implementation Plan for U.S. Global Change Date and Information Systems DO - 10.17226/9239 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9239/1993-data-forum-a-review-of-an-implementation-plan-for PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences ER - TY - BOOK TI - Symposium on Naval Warfare and Coastal Oceanography: Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek, Virginia, April 29-May 2, 1991 DO - 10.17226/9946 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9946/symposium-on-naval-warfare-and-coastal-oceanography-naval-amphibious-base PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Earth Sciences ER - TY - BOOK TI - Scientists and Human Rights in Chile: Report of a Delegation DO - 10.17226/9732 PY - 1985 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9732/scientists-and-human-rights-in-chile-report-of-a-delegation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Forest Trees SN - DO - 10.17226/1582 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1582/forest-trees PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Earth Sciences AB - News reports concerning decline of the world's forests are becoming sadly familiar. Most losses are measured in square kilometers, but a more profound loss cannot be measured. As forests disappear, so do their genetic resources. The genes they possess can no longer aid in their adaptation to a changing environment, nor can they be used to develop improved varieties or products. This book assesses the status of the world's tree genetic resources and management efforts. Strategies for meeting future needs and alternatives to harvesting natural forests are presented. The book also outlines methods and technologies for management, evaluates activities now under way, and makes specific recommendations for a global strategy for forest management. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition DO - 10.17226/6024 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6024/science-and-creationism-a-view-from-the-national-academy-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Education AB - While the mechanisms of evolution are still under investigation, scientists universally accept that the cosmos, our planet, and life evolved and continue to evolve. Yet the teaching of evolution to schoolchildren is still contentious. In Science and Creationism, The National Academy of Sciences states unequivocally that creationism has no place in any science curriculum at any level. Briefly and clearly, this booklet explores the nature of science, reviews the evidence for the origin of the universe and earth, and explains the current scientific understanding of biological evolution. This edition includes new insights from astronomy and molecular biology. Attractive in presentation and authoritative in content, Science and Creationism will be useful to anyone concerned about America's scientific literacy: education policymakers, school boards and administrators, curriculum designers, librarians, teachers, parents, and students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Perspectives on Biodiversity: Valuing Its Role in an Everchanging World SN - DO - 10.17226/9589 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9589/perspectives-on-biodiversity-valuing-its-role-in-an-everchanging-world PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Resource-management decisions, especially in the area of protecting and maintaining biodiversity, are usually incremental, limited in time by the ability to forecast conditions and human needs, and the result of tradeoffs between conservation and other management goals. The individual decisions may not have a major effect but can have a cumulative major effect. Perspectives on Biodiversity reviews current understanding of the value of biodiversity and the methods that are useful in assessing that value in particular circumstances. It recommends and details a list of components—including diversity of species, genetic variability within and among species, distribution of species across the ecosystem, the aesthetic satisfaction derived from diversity, and the duty to preserve and protect biodiversity. The book also recommends that more information about the role of biodiversity in sustaining natural resources be gathered and summarized in ways useful to managers. Acknowledging that decisions about biodiversity are necessarily qualitative and change over time because of the nonmarket nature of so many of the values, the committee recommends periodic reviews of management decisions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - David W. Cash A2 - James Buizer TI - Knowledge-Action Systems for Seasonal to Interannual Climate Forecasting: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/11204 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11204/knowledge-action-systems-for-seasonal-to-interannual-climate-forecasting-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - The National Academies' Roundtable on Science and Technology for Sustainability hosted a workshop "Knowledge-Action Systems for Seasonal to Interannual Climate Forecasting" in 2004 to discover and distill general lessons about the design of effective systems for linking knowledge with action from the last decade's experience with the production and application of seasonal to interannual climate forecasts. Workshop participants described lessons they had learned based on their experiences developing, applying, and using decision support systems in the United States, Columbia, Brazil, and Australia. Some of the key lessons discussed, as characterized by David Cash and James Buizer, were that effective knowledge-action systems: define and frame the problem to be addressed via collaboration between knowledge users and knowledge producers; tend to be end-to-end systems that link user needs to basic scientific findings and observations; are often anchored in "boundary organizations" that act as intermediaries between nodes in the system - most notably between scientists and decision makers; feature flexible processes and institutions to be responsive to what is learned; use funding strategies tailored to the dual public/private character of such systems; and require people who can work across disciplines, issue areas, and the knowledge–action interface. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Ocean-Atmosphere Observations Supporting Short-Term Climate Predictions DO - 10.17226/20945 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20945/ocean-atmosphere-observations-supporting-short-term-climate-predictions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Earth Sciences ER -