TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Hydroacoustic Impacts on Fish from Pile Installation DO - 10.17226/14596 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14596/hydroacoustic-impacts-on-fish-from-pile-installation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Results Digest 363: Hydroacoustic Impacts on Fish from Pile Installation explores the prediction and mitigation of the negative impacts on fish from underwater sound pressure during pile and casing installation and removal. Appendices A through H for RRD 363 are available online. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Deborah Cory-Slechta A2 - Roberta Wedge TI - Gulf War and Health: Volume 10: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War, 2016 SN - DO - 10.17226/21840 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21840/gulf-war-and-health-volume-10-update-of-health-effects PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - For the United States, the 1991 Persian Gulf War was a brief and successful military operation with few injuries and deaths. However, soon after returning from duty, a large number of veterans began reporting health problems they believed were associated with their service in the Gulf. At the request of Congress, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has been conducting an ongoing review of the evidence to determine veterans' long-term health problems and potential causes. The fourth volume in the series, released in 2006, summarizes the long-term health problems seen in Gulf War veterans. In 2010, the IOM released an update that focuses on existing health problems and identifies possible new ones, considering evidence collected since the initial summary. Gulf War and Health: Volume 10 is an update of the scientific and medical literature on the health effects associated with deployment to the Gulf War that were identified in Volumes 4 and 8. This report reviews and evaluates the associations between illness and exposure to toxic agents, environmental or wartime hazards, or preventive measures and vaccines associated with Gulf War service, and provides recommendations for future research efforts on Gulf War veterans. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Ben Wheatley TI - Regionalizing Emergency Care: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12872 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12872/regionalizing-emergency-care-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During medical emergencies, hospital staff and emergency medical services (EMS) providers, can face barriers in delivering the fastest and best possible care. Overcrowded emergency rooms cannot care for patients as quickly as necessary, and some may divert ambulances and turn away new patients outright. In many states, ambulance staff lacks the means to determine which hospitals can provide the best care to a patient. Given this absence of knowledge, they bring patients to the closest hospital. In addition, because emergency service providers from different companies compete with each other for patients, and emergency care legislation varies from state to state, it is difficult to establish the necessary local, interstate, and national communication and collaboration to create a more efficient system. In 2006, the IOM recommended that the federal government implement a regionalized emergency care system to improve cooperation and overcome these challenges. In a regionalized system, local hospitals and EMS providers would coordinate their efforts so that patients would be brought to hospitals based on the hospitals' capacity and expertise to best meet patients' needs. In September 2009, three years after making these recommendations, the IOM held a workshop sponsored by the federal Emergency Care Coordination Center to assess the nation's progress toward regionalizing emergency care. The workshop brought together policymakers and stakeholders, including nurses, EMS personnel, hospital administrators, and others involved in emergency care. Participants identified successes and shortcomings in previous regionalization efforts; examined the many factors involved in successfully implementing regionalization; and discussed future challenges to regionalizing emergency care. This document summarizes the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Renewable Power Pathways: A Review of the U.S. Department of Energy's Renewable Energy Programs SN - DO - 10.17226/9843 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9843/renewable-power-pathways-a-review-of-the-us-department-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - Renewable Power Pathways is the result of a study by the National Research Council (NRC) Committee for the Programmatic Review of the Office of Power Technologies (OPT) review of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Power Technologies and its research and development (R&D) programs. The OPT, which is part of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, conducts R&D programs for the production of electricity from renewable energy sources. Some of these programs are focused on photovoltaic, wind, solar, thermal, geothermal, biopower, and hydroelectric energy technologies; others are focused on energy storage, electric transmission (including superconductivity), and hydrogen technologies. A recent modest initiative is focused on distributed power-generation technologies. This report reviews the activities of each of OPT's programs and makes recommendations for OPT as a whole and major recommendations for individual OPT programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Christopher P. Howson A2 - Polly F. Harrison A2 - Maureen Law TI - In Her Lifetime: Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa SN - DO - 10.17226/5112 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5112/in-her-lifetime-female-morbidity-and-mortality-in-sub-saharan PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The relative lack of information on determinants of disease, disability, and death at major stages of a woman's lifespan and the excess morbidity and premature mortality that this engenders has important adverse social and economic ramifications, not only for Sub-Saharan Africa, but also for other regions of the world as well. Women bear much of the weight of world production in both traditional and modern industries. In Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, women contribute approximately 60 to 80 percent of agricultural labor. Worldwide, it is estimated that women are the sole supporters in 18 to 30 percent of all families, and that their financial contribution in the remainder of families is substantial and often crucial. This book provides a solid documentary base that can be used to develop an agenda to guide research and health policy formulation on female health—both for Sub-Saharan Africa and for other regions of the developing world. This book could also help facilitate ongoing, collaboration between African researchers on women's health and their U.S. colleagues. Chapters cover such topics as demographics, nutritional status, obstetric morbidity and mortality, mental health problems, and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Adrienne Stith Butler A2 - Allison M. Panzer A2 - Lewis R. Goldfrank TI - Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism: A Public Health Strategy SN - DO - 10.17226/10717 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10717/preparing-for-the-psychological-consequences-of-terrorism-a-public-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The Oklahoma City bombing, intentional crashing of airliners on September 11, 2001, and anthrax attacks in the fall of 2001 have made Americans acutely aware of the impacts of terrorism. These events and continued threats of terrorism have raised questions about the impact on the psychological health of the nation and how well the public health infrastructure is able to meet the psychological needs that will likely result. Preparing for the Psychological Consequences of Terrorism highlights some of the critical issues in responding to the psychological needs that result from terrorism and provides possible options for intervention. The committee offers an example for a public health strategy that may serve as a base from which plans to prevent and respond to the psychological consequences of a variety of terrorism events can be formulated. The report includes recommendations for the training and education of service providers, ensuring appropriate guidelines for the protection of service providers, and developing public health surveillance for preevent, event, and postevent factors related to psychological consequences. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Cynthia B. Lloyd TI - Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries SN - DO - 10.17226/11174 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11174/growing-up-global-the-changing-transitions-to-adulthood-in-developing PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The challenges for young people making the transition to adulthood are greater today than ever before. Globalization, with its power to reach across national boundaries and into the smallest communities, carries with it the transformative power of new markets and new technology. At the same time, globalization brings with it new ideas and lifestyles that can conflict with traditional norms and values. And while the economic benefits are potentially enormous, the actual course of globalization has not been without its critics who charge that, to date, the gains have been very unevenly distributed, generating a new set of problems associated with rising inequality and social polarization. Regardless of how the globalization debate is resolved, it is clear that as broad global forces transform the world in which the next generation will live and work, the choices that today's young people make or others make on their behalf will facilitate or constrain their success as adults. Traditional expectations regarding future employment prospects and life experiences are no longer valid. Growing Up Global examines how the transition to adulthood is changing in developing countries, and what the implications of these changes might be for those responsible for designing youth policies and programs, in particular, those affecting adolescent reproductive health. The report sets forth a framework that identifies criteria for successful transitions in the context of contemporary global changes for five key adult roles: adult worker, citizen and community participant, spouse, parent, and household manager. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Improving the Nation's Water Security: Opportunities for Research SN - DO - 10.17226/11872 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11872/improving-the-nations-water-security-opportunities-for-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Conflict and Security Issues ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy SN - DO - 10.17226/11970 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11970/toxicity-testing-in-the-21st-century-a-vision-and-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Advances in molecular biology and toxicology are paving the way for major improvements in the evaluation of the hazards posed by the large number of chemicals found at low levels in the environment. The National Research Council was asked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to review the state of the science and create a far-reaching vision for the future of toxicity testing. The book finds that developing, improving, and validating new laboratory tools based on recent scientific advances could significantly improve our ability to understand the hazards and risks posed by chemicals. This new knowledge would lead to much more informed environmental regulations and dramatically reduce the need for animal testing because the new tests would be based on human cells and cell components. Substantial scientific efforts and resources will be required to leverage these new technologies to realize the vision, but the result will be a more efficient, informative and less costly system for assessing the hazards posed by industrial chemicals and pesticides. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals SN - DO - 10.17226/23479 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23479/approaches-to-understanding-the-cumulative-effects-of-stressors-on-marine-mammals PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Marine mammals face a large array of stressors, including loss of habitat, chemical and noise pollution, and bycatch in fishing, which alone kills hundreds of thousands of marine mammals per year globally. To discern the factors contributing to population trends, scientists must consider the full complement of threats faced by marine mammals. Once populations or ecosystems are found to be at risk of adverse impacts, it is critical to decide which combination of stressors to reduce to bring the population or ecosystem into a more favorable state. Assessing all stressors facing a marine mammal population also provides the environmental context for evaluating whether an additional activity could threaten it. Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals builds upon previous reports to assess current methodologies used for evaluating cumulative effects and identify new approaches that could improve these assessments. This review focuses on ways to quantify exposure-related changes in the behavior, health, or body condition of individual marine mammals and makes recommendations for future research initiatives. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Catharyn T. Liverman A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt A2 - Janet E. Joy A2 - Richard T. Johnson TI - Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities SN - DO - 10.17226/11253 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11253/spinal-cord-injury-progress-promise-and-priorities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - An estimated 11,000 spinal cord injuries occur each year in the United States and more than 200,000 Americans suffer from maladies associated with spinal cord injury. This includes paralysis, bowel and bladder dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, respiratory impairment, temperature regulation problems, and chronic pain. During the last two decades, longstanding beliefs about the inability of the adult central nervous system to heal itself have been eroded by the flood of new information from research in the neurosciences and related fields. However, there are still no cures and the challenge of restoring function in the wake of spinal cord injuries remains extremely complex. Spinal Cord Injury examines the future directions for research with the goal to accelerate the development of cures for spinal cord injuries. While many of the recommendations are framed within the context of the specific needs articulated by the New York Spinal Cord Injury Research Board, the Institute of Medicine’s panel of experts looked very broadly at research priorities relating to future directions for the field in general and make recommendations to strengthen and coordinate the existing infrastructure. Funders at federal and state agencies, academic organizations, pharmaceutical and device companies, and non-profit organizations will all find this book to be an essential resource as they examine their opportunities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Safety is Seguridad: A Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10641 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10641/safety-is-seguridad-a-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Earth Sciences AB - Approximately 32.8 million persons of Hispanic descent live in the United States, half of whom were born outside the United States (Therrien and Ramirez, 2000). By the year 2050, it is expected that Hispanics will constitute more than 25 percent of the total U.S. population and approximately 15 percent of the U.S. labor force. These estimates and the fact that 90 percent of Hispanic American men and 60 percent of Hispanic American women participate in the U.S. workforce strongly suggest a need for occupational safety and health information in Spanish. The growing presence of Spanish-speaking workers and employers in the United States and the unprecedented 12-percent increase in the overall rate of workplace fatalities among Hispanic workers in 2000 highlights the need to better communicate occupational safety and health information in Spanish to both employees and employers. To address this need the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is preparing a strategy for developing and disseminating Spanish-language occupational safety and health educational and technical material. To gather information necessary to create this strategic plan the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to host a workshop. The committee commissioned five white papers (see Appendices D-H) and organized a workshop on May 29-30, in San Diego, California. Safety is Seguridad: A Workshop Summary is a synopsis of the presentations and discussions at the workshop. It does not contain any conclusions and recommendations. The conclusions and recommendations in the white papers represent the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the committee or the NRC. It is intended as input to the NIOSH strategic planning in this area. Chapter 2 discusses the available information and identifies information gaps regarding risks and adverse events for Latino workers. Chapter 3 examines the available health and safety training resource materials for Latino workers, especially for those with little or no English capabilities; in particular, it discusses issues of the linguistic and cultural appropriateness of materials. Chapter 4 considers issues surrounding the assessment of existing materials and the development of new materials. Chapter 5 discusses the various means of conveying information to Spanish-speaking workers, again focusing on cultural appropriateness and ways of maximizing understanding. Chapter 6 summarizes the discussion in the prior chapters and presents some overarching issues raised by the workshop attendees. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Gulf War and Health: Volume 9: Long-Term Effects of Blast Exposures SN - DO - 10.17226/18253 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18253/gulf-war-and-health-volume-9-long-term-effects-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since the United States began combat operations in Afghanistan in October 2001 and then in Iraq in March 2003, the numbers of US soldiers killed exceed 6,700 and of US soldiers wounded 50,500. Although all wars since World War I have involved the use of explosives by the enemy, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq differ from previous wars in which the United States has been involved because of the enemy's use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The use of IEDs has led to an injury landscape different from that in prior US wars. The signature injury of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars is blast injury. Numerous US soldiers have returned home with devastating blast injuries and they continue to experience many challenges in readjusting to civilian life. Gulf War and Health, Volume 9 is an assessment of the relevant scientific information and draws conclusions regarding the strength of the evidence of an association between exposure to blast and health effects. The report also includes recommendations for research most likely to provide VA with knowledge that can be used to inform decisions on how to prevent blast injuries, how to diagnose them effectively, and how to manage, treat, and rehabilitate victims of battlefield traumas in the immediate aftermath of a blast and in the long term. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Hospital-Based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point SN - DO - 10.17226/11621 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11621/hospital-based-emergency-care-at-the-breaking-point PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Today our emergency care system faces an epidemic of crowded emergency departments, patients boarding in hallways waiting to be admitted, and daily ambulance diversions. Hospital-Based Emergency Care addresses the difficulty of balancing the roles of hospital-based emergency and trauma care, not simply urgent and lifesaving care, but also safety net care for uninsured patients, public health surveillance, disaster preparation, and adjunct care in the face of increasing patient volume and limited resources. This new book considers the multiple aspects to the emergency care system in the United States by exploring its strengths, limitations, and future challenges. The wide range of issues covered includes: • The role and impact of the emergency department within the larger hospital and health care system. • Patient flow and information technology. • Workforce issues across multiple disciplines. • Patient safety and the quality and efficiency of emergency care services. • Basic, clinical, and health services research relevant to emergency care. • Special challenges of emergency care in rural settings. Hospital-Based Emergency Care is one of three books in the Future of Emergency Care series. This book will be of particular interest to emergency care providers, professional organizations, and policy makers looking to address the deficiencies in emergency care systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Andrew M. Pope A2 - Alvin R. Tarlov TI - Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention SN - DO - 10.17226/1579 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1579/disability-in-america-toward-a-national-agenda-for-prevention PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Disability in America presents a five-prong strategy for reducing the incidence and prevalence of disability as well as its personal, social, and economic consequences. Although the preferred goal is to avoid potentially disabling conditions, the authoring committee focuses on the need to prevent or reverse the progression that leads to disability and reduced quality of life in persons with potentially disabling conditions. Calling for a coherent national program to focus on prevention, the committee sets forth specific recommendations for federal agencies, state and local programs, and the private sector. This comprehensive agenda addresses the need for improved methods for collecting disability data, specific research questions, directions for university training, reform in insurance coverage, prenatal care, vocational training, and a host of other arenas for action. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Donald Berwick A2 - Katherine Bowman A2 - Chanel Matney TI - Traumatic Brain Injury: A Roadmap for Accelerating Progress SN - DO - 10.17226/25394 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25394/traumatic-brain-injury-a-roadmap-for-accelerating-progress PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Every community is affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Causes as diverse as falls, sports injuries, vehicle collisions, domestic violence, and military incidents can result in injuries across a spectrum of severity and age groups. Just as the many causes of TBI and the people who experience it are diverse, so too are the physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that can occur following injury. The overall TBI ecosystem is not limited to healthcare and research, but includes the related systems that administer and finance healthcare, accredit care facilities, and provide regulatory approval and oversight of products and therapies. TBI also intersects with the wide range of community organizations and institutions in which people return to learning, work, and play, including the education system, work environments, professional and amateur sports associations, the criminal justice system, and others. Traumatic Brain Injury: A Roadmap for Accelerating Progress examines the current landscape of basic, translational, and clinical TBI research and identifies gaps and opportunities to accelerate research progress and improve care with a focus on the biological, psychological, sociological, and ecological impacts. This report calls not merely for improvement, but for a transformation of attitudes, understanding, investments, and care systems for TBI. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Carole A. Chrvala A2 - Roger J. Bulger TI - Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2010: Final Report SN - DO - 10.17226/9436 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9436/leading-health-indicators-for-healthy-people-2010-final-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Healthy People is the nation's agenda for health promotion and disease prevention. The concept, first established in 1979 in a report prepared by the Office of the Surgeon General, has since been revised on a regular basis, and the fourth iteration, known as Healthy People 2010 will take the nation into the 21st century. Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2010: Final Report contains a number of recommendations and suggestions for the Department of Health and Human Services that address issues relevant to the composition of leading health indicator sets, data collection, data analysis, effective dissemination strategies, health disparities, and application of the indicators across multiple jurisdictional levels. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Karen M. Anderson A2 - Steve Olson TI - Advancing Health Equity for Native American Youth: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21766 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21766/advancing-health-equity-for-native-american-youth-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - More than 2 million Americans below age 24 self-identify as being of American Indian or Alaska Native descent. Many of the serious behavioral, emotional, and physical health concerns facing young people today are especially prevalent with Native youth (e.g., depression, violence, and substance abuse). Adolescent Native Americans have death rates two to five times the rate of whites in the same age group because of higher levels of suicide and a variety of risky behaviors (e.g., drug and alcohol use, inconsistent school attendance). Violence, including intentional injuries, homicide, and suicide, accounts for three-quarters of deaths for Native American youth ages 12 to 20. Suicide is the second leading cause of death—and 2.5 times the national rate—for Native youth ages 15 to 24. Arrayed against these health problems are vital cultural strengths on which Native Americans can draw. At a workshop held in 2012, by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, presenters described many of these strengths, including community traditions and beliefs, social support networks, close-knit families, and individual resilience. In May 2014, the Academies held a follow-up workshop titled Advancing Health Equity for Native American Youth. Participants discussed issues related to (1) the visibility of racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care as a national problem, (2) the development of programs and strategies by and for Native and Indigenous communities to reduce disparities and build resilience, and (3) the emergence of supporting Native expertise and leadership. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Steve Olson A2 - Clare Stroud TI - Child Maltreatment Research, Policy, and Practice for the Next Decade: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13368 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13368/child-maltreatment-research-policy-and-practice-for-the-next-decade PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In 1993 the National Research Council released its landmark report Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect (NRC, 1993). That report identified child maltreatment as a devastating social problem in American society. Nearly 20 years later, on January 30-31, 2012, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and NRC's Board on Children, Youth and Families help a workshop, Child Maltreatment Research, Policy, and Practice for the Next Generation, to review the accomplishments of the past two decades of research related to child maltreatment and the remaining gaps. "There have been many exciting research discoveries since the '93 report, but we also want people to be thinking about what is missing," said Anne Petersen, research professor at the Center for Human Growth and Development at the University of Michigan and chair of the panel that produced the report. Child Maltreatment Research, Policy, and Practice for the Next Decade: Workshop Summary covers the workshop that brought together many leading U.S. child maltreatment researchers for a day and a half of presentations and discussions. Presenters reviewed research accomplishments, identified gaps that remain in knowledge, and consider potential research priorities. Child Maltreatment Research, Policy, and Practice for the Next Decade: Workshop Summary also covers participant suggestions for future research priorities, policy actions, and practices that would enhance understanding of child maltreatment and efforts to reduce and respond to it. A background paper highlighting major research advances since the publication of the 1993 NRC report was prepared by an independent consultant to inform the workshop discussions. This summary is an essential resource for any workshop attendees, policy makers, researchers, educators, healthcare providers, parents, and advocacy groups. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound: Progress Since 1994 SN - DO - 10.17226/9756 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9756/marine-mammals-and-low-frequency-sound-progress-since-1994 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Earth Sciences AB - Sound has become a major tool for studying the ocean. Although the ocean is relatively opaque to light, it is relatively transparent to sound. Sound having frequencies below 1,000 Hertz (Hz) is often defined as low-frequency sound. The speed of sound is proportional to the temperature of the water through which it passes. Therefore, sound speed can be used to infer the average temperature of the water volume through which sound waves have passed. The relationship between water temperature and the speed of sound is the basis for the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) experiment. The ATOC experiment is designed to monitor the travel time of sound between sources off the coasts of Hawaii and California and several receivers around the Pacific Ocean in order to detect trends in ocean temperature and for other research and monitoring purposes. Some whales, seals, and fish use low-frequency sound to communicate and to sense their environments. For example, baleen whales and some toothed whales are known to use and respond to low-frequency sound emitted by other individuals of their species. Sharks are not known to produce low-frequency sound but are attracted to pulsed low-frequency sounds. Therefore, it is possible that human-generated low-frequency sound could interfere with the natural behavior of whales, sharks, and some other marine animals. Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound is an updated review of the National Research Council 1994 report Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals: Current Knowledge and Research Needs, based on data obtained from the MMRP and results of any other relevant research, including ONR's research program in low-frequency sound and marine mammals. This report compares new data with the research needs specified in the 1994 NRC report, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the data for answering important outstanding questions about marine mammal responses to low-frequency sound and identifies areas where gaps in our knowledge continue to exist. ER -