@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise: Determining When Noise Causes Biologically Significant Effects", isbn = "978-0-309-09449-8", abstract = "Attention has been drawn to the subject of how ocean noise affects marine mammals by a series of marine mammal strandings, lawsuits, and legislative hearings, and most recently, the report from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. One way to assess the impact of ocean noise is to consider whether it causes changes in animal behavior that are \"biologically significant,\" that is, those that affect an animal's ability to grow, survive, and reproduce. This report offers a conceptual model designed to clarify which marine mammal behaviors are biologically significant for conservation purposes. The report is intended to help scientists and policymakers interpret provisions of the federal Marine Mammal Protection Act.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11147/marine-mammal-populations-and-ocean-noise-determining-when-noise-causes", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals", isbn = "978-0-309-44048-6", abstract = "Marine mammals face a large array of stressors, including loss of habitat, chemical and noise pollution, and bycatch in fishing, which alone kills hundreds of thousands of marine mammals per year globally. To discern the factors contributing to population trends, scientists must consider the full complement of threats faced by marine mammals. Once populations or ecosystems are found to be at risk of adverse impacts, it is critical to decide which combination of stressors to reduce to bring the population or ecosystem into a more favorable state. Assessing all stressors facing a marine mammal population also provides the environmental context for evaluating whether an additional activity could threaten it. \n\nApproaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals builds upon previous reports to assess current methodologies used for evaluating cumulative effects and identify new approaches that could improve these assessments. This review focuses on ways to quantify exposure-related changes in the behavior, health, or body condition of individual marine mammals and makes recommendations for future research initiatives.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23479/approaches-to-understanding-the-cumulative-effects-of-stressors-on-marine-mammals", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound: Progress Since 1994", isbn = "978-0-309-06886-4", abstract = "Sound has become a major tool for studying the ocean. Although the ocean is relatively opaque to light, it is relatively transparent to sound. Sound having frequencies below 1,000 Hertz (Hz) is often defined as low-frequency sound. The speed of sound is proportional to the temperature of the water through which it passes. Therefore, sound speed can be used to infer the average temperature of the water volume through which sound waves have passed. The relationship between water temperature and the speed of sound is the basis for the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) experiment. The ATOC experiment is designed to monitor the travel time of sound between sources off the coasts of Hawaii and California and several receivers around the Pacific Ocean in order to detect trends in ocean temperature and for other research and monitoring purposes.\nSome whales, seals, and fish use low-frequency sound to communicate and to sense their environments. For example, baleen whales and some toothed whales are known to use and respond to low-frequency sound emitted by other individuals of their species. Sharks are not known to produce low-frequency sound but are attracted to pulsed low-frequency sounds. Therefore, it is possible that human-generated low-frequency sound could interfere with the natural behavior of whales, sharks, and some other marine animals.\nMarine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound is an updated review of the National Research Council 1994 report Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals: Current Knowledge and Research Needs, based on data obtained from the MMRP and results of any other relevant research, including ONR's research program in low-frequency sound and marine mammals. This report compares new data with the research needs specified in the 1994 NRC report, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the data for answering important outstanding questions about marine mammal responses to low-frequency sound and identifies areas where gaps in our knowledge continue to exist.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9756/marine-mammals-and-low-frequency-sound-progress-since-1994", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Ellen Mantus", title = "Toxicity-Pathway-Based Risk Assessment: Preparing for Paradigm Change: A Symposium Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-15422-2", abstract = "In 2007, the National Research Council envisioned a new paradigm in which biologically important perturbations in key toxicity pathways would be evaluated with new methods in molecular biology, bioinformatics, computational toxicology, and a comprehensive array of in vitro tests based primarily on human biology. Although some considered the vision too optimistic with respect to the promise of the new science, no one can deny that a revolution in toxicity testing is under way. New approaches are being developed, and data are being generated. As a result, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) expects a large influx of data that will need to be evaluated. EPA also is faced with tens of thousands of chemicals on which toxicity information is incomplete and emerging chemicals and substances that will need risk assessment and possible regulation. Therefore, the agency asked the National Research Council to convene a symposium to stimulate discussion on the application of the new approaches and data in risk assessment.\n\nThe symposium was held on May 11-13, 2009, in Washington, DC, and included presentations and discussion sessions on pathway-based approaches for hazard identification, applications of new approaches to mode-of-action analyses, the challenges to and opportunities for risk assessment in the changing paradigm, and future directions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12913/toxicity-pathway-based-risk-assessment-preparing-for-paradigm-change-a", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals", isbn = "978-0-309-10110-3", abstract = "Arranging the transportation of animals at research facilities is often an\nordeal. There is a confusing patchwork of local, national, and international\nregulations; a perceived lack of high-quality shipping services; a dearth of\nscience-based good practices; and a lack of biosafety standards. It\u2019s a challenge\n\u2014and an impediment to biomedical research. Guidelines for the\nHumane Transportation of Research Animals identifies the current problems\nencountered in the transportation of research animals and offers recommendations\naimed at local and federal officials to rectify these problems.\nThis book also includes a set of good practices based on the extensive body\nof literature on transportation of agricultural animals, universal concepts of\nphysiology, and a scientific understanding of species-specific needs and differences.\nGood practices were developed by the committee to address\nthermal environment, space requirements, food and water requirements,\nsocial interaction, monitoring of transportation, emergency procedures,\npersonnel training, and biosecurity. Guidelines for the Humane Transportation\nof Research Animals is an essential guide for all researchers, animal care\ntechnicians, facilities managers, administrators, and animal care and use\ncommittees at research institutions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11557/guidelines-for-the-humane-transportation-of-research-animals", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }