%0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Leshner, Alan I. %E Altevogt, Bruce M. %E Lee, Arlene F. %E McCoy, Margaret A. %E Kelley, Patrick W. %T Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence %@ 978-0-309-28438-7 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18319/priorities-for-research-to-reduce-the-threat-of-firearm-related-violence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18319/priorities-for-research-to-reduce-the-threat-of-firearm-related-violence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 120 %X In 2010, more than 105,000 people were injured or killed in the United States as the result of a firearm-related incident. Recent, highly publicized, tragic mass shootings in Newtown, CT; Aurora, CO; Oak Creek, WI; and Tucson, AZ, have sharpened the American public's interest in protecting our children and communities from the harmful effects of firearm violence. While many Americans legally use firearms for a variety of activities, fatal and nonfatal firearm violence poses a serious threat to public safety and welfare. In January 2013, President Barack Obama issued 23 executive orders directing federal agencies to improve knowledge of the causes of firearm violence, what might help prevent it, and how to minimize its burden on public health. One of these orders directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to, along with other federal agencies, immediately begin identifying the most pressing problems in firearm violence research. The CDC and the CDC Foundation asked the IOM, in collaboration with the National Research Council, to convene a committee tasked with developing a potential research agenda that focuses on the causes of, possible interventions to, and strategies to minimize the burden of firearm-related violence. Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence focuses on the characteristics of firearm violence, risk and protective factors, interventions and strategies, the impact of gun safety technology, and the influence of video games and other media. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wellford, Charles F. %E Pepper, John V. %E Petrie, Carol V. %T Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review %@ 978-0-309-09124-4 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10881/firearms-and-violence-a-critical-review %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10881/firearms-and-violence-a-critical-review %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 340 %X For years proposals for gun control and the ownership of firearms have been among the most contentious issues in American politics. For public authorities to make reasonable decisions on these matters, they must take into account facts about the relationship between guns and violence as well as conflicting constitutional claims and divided public opinion. In performing these tasks, legislators need adequate data and research to judge both the effects of firearms on violence and the effects of different violence control policies. Readers of the research literature on firearms may sometimes find themselves unable to distinguish scholarship from advocacy. Given the importance of this issue, there is a pressing need for a clear and unbiased assessment of the existing portfolio of data and research. Firearms and Violence uses conventional standards of science to examine three major themes - firearms and violence, the quality of research, and the quality of data available. The book assesses the strengths and limitations of current databases, examining current research studies on firearm use and the efforts to reduce unjustified firearm use and suggests ways in which they can be improved. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %E Martinez, Rose Marie %E Rosenberg, Dara %T Integrating Firearm Injury Prevention into Health Care: Proceedings of a Joint Workshop of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Northwell Health; and PEACE Initiative %@ 978-0-309-69349-3 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26707/integrating-firearm-injury-prevention-into-health-care-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26707/integrating-firearm-injury-prevention-into-health-care-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 108 %X The staggering number of deaths and emergency department visits caused by firearm injuries has only grown with time. Costs associated with firearm related injuries amount to over a billion dollars annually in the United States alone, not including physician charges and postdischarge costs. To address this epidemic, in April of 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, in collaboration with Northwell Heath and the PEACE Initiative, brought together firearm injury prevention thought leaders to explore how health systems can integrate interventions for firearm injury prevention into routine care for the purpose of improving the health of patients and communities. The workshop speakers discussed strategies for firearm injury and mortality prevention and its integration into routine care. Speakers also explored facilitators and barriers to implementation strategies, and how health systems might work to overcome those barriers. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %E French, Melissa %E Wojtowicz, Alexis %T Health Systems Interventions to Prevent Firearm Injuries and Death: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-48839-6 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25354/health-systems-interventions-to-prevent-firearm-injuries-and-death-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25354/health-systems-interventions-to-prevent-firearm-injuries-and-death-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 142 %X Firearm injuries and death are a serious public health concern in the United States. Firearm-related injuries account for tens of thousands of premature deaths of adults and children each year and significantly increase the burden of injury and disability. Firearm injuries are also costly to the health system, accounting for nearly $3 billion in emergency department and inpatient care each year. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to examine the roles that health systems can play in addressing the epidemic of firearm violence in the United States. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Flavahan, Louise %T Means of Violence: Workshop in Brief %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21814/means-of-violence-workshop-in-brief %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21814/means-of-violence-workshop-in-brief %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 8 %X In an average day, there are approximately 4,000 violent deaths across the globe. In 1 week, there are 26,000 and in 1 month, 120,000. Workshop speaker James Mercy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlighted that these figures are directly influenced by the means and methods selected as tools of violence and their degree of lethality; simply put, means matter. The more lethal a given mean or method of violence, the more likely that it will cause a higher burden of both self-directed and interpersonal lethal violence. In order to explore this relationship in greater depth, the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Global Violence Prevention held a workshop on December 18-19, 2014, with the aim of illuminating the lethal means and methods of both self-directed and interpersonal violence. Means of Violence highlights the workshop proceedings outside of the commissioned papers in greater detail while allowing the papers and corresponding presentations to speak for themselves. The commissioned papers referenced in this report can be found on the Resources tab of this catalog page. %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Reiss, Albert J., Jr. %E Roth, Jeffrey A. %T Understanding and Preventing Violence: Volume 1 %@ 978-0-309-05476-8 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1861/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-1 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1861/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-1 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 480 %X By conservative estimates, more than 16,000 violent crimes are committed or attempted every day in the United States. Violence involves many factors and spurs many viewpoints, and this diversity impedes our efforts to make the nation safer. Now a landmark volume from the National Research Council presents the first comprehensive, readable synthesis of America's experience of violence—offering a fresh, interdisciplinary approach to understanding and preventing interpersonal violence and its consequences. Understanding and Preventing Violence provides the most complete, up-to-date responses available to these fundamental questions: How much violence occurs in America? How do different processes—biological, psychosocial, situational, and social—interact to determine violence levels? What preventive strategies are suggested by our current knowledge of violence? What are the most critical research needs? Understanding and Preventing Violence explores the complexity of violent behavior in our society and puts forth a new framework for analyzing risk factors for violent events. From this framework the authors identify a number of "triggering" events, situational elements, and predisposing factors to violence—as well as many promising approaches to intervention. Leading authorities explore such diverse but related topics as crime statistics; biological influences on violent behavior; the prison population explosion; developmental and public health perspectives on violence; violence in families; and the relationship between violence and race, ethnicity, poverty, guns, alcohol, and drugs. Using four case studies, the volume reports on the role of evaluation in violence prevention policy. It also assesses current federal support for violence research and offers specific science policy recommendations. This breakthrough book will be a key resource for policymakers in criminal and juvenile justice, law enforcement authorities, criminologists, psychologists, sociologists, public health professionals, researchers, faculty, students, and anyone interested in understanding and preventing violence. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Allen, Abigail %E Backes, Emily %T Crime Rates During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26920/crime-rates-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26920/crime-rates-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 8 %X The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Law and Justice convened a workshop through its Planning Committee on Crime Rates during the SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 pandemic on November 10, 2022, to explore crime rate changes during the pandemic, potential explanations for those rates, and opportunities for future methods, data, and research. Specifically, it sought to (1) explore existing data on the trends in multiple criminal offenses during the pandemic; (2) explore existing explanations for the crime rate changes in multiple offense types during the pandemic for their scope, logical consistency, empirical support, and limitations, with special attention to explanations related to the pandemic and associated population restrictions (e.g., stay at home orders, social gathering restrictions, etc.), as well as the diffusion and availability of firearms; and (3) discuss methodological issues, data infrastructure needs, and research gaps to inform understanding of crime problems and rates. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Thompson, Darla %T Community Violence as a Population Health Issue: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23668/community-violence-as-a-population-health-issue-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23668/community-violence-as-a-population-health-issue-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 8 %X In June 2016 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on public health approaches to reducing and preventing community violence. Participants discussed the effects of trauma and violence on communities and explored approaches that communities and multi-sector partners are using to build safe, resilient, and healthy communities. They also explored community- and hospital-based anti-violence programs, community policing, blight reduction, and the community’s participation in initiatives, including the youth and adults at risk or responsible for much of the violence in communities. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Thompson, Darla %E Alper, Joe %T Community Violence as a Population Health Issue: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-45047-8 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23661/community-violence-as-a-population-health-issue-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23661/community-violence-as-a-population-health-issue-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 116 %X On June 16, 2016, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement held a workshop at the Lutheran Church of the Good Shepherd in Brooklyn, New York, to explore the influence of trauma and violence on communities. The workshop highlighted examples of community-based organizations using trauma-informed approaches to treat violence and build safe and healthy communities. Presentations showcased examples that can serve as models in different sectors and communities and shared lessons learned. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the event. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Patel, Deepali M. %E Taylor, Rachel M. %T Social and Economic Costs of Violence: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-22024-8 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13254/social-and-economic-costs-of-violence-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13254/social-and-economic-costs-of-violence-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 192 %X Measuring the social and economic costs of violence can be difficult, and most estimates only consider direct economic effects, such as productivity loss or the use of health care services. Communities and societies feel the effects of violence through loss of social cohesion, financial divestment, and the increased burden on the healthcare and justice systems. Initial estimates show that early violence prevention intervention has economic benefits. The IOM Forum on Global Violence Prevention held a workshop to examine the successes and challenges of calculating direct and indirect costs of violence, as well as the potential cost-effectiveness of intervention. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Goldberger, Arthur S. %E Rosenfeld, Richard %T Understanding Crime Trends: Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-12586-4 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12472/understanding-crime-trends-workshop-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12472/understanding-crime-trends-workshop-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 258 %X Changes over time in the levels and patterns of crime have significant consequences that affect not only the criminal justice system but also other critical policy sectors. Yet compared with such areas as health status, housing, and employment, the nation lacks timely information and comprehensive research on crime trends. Descriptive information and explanatory research on crime trends across the nation that are not only accurate, but also timely, are pressing needs in the nation's crime-control efforts. In April 2007, the National Research Council held a two-day workshop to address key substantive and methodological issues underlying the study of crime trends and to lay the groundwork for a proposed multiyear NRC panel study of these issues. Six papers were commissioned from leading researchers and discussed at the workshop by experts in sociology, criminology, law, economics, and statistics. The authors revised their papers based on the discussants' comments, and the papers were then reviewed again externally. The six final workshop papers are the basis of this volume, which represents some of the most serious thinking and research on crime trends currently available. %0 Book %A National Academy of Medicine %E Hammonds, Evelynn %E Markel, Howard %E Rosner, David %E Stevens, Rosemary %E DeStefano, Laura Harbold %E Schultz, Andrea %E Berkowitz, Edward %T A History of the National Academy of Medicine: 50 Years of Transformational Leadership %@ 978-0-309-69353-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26708/a-history-of-the-national-academy-of-medicine-50-years %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26708/a-history-of-the-national-academy-of-medicine-50-years %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 258 %X Commissioned to mark the 50th anniversary of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM; formerly the Institute of Medicine [IOM]), this volume describes the circumstances that led to the IOM's founding in 1970, the members and leaders who built and sustained the organization, and the process by which the IOM became the NAM in 2015. The volume also details a selection of the IOM/NAM's most influential contributions to biomedical science, U.S. health care, and population health and concludes with the story of how the organization navigated unprecedented national and global crises between 2015 and 2021. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wellford, Charles F. %E Chemers, Betty M. %E Schuck, Julie A. %T Strengthening the National Institute of Justice %@ 978-0-309-15635-6 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12929/strengthening-the-national-institute-of-justice %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12929/strengthening-the-national-institute-of-justice %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 334 %X The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the nation's primary resource for advancing scientific research, development, and evaluation on crime and crime control and the administration of justice in the United States. Headed by a presidentially appointed director, it is one of the major units in the Office of Justice Programs (OJP) of the U.S. Department of Justice. Under its authorizing legislation, NIJ awards grants and contracts to a variety of public and private organizations and individuals. At the request of NIJ, Strengthening the National Institute of Justice assesses the operations and quality of the full range of its programs. These include social science research, science and technology research and development, capacity building, and technology assistance. The book concludes that a federal research institute such as NIJ is vital to the nation's continuing efforts to control crime and administer justice. No other federal, state, local, or private organization can do what NIJ was created to do. Forty years ago, Congress envisioned a science agency dedicated to building knowledge to support crime prevention and control by developing a wide range of techniques for dealing with individual offenders, identifying injustices and biases in the administration of justice, and supporting more basic and operational research on crime and the criminal justice system and the involvement of the community in crime control efforts. As the embodiment of that vision, NIJ has accomplished a great deal. It has succeeded in developing a body of knowledge on such important topics as hot spots policing, violence against women, the role of firearms and drugs in crime, drug courts, and forensic DNA analysis. It has helped build the crime and justice research infrastructure. It has also widely disseminated the results of its research programs to help guide practice and policy. But its efforts have been severely hampered by a lack of independence, authority, and discretionary resources to carry out its mission. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Skogan, Wesley %E Frydl, Kathleen %T Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence %@ 978-0-309-28965-8 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 430 %X Because police are the most visible face of government power for most citizens, they are expected to deal effectively with crime and disorder and to be impartial. Producing justice through the fair, and restrained use of their authority. The standards by which the public judges police success have become more exacting and challenging. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing explores police work in the new century. It replaces myths with research findings and provides recommendations for updated policy and practices to guide it. The book provides answers to the most basic questions: What do police do? It reviews how police work is organized, explores the expanding responsibilities of police, examines the increasing diversity among police employees, and discusses the complex interactions between officers and citizens. It also addresses such topics as community policing, use of force, racial profiling, and evaluates the success of common police techniques, such as focusing on crime “hot spots.” It goes on to look at the issue of legitimacy—how the public gets information about police work, and how police are viewed by different groups, and how police can gain community trust. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing will be important to anyone concerned about police work: policy makers, administrators, educators, police supervisors and officers, journalists, and interested citizens. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Tomaszewski, Evelyn %T Identifying the Role of Violence and Its Prevention in the Post-2015 Global Agenda: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25076/identifying-the-role-of-violence-and-its-prevention-in-the-post-2015-global-agenda %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25076/identifying-the-role-of-violence-and-its-prevention-in-the-post-2015-global-agenda %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 10 %X To illuminate the role of violence and its prevention in the post-2015 global agenda, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine’s Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a 2-day meeting to explore the ways in which violence prevention efforts fit into the global agenda and to begin to identify the ways in which the U.S. government as well as state governments, industries, multilaterals, nongovernmental organizations, and other institutions might be able to support and advance both the sustainable development agenda and the violence prevention objectives within it. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the meeting. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Western, Bruce %E Muhammad, Khalil Gibran %E Negussie, Yamrot %E Backes, Emily %T Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy %@ 978-0-309-69337-0 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26705/reducing-racial-inequality-in-crime-and-justice-science-practice-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26705/reducing-racial-inequality-in-crime-and-justice-science-practice-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 438 %X The history of the U.S. criminal justice system is marked by racial inequality and sustained by present day policy. Large racial and ethnic disparities exist across the several stages of criminal legal processing, including in arrests, pre-trial detention, and sentencing and incarceration, among others, with Black, Latino, and Native Americans experiencing worse outcomes. The historical legacy of racial exclusion and structural inequalities form the social context for racial inequalities in crime and criminal justice. Racial inequality can drive disparities in crime, victimization, and system involvement. Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy synthesizes the evidence on community-based solutions, noncriminal policy interventions, and criminal justice reforms, charting a path toward the reduction of racial inequalities by minimizing harm in ways that also improve community safety. Reversing the effects of structural racism and severing the close connections between racial inequality, criminal harms such as violence, and criminal justice involvement will involve fostering local innovation and evaluation, and coordinating local initiatives with state and federal leadership. This report also highlights the challenge of creating an accurate, national picture of racial inequality in crime and justice: there is a lack of consistent, reliable data, as well as data transparency and accountability. While the available data points toward trends that Black, Latino, and Native American individuals are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and given more severe punishments compared to White individuals, opportunities for improving research should be explored to better inform decision-making. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Coker, Tumaini Rucker %E Gootman, Jennifer Appleton %E Backes, Emily P. %T Addressing the Long-Term Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Families %@ 978-0-309-69695-1 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26809/addressing-the-long-term-effects-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-children-and-families %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26809/addressing-the-long-term-effects-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-children-and-families %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 288 %X The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the lives of children and their families, who have faced innumerable challenges such as illness and death; school closures; social isolation; financial hardship; food insecurity; deleterious mental health effects; and difficulties accessing health care. In almost every outcome related to social, emotional, behavioral, educational, mental, physical, and economic health and well-being, families identifying as Black, Latino, and Native American, and those with low incomes, have disproportionately borne the brunt of the negative effects of the pandemic. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and families will be felt for years to come. While these long-term effects are unknown, they are likely to have particularly significant implications for children and families from racially and ethnically minoritized communities and with low incomes. Addressing the Long-Term Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Families identifies social, emotional, behavioral, educational, mental, physical, and economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and looks at strategies for addressing the challenges and obstacles that the pandemic introduced for children and families in marginalized communities. This report provides recommendations for programs, supports, and interventions to counteract the negative effects of the pandemic on child and family well-being and offers a path forward to recover from the harms of the pandemic, address inequities, and prepare for the future. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Weisburd, David %E Majmundar, Malay K. %T Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities %@ 978-0-309-46713-1 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24928/proactive-policing-effects-on-crime-and-communities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24928/proactive-policing-effects-on-crime-and-communities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 408 %X Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term "proactive policing" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. Proactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. Proactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %E Davis, Lance A. %E Pearson, Greg %T Owner-Authorized Handguns: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-08975-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10828/owner-authorized-handguns-a-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10828/owner-authorized-handguns-a-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 68 %X The feasibility and potential impact of so-called smart handguns has generated considerable public interest and debate. This report summarizes a June 2002 workshop at the National Academy of Engineering that examined three related issues: the state of technology for owner-authorized handguns; the role of product liability in the development and marketing of such firearms; and the potential impact of these smart guns on health and crime. Smart-gun technology has the potential to prevent unintended or undesirable uses of handguns, such as accidental shootings; the shooting of police officers by assailants using the officers' own weapons; suicides; homicides with stolen handguns; and other gun-related crimes. However, information presented at the workshop suggests that considerably more research is needed to bring a reliable and commercially viable product to the marketplace. The report also notes that the impact of smart-guns will be influenced by legal issues, human behavior, economic conditions, and other factors.