@BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Countermeasures Assessment and Security Experts, LLC and Transportation Resource Associates, Inc.", title = "Tools and Strategies for Eliminating Assaults Against Transit Operators, Volume 2: User Guide", abstract = "TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Report 193: Tools and Strategies for Eliminating Assaults Against Transit Operators, Volume 2: User Guide provides potential countermeasures and strategies to prevent or mitigate assaults against transit operators. The User Guide includes an operator assault risk management toolbox developed to support transit agencies in their efforts to prevent, mitigate, and respond to assaults against operators. The User Guide also provides transit agencies with guidance in the use and deployment of the vulnerability self-assessment tool and the route-based risk calculator and includes supportive checklists, guidelines, and methodologies.Transit industry policies, practices, and operating procedures related to preventing, mitigating, and responding to operator assaults are not uniform. The policies and procedures set by the transit agency and situational and design factors can shape mitigation approaches. The format, scale, and implementation of these measures vary greatly among transit agencies. Many agencies have written policies that address workplace violence prevention, but they vary widely in content, scope, and application. Relevant skills and training required by transit operators to address this issue vary as well.TCRP Research Report 193: Tools and Strategies for Eliminating Assaults Against Transit Operators, Volume 1: Research Overview documents the materials and methodology used to develop Volume 2: User Guide.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25114/tools-and-strategies-for-eliminating-assaults-against-transit-operators-volume-2-user-guide", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Albert J. Reiss, Jr. and Jeffrey A. Roth", title = "Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 1", isbn = "978-0-309-05476-8", abstract = "By conservative estimates, more than 16,000 violent crimes are committed or attempted every day in the United States. Violence involves many factors and spurs many viewpoints, and this diversity impedes our efforts to make the nation safer.\nNow a landmark volume from the National Research Council presents the first comprehensive, readable synthesis of America's experience of violence\u2014offering a fresh, interdisciplinary approach to understanding and preventing interpersonal violence and its consequences. Understanding and Preventing Violence provides the most complete, up-to-date responses available to these fundamental questions:\n\n How much violence occurs in America?\n How do different processes\u2014biological, psychosocial, situational, and social\u2014interact to determine violence levels?\n What preventive strategies are suggested by our current knowledge of violence?\n What are the most critical research needs?\n\nUnderstanding and Preventing Violence explores the complexity of violent behavior in our society and puts forth a new framework for analyzing risk factors for violent events. From this framework the authors identify a number of \"triggering\" events, situational elements, and predisposing factors to violence\u2014as well as many promising approaches to intervention.\nLeading authorities explore such diverse but related topics as crime statistics; biological influences on violent behavior; the prison population explosion; developmental and public health perspectives on violence; violence in families; and the relationship between violence and race, ethnicity, poverty, guns, alcohol, and drugs.\nUsing four case studies, the volume reports on the role of evaluation in violence prevention policy. It also assesses current federal support for violence research and offers specific science policy recommendations.\nThis breakthrough book will be a key resource for policymakers in criminal and juvenile justice, law enforcement authorities, criminologists, psychologists, sociologists, public health professionals, researchers, faculty, students, and anyone interested in understanding and preventing violence.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1861/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-1", year = 1993, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Joe Alper and Melissa French and Alexis Wojtowicz", title = "Health Systems Interventions to Prevent Firearm Injuries and Death: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-48839-6", abstract = "Firearm injuries and death are a serious public health concern in the United States. Firearm-related injuries account for tens of thousands of premature deaths of adults and children each year and significantly increase the burden of injury and disability. Firearm injuries are also costly to the health system, accounting for nearly $3 billion in emergency department and inpatient care each year.\n\nThe National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to examine the roles that health systems can play in addressing the epidemic of firearm violence in the United States. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25354/health-systems-interventions-to-prevent-firearm-injuries-and-death-proceedings", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Rosemary Chalk and Patricia A. King", title = "Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs", isbn = "978-0-309-05496-6", abstract = "Reports of mistreated children, domestic violence, and abuse of elderly persons continue to strain the capacity of police, courts, social services agencies, and medical centers. At the same time, myriad treatment and prevention programs are providing services to victims and offenders. Although limited research knowledge exists regarding the effectiveness of these programs, such information is often scattered, inaccessible, and difficult to obtain.\nViolence in Families takes the first hard look at the successes and failures of family violence interventions. It offers recommendations to guide services, programs, policy, and research on victim support and assistance, treatments and penalties for offenders, and law enforcement. Included is an analysis of more than 100 evaluation studies on the outcomes of different kinds of programs and services.\nViolence in Families provides the most comprehensive review on the topic to date. It explores the scope and complexity of family violence, including identification of the multiple types of victims and offenders, who require different approaches to intervention. The book outlines new strategies that offer promising approaches for service providers and researchers and for improving the evaluation of prevention and treatment services. Violence in Families discusses issues that underlie all types of family violence, such as the tension between family support and the protection of children, risk factors that contribute to violent behavior in families, and the balance between family privacy and community interventions.\nThe core of the book is a research-based review of interventions used in three institutional sectors\u2014social services, health, and law enforcement settings\u2014and how to measure their effectiveness in combating maltreatment of children, domestic violence, and abuse of the elderly. Among the questions explored by the committee: Does the child protective services system work? Does the threat of arrest deter batterers? The volume discusses the strength of the evidence and highlights emerging links among interventions in different institutional settings.\nThorough, readable, and well organized, Violence in Families synthesizes what is known and outlines what needs to be discovered. This volume will be of great interest to policymakers, social services providers, health care professionals, police and court officials, victim advocates, researchers, and concerned individuals.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5285/violence-in-families-assessing-prevention-and-treatment-programs", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Darla Thompson", title = "Community Violence as a Population Health Issue: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "In June 2016 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on public health approaches to reducing and preventing community violence. Participants discussed the effects of trauma and violence on communities and explored approaches that communities and multi-sector partners are using to build safe, resilient, and healthy communities. They also explored community- and hospital-based anti-violence programs, community policing, blight reduction, and the community\u2019s participation in initiatives, including the youth and adults at risk or responsible for much of the violence in communities. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23668/community-violence-as-a-population-health-issue-proceedings-of-a", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Richard J. Bonnie and Carolyn E. Fulco and Catharyn T. Liverman", title = "Reducing the Burden of Injury: Advancing Prevention and Treatment", isbn = "978-0-309-06566-5", abstract = "Injuries are the leading cause of death and disability among people under age 35 in the United States. Despite great strides in injury prevention over the decades, injuries result in 150,000 deaths, 2.6 million hospitalizations, and 36 million visits to the emergency room each year.\nReducing the Burden of Injury describes the cost and magnitude of the injury problem in America and looks critically at the current response by the public and private sectors, including:\n\n Data and surveillance needs.\n Research priorities.\n Trauma care systems development.\n Infrastructure support, including training for injury professionals.\n Firearm safety.\n Coordination among federal agencies.\n\nThe authors define the field of injury and establish boundaries for the field regarding intentional injuries. This book highlights the crosscutting nature of the injury field, identifies opportunities to leverage resources and expertise of the numerous parties involved, and discusses issues regarding leadership at the federal level.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6321/reducing-the-burden-of-injury-advancing-prevention-and-treatment", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Darla Thompson and Joe Alper", title = "Community Violence as a Population Health Issue: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-45047-8", abstract = "On June 16, 2016, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement held a workshop at the Lutheran Church of the Good Shepherd in Brooklyn, New York, to explore the influence of trauma and violence on communities. The workshop highlighted examples of community-based organizations using trauma-informed approaches to treat violence and build safe and healthy communities. Presentations showcased examples that can serve as models in different sectors and communities and shared lessons learned. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the event.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23661/community-violence-as-a-population-health-issue-proceedings-of-a", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Justin Snair and Anna Nicholson and Claire Giammaria", title = "Countering Violent Extremism Through Public Health Practice: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-45365-3", abstract = "Countering violent extremism consists of various prevention and intervention approaches to increase the resilience of communities and individuals to radicalization toward violent extremism, to provide nonviolent avenues for expressing grievances, and to educate communities about the threat of recruitment and radicalization to violence. To explore the application of health approaches in community-level strategies to countering violent extremism and radicalization, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a public workshop in September 2016. Participants explored the evolving threat of violent extremism and radicalization within communities across America, traditional versus health-centered approaches to countering violent extremism and radicalization, and opportunities for cross-sector and interdisciplinary collaboration and learning among domestic and international stakeholders and organizations. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24638/countering-violent-extremism-through-public-health-practice-proceedings-of-a", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Roundtable on Population Health Improvement: Annual Report 2023", abstract = "The Roundtable on Population Health Improvement was established in February 2013 to bring together philanthropy, community-based organizations, health care delivery, governmental public health, academia, and business in a wide-ranging dialogue about what is needed to improve health in the United States and across diverse populations. In 2023, the roundtable hosted workshops, webinars, and other activities that continued its exploration of the social drivers of health of past and persisting racially unjust systems and structures that shape those drivers.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27514/roundtable-on-population-health-improvement-annual-report-2023", year = 2024, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Harvard University", title = "Violence in Urban America: Mobilizing a Response", isbn = "978-0-309-05039-5", abstract = "In this summary of a unique conference on urban violence, mayors, police chiefs, local, state, and federal agency experts, and researchers provide a wealth of practical ideas to combat violence in urban America. This book will be a valuable guide to concerned community residents as well as local officials in designing new approaches to the violence that afflicts America's cities.\nsingle copy, $12.95; 2-9 copies, $9.95 each; 10 or more copies, $6.95 each (no other discounts apply)", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4419/violence-in-urban-america-mobilizing-a-response", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Jens-Uwe Kuhn and Nizam Arain and Justin Bell and Brianna Davis and Helen Kaiser and Devin Madden and Guilene Prepetit and Kaaren Williamsen", title = "Strategies for Developing, Implementing, and Sustaining Sexual Harassment Bystander Intervention Programs for Faculty, Staff, and Graduate Students", abstract = "To address the persistent problem of sexual harassment within higher education, research suggests that environments need to convey that sexual harassment is not a norm and actively discourage it when it does occur. One approach that researchers have identified as helping to create such environments is bystander intervention programs, which prepare and equip individuals to interrupt and intervene when harassing behavior occurs. This paper explores bystander intervention training approaches that are designed for the complex work environments within higher education, and considers how to apply the principles of bystander intervention to the experiences and environments of faculty, staff, and graduate students., Institutions within the Action Collaborative were asked a standard set of questions to learn about their experiences with commitment and buy-in from leadership, details on how the trainings were developed and what audience it was targeted to, and how the training programs were evaluated. The paper summarizes responses from seven of these institutions and ends with a call for additional research and action.\nThis individually-authored issue paper was created by members of the Prevention Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education to understand how institutions are addressing the gap in bystander intervention training for faculty, staff, and graduate students. The Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine brings together academic and research institutions and key stakeholders to work toward targeted, collective action on addressing and preventing sexual harassment across all disciplines and among all people in higher education. The Action Collaborative includes four working groups (Prevention, Response, Remediation, and Evaluation) that identify topics in need of research, gather information, and publish resources for the higher education community.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27266/strategies-for-developing-implementing-and-sustaining-sexual-harassment-bystander-intervention-programs-for-faculty-staff-and-graduate-students", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", editor = "Alan I. Leshner and Bruce M. Altevogt and Arlene F. Lee and Margaret A. McCoy and Patrick W. Kelley", title = "Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence", isbn = "978-0-309-28438-7", abstract = "In 2010, more than 105,000 people were injured or killed in the United States as the result of a firearm-related incident. Recent, highly publicized, tragic mass shootings in Newtown, CT; Aurora, CO; Oak Creek, WI; and Tucson, AZ, have sharpened the American public's interest in protecting our children and communities from the harmful effects of firearm violence. While many Americans legally use firearms for a variety of activities, fatal and nonfatal firearm violence poses a serious threat to public safety and welfare.\n\nIn January 2013, President Barack Obama issued 23 executive orders directing federal agencies to improve knowledge of the causes of firearm violence, what might help prevent it, and how to minimize its burden on public health. One of these orders directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to, along with other federal agencies, immediately begin identifying the most pressing problems in firearm violence research. The CDC and the CDC Foundation asked the IOM, in collaboration with the National Research Council, to convene a committee tasked with developing a potential research agenda that focuses on the causes of, possible interventions to, and strategies to minimize the burden of firearm-related violence. Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence focuses on the characteristics of firearm violence, risk and protective factors, interventions and strategies, the impact of gun safety technology, and the influence of video games and other media.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18319/priorities-for-research-to-reduce-the-threat-of-firearm-related-violence", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", editor = "Patti Simon and Steve Olson", title = "Building Capacity to Reduce Bullying: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-30398-9", abstract = "Bullying - long tolerated as just a part of growing up - finally has been recognized as a substantial and preventable health problem. Bullying is associated with anxiety, depression, poor school performance, and future delinquent behavior among its targets, and reports regularly surface of youth who have committed suicide at least in part because of intolerable bullying. Bullying also can have harmful effects on children who bully, on bystanders, on school climates, and on society at large. Bullying can occur at all ages, from before elementary school to after high school. It can take the form of physical violence, verbal attacks, social isolation, spreading rumors, or cyberbullying. Increased concern about bullying has led 49 states and the District of Columbia to enact anti-bullying legislation since 1999. In addition, research on the causes, consequences, and prevention of bullying has expanded greatly in recent decades. However, major gaps still exist in the understanding of bullying and of interventions that can prevent or mitigate the effects of bullying.\nBuilding Capacity to Reduce Bullying is the summary of a workshop convened by the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the Institute of Medicine and National Research Council in April 2014 to identify the conceptual models and interventions that have proven effective in decreasing bullying, examine models that could increase protective factors and mitigate the negative effects of bullying, and explore the appropriate roles of different groups in preventing bullying. This report reviews research on bullying prevention and intervention efforts as well as efforts in related areas of research and practice, implemented in a range of contexts and settings, including schools, peers, families, communities, laws and public policies, and technology. Building Capacity to Reduce Bullying considers how involvement or lack of involvement by these sectors influences opportunities for bullying, and appropriate roles for these sectors in preventing bullying. This report highlights current research on bullying prevention, considers what works and what does not work, and derives lessons learned.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18762/building-capacity-to-reduce-bullying-workshop-summary", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Felicia Cohn and Marla E. Salmon and John D. Stobo", title = "Confronting Chronic Neglect: The Education and Training of Health Professionals on Family Violence", isbn = "978-0-309-07431-5", abstract = "As many as 20 to 25 percent of American adults\u2014or one in every four people\u2014have been victimized by, witnesses of, or perpetrators of family violence in their lifetimes. Family violence affects more people than cancer, yet it's an issue that receives far less attention. Surprisingly, many assume that health professionals are deliberately turning a blind eye to this traumatic social problem. \nThe fact is, very little is being done to educate health professionals about family violence. Health professionals are often the first to encounter victims of abuse and neglect, and therefore they play a critical role in ensuring that victims\u2014as well as perpetrators\u2014get the help they need. Yet, despite their critical role, studies continue to describe a lack of education for health professionals about how to identify and treat family violence. And those that have been trained often say that, despite their education, they feel ill-equipped or lack support from by their employers to deal with a family violence victim, sometimes resulting in a failure to screen for abuse during a clinical encounter. \nEqually problematic, the few curricula in existence often lack systematic and rigorous evaluation. This makes it difficult to say whether or not the existing curricula even works. \nConfronting Chronic Neglect offers recommendations, such as creating education and research centers, that would help raise awareness of the problem on all levels. In addition, it recommends ways to involve health care professionals in taking some responsibility for responding to this difficult and devastating issue. \nPerhaps even more importantly, Confronting Chronic Neglect encourages society as a whole to share responsibility. Health professionals alone cannot solve this complex problem. Responding to victims of family violence and ultimately preventing its occurrence is a societal responsibility\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10127/confronting-chronic-neglect-the-education-and-training-of-health-professionals", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Nancy A. Crowell and Ann W. Burgess", title = "Understanding Violence Against Women", isbn = "978-0-309-05425-6", abstract = "Violence against women is one factor in the growing wave of alarm about violence in American society. High-profile cases such as the O.J. Simpson trial call attention to the thousands of lesser-known but no less tragic situations in which women's lives are shattered by beatings or sexual assault.\nThe search for solutions has highlighted not only what we know about violence against women but also what we do not know. How can we achieve the best understanding of this problem and its complex ramifications? What research efforts will yield the greatest benefit? What are the questions that must be answered?\nUnderstanding Violence Against Women presents a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and identifies four areas with the greatest potential return from a research investment by increasing the understanding of and responding to domestic violence and rape:\n\n What interventions are designed to do, whom they are reaching, and how to reach the many victims who do not seek help.\n Factors that put people at risk of violence and that precipitate violence, including characteristics of offenders.\n The scope of domestic violence and sexual assault in America and its conequences to individuals, families, and society, including costs.\n How to structure the study of violence against women to yield more useful knowledge.\n\nDespite the news coverage and talk shows, the real fundamental nature of violence against women remains unexplored and often misunderstood. Understanding Violence Against Women provides direction for increasing knowledge that can help ameliorate this national problem.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5127/understanding-violence-against-women", year = 1996, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Frederick Rivara and Suzanne Le Menestrel", title = "Preventing Bullying Through Science, Policy, and Practice", isbn = "978-0-309-44067-7", abstract = "Bullying has long been tolerated as a rite of passage among children and adolescents. There is an implication that individuals who are bullied must have \"asked for\" this type of treatment, or deserved it. Sometimes, even the child who is bullied begins to internalize this idea. For many years, there has been a general acceptance and collective shrug when it comes to a child or adolescent with greater social capital or power pushing around a child perceived as subordinate. But bullying is not developmentally appropriate; it should not be considered a normal part of the typical social grouping that occurs throughout a child's life.\nAlthough bullying behavior endures through generations, the milieu is changing. Historically, bulling has occurred at school, the physical setting in which most of childhood is centered and the primary source for peer group formation. In recent years, however, the physical setting is not the only place bullying is occurring. Technology allows for an entirely new type of digital electronic aggression, cyberbullying, which takes place through chat rooms, instant messaging, social media, and other forms of digital electronic communication.\nComposition of peer groups, shifting demographics, changing societal norms, and modern technology are contextual factors that must be considered to understand and effectively react to bullying in the United States. Youth are embedded in multiple contexts and each of these contexts interacts with individual characteristics of youth in ways that either exacerbate or attenuate the association between these individual characteristics and bullying perpetration or victimization. Recognizing that bullying behavior is a major public health problem that demands the concerted and coordinated time and attention of parents, educators and school administrators, health care providers, policy makers, families, and others concerned with the care of children, this report evaluates the state of the science on biological and psychosocial consequences of peer victimization and the risk and protective factors that either increase or decrease peer victimization behavior and consequences.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23482/preventing-bullying-through-science-policy-and-practice", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }