%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Report of the Committee on Paleoecology, 1935-1936: Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Division of Geology and Geography, National Research Council, May 2, 1936 %D 1936 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18676/report-of-the-committee-on-paleoecology-1935-1936-presented-at-the-annual-meeting-of-the-division-of-geology-and-geography-national-research-council-may-2-1936 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18676/report-of-the-committee-on-paleoecology-1935-1936-presented-at-the-annual-meeting-of-the-division-of-geology-and-geography-national-research-council-may-2-1936 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 68 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Gene Drives on the Horizon: Advancing Science, Navigating Uncertainty, and Aligning Research with Public Values %@ 978-0-309-43787-5 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23405/gene-drives-on-the-horizon-advancing-science-navigating-uncertainty-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23405/gene-drives-on-the-horizon-advancing-science-navigating-uncertainty-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 230 %X Research on gene drive systems is rapidly advancing. Many proposed applications of gene drive research aim to solve environmental and public health challenges, including the reduction of poverty and the burden of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue, which disproportionately impact low and middle income countries. However, due to their intrinsic qualities of rapid spread and irreversibility, gene drive systems raise many questions with respect to their safety relative to public and environmental health. Because gene drive systems are designed to alter the environments we share in ways that will be hard to anticipate and impossible to completely roll back, questions about the ethics surrounding use of this research are complex and will require very careful exploration. Gene Drives on the Horizon outlines the state of knowledge relative to the science, ethics, public engagement, and risk assessment as they pertain to research directions of gene drive systems and governance of the research process. This report offers principles for responsible practices of gene drive research and related applications for use by investigators, their institutions, the research funders, and regulators. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Size Limits of Very Small Microorganisms: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-06634-1 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9638/size-limits-of-very-small-microorganisms-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9638/size-limits-of-very-small-microorganisms-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 164 %X How small can a free-living organism be? On the surface, this question is straightforward-in principle, the smallest cells can be identified and measured. But understanding what factors determine this lower limit, and addressing the host of other questions that follow on from this knowledge, require a fundamental understanding of the chemistry and ecology of cellular life. The recent report of evidence for life in a martian meteorite and the prospect of searching for biological signatures in intelligently chosen samples from Mars and elsewhere bring a new immediacy to such questions. How do we recognize the morphological or chemical remnants of life in rocks deposited 4 billion years ago on another planet? Are the empirical limits on cell size identified by observation on Earth applicable to life wherever it may occur, or is minimum size a function of the particular chemistry of an individual planetary surface? These questions formed the focus of a workshop on the size limits of very small organisms, organized by the Steering .Group for the Workshop on Size Limits of Very Small Microorganisms and held on October 22 and 23, 1998. Eighteen invited panelists, representing fields ranging from cell biology and molecular genetics to paleontology and mineralogy, joined with an almost equal number of other participants in a wide-ranging exploration of minimum cell size and the challenge of interpreting micro- and nano-scale features of sedimentary rocks found on Earth or elsewhere in the solar system. This document contains the proceedings of that workshop. It includes position papers presented by the individual panelists, arranged by panel, along with a summary, for each of the four sessions, of extensive roundtable discussions that involved the panelists as well as other workshop participants. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Research Strategy to Examine the Taxonomy of the Red Wolf %@ 978-0-309-68147-6 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25891/a-research-strategy-to-examine-the-taxonomy-of-the-red-wolf %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25891/a-research-strategy-to-examine-the-taxonomy-of-the-red-wolf %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 138 %X A Research Strategy to Examine the Taxonomy of the Red Wolf provides independent guidance about taxonomic research on the red wolf, Canis rufus. Building from the 2019 report Evaluating the Taxonomic Status of the Mexican Gray Wolf and the Red Wolf, this report reviews and ranks research applications to determine the taxonomy of wild canid populations in southern Louisiana and other relevant locations. The report then develops a research strategy to examine the evolutionary relationships between ancient red wolves, the extant managed red wolf populations, and the unidentified canid populations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals %@ 978-0-309-10817-1 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11931/recognition-and-alleviation-of-distress-in-laboratory-animals %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11931/recognition-and-alleviation-of-distress-in-laboratory-animals %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 136 %X Scientific advances in our understanding of animal physiology and behavior often require theories to be revised and standards of practice to be updated to improve laboratory animal welfare. This new book from the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) at the National Research Council, Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals, focuses on the stress and distress which is experienced by animals when used in laboratory research. This book aims to educate laboratory animal veterinarians; students, researchers, and investigators; animal care staff, as well as animal welfare officers on the current scientific and ethical issues associated with stress and distress in laboratory animals. It evaluates pertinent scientific literature to generate practical and pragmatic guidelines. Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals focuses specifically on the scientific understanding of the causes and the functions of stress and distress, the transformation of stress to distress, and the identification of principles for the recognition and alleviation of distress. This book discusses the role of humane endpoints in situations of distress and principles for the minimization of distress in laboratory animals. It also identifies areas in which further scientific investigation is needed to improve laboratory animal welfare in order to adhere to scientific and ethical principles that promote humane care and practice. %0 Book %E Wilson, E.O. %E University, Harvard %T Biodiversity %D 1988 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/989/biodiversity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/989/biodiversity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 538 %X This important book for scientists and nonscientists alike calls attention to a most urgent global problem: the rapidly accelerating loss of plant and animal species to increasing human population pressure and the demands of economic development. Based on a major conference sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution, Biodiversity creates a systematic framework for analyzing the problem and searching for possible solutions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Perspectives on Biodiversity: Valuing Its Role in an Everchanging World %@ 978-0-309-06581-8 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9589/perspectives-on-biodiversity-valuing-its-role-in-an-everchanging-world %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9589/perspectives-on-biodiversity-valuing-its-role-in-an-everchanging-world %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 168 %X Resource-management decisions, especially in the area of protecting and maintaining biodiversity, are usually incremental, limited in time by the ability to forecast conditions and human needs, and the result of tradeoffs between conservation and other management goals. The individual decisions may not have a major effect but can have a cumulative major effect. Perspectives on Biodiversity reviews current understanding of the value of biodiversity and the methods that are useful in assessing that value in particular circumstances. It recommends and details a list of components—including diversity of species, genetic variability within and among species, distribution of species across the ecosystem, the aesthetic satisfaction derived from diversity, and the duty to preserve and protect biodiversity. The book also recommends that more information about the role of biodiversity in sustaining natural resources be gathered and summarized in ways useful to managers. Acknowledging that decisions about biodiversity are necessarily qualitative and change over time because of the nonmarket nature of so many of the values, the committee recommends periodic reviews of management decisions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science and the Endangered Species Act %@ 978-0-309-09017-9 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4978/science-and-the-endangered-species-act %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4978/science-and-the-endangered-species-act %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 288 %X The Endangered Species Act (ESA) is a far-reaching law that has sparked intense controversies over the use of public lands, the rights of property owners, and economic versus environmental benefits. In this volume a distinguished committee focuses on the science underlying the ESA and offers recommendations for making the act more effective. The committee provides an overview of what scientists know about extinction—and what this understanding means to implementation of the ESA. Habitat—its destruction, conservation, and fundamental importance to the ESA—is explored in detail. The book analyzes: Concepts of species—how the term "species" arose and how it has been interpreted for purposes of the ESA. Conflicts between species when individual species are identified for protection, including several case studies. Assessment of extinction risk and decisions under the ESA—how these decisions can be made more effectively. The book concludes with a look beyond the Endangered Species Act and suggests additional means of biological conservation and ways to reduce conflicts. It will be useful to policymakers, regulators, scientists, natural-resource managers, industry and environmental organizations, and those interested in biological conservation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise: Determining When Noise Causes Biologically Significant Effects %@ 978-0-309-09449-8 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11147/marine-mammal-populations-and-ocean-noise-determining-when-noise-causes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11147/marine-mammal-populations-and-ocean-noise-determining-when-noise-causes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 142 %X Attention has been drawn to the subject of how ocean noise affects marine mammals by a series of marine mammal strandings, lawsuits, and legislative hearings, and most recently, the report from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. One way to assess the impact of ocean noise is to consider whether it causes changes in animal behavior that are "biologically significant," that is, those that affect an animal's ability to grow, survive, and reproduce. This report offers a conceptual model designed to clarify which marine mammal behaviors are biologically significant for conservation purposes. The report is intended to help scientists and policymakers interpret provisions of the federal Marine Mammal Protection Act. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Opportunities for Environmental Applications of Marine Biotechnology: Proceedings of the October 5-6, 1999, Workshop %@ 978-0-309-07188-8 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9988/opportunities-for-environmental-applications-of-marine-biotechnology-proceedings-of-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9988/opportunities-for-environmental-applications-of-marine-biotechnology-proceedings-of-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 186 %X This 2-day workshop is the culmination of a study of the status and future of marine biotechnology. The overall goal of this workshop is to examine what was initially called "Opportunities for Marine Biotechnology in the United States," to consider where we are now in this field of "Environmental Marine Biotechnology," to envision the field in the future, and to discuss any impediments that might be encountered along the way. Opportunities for Environmental Applications of Marine Biotechnology: Proceedings of the October 5-6, 1999, Workshop addresses the question of where the federal government should invest its limited funds and what future initiatives should be planned. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Evaluating the Biological Potential in Samples Returned from Planetary Satellites and Small Solar System Bodies: Framework for Decision Making %@ 978-0-309-06136-0 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6281/evaluating-the-biological-potential-in-samples-returned-from-planetary-satellites-and-small-solar-system-bodies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6281/evaluating-the-biological-potential-in-samples-returned-from-planetary-satellites-and-small-solar-system-bodies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 116 %X For the first time since the Apollo program, NASA and space agencies abroad have plans to bring samples to Earth from elsewhere in the solar system. There are missions in various stages of definition to gather material over the next decade from Mars, an asteroid, comets, the satellites of Jupiter, and the interplanetary dust. Some of these targets, most especially Jupiter's satellites Europa and Ganymede, now appear to have the potential for harboring living organisms. This book considers the possibility that life may have originated or existed on a body from which a sample might be taken and the possibility that life still exists on the body either in active form or in a form that could be reactivated. It also addresses the potential hazard to terrestrial ecosystems from extraterrestrial life if it exists in a returned sample. Released at the time of the Internationl Committee on Space Research General Assembly, the book has already established the basis for plans for small body sample retruns in the international space research community. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals %@ 978-0-309-44048-6 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23479/approaches-to-understanding-the-cumulative-effects-of-stressors-on-marine-mammals %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23479/approaches-to-understanding-the-cumulative-effects-of-stressors-on-marine-mammals %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 146 %X Marine mammals face a large array of stressors, including loss of habitat, chemical and noise pollution, and bycatch in fishing, which alone kills hundreds of thousands of marine mammals per year globally. To discern the factors contributing to population trends, scientists must consider the full complement of threats faced by marine mammals. Once populations or ecosystems are found to be at risk of adverse impacts, it is critical to decide which combination of stressors to reduce to bring the population or ecosystem into a more favorable state. Assessing all stressors facing a marine mammal population also provides the environmental context for evaluating whether an additional activity could threaten it. Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals builds upon previous reports to assess current methodologies used for evaluating cumulative effects and identify new approaches that could improve these assessments. This review focuses on ways to quantify exposure-related changes in the behavior, health, or body condition of individual marine mammals and makes recommendations for future research initiatives. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Countering Bioterrorism: The Role of Science and Technology %@ 978-0-309-08607-3 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10536/countering-bioterrorism-the-role-of-science-and-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10536/countering-bioterrorism-the-role-of-science-and-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 105 %X The attacks of September 11 and the release of anthrax spores revealed enormous vulnerabilities in the U.S. public-health infrastructure and suggested similar vulnerabilities in the agricultural infrastructure as well. The traditional public health response—surveillance (intelligence), prevention, detection, response, recovery, and attribution—is the paradigm for the national response not only to all forms of terrorism but also to emerging infectious diseases. Thus, investments in research on bioterrorism will have enormous potential for application in the detection, prevention, and treatment of emerging infectious diseases that also are unpredictable and against which we must be prepared. The deciphering of the human genome sequence and the complete elucidation of numerous pathogen genomes, our rapidly increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and of immune responses, and new strategies for designing drugs and vaccines all offer unprecedented opportunities to use science to counter bioterrorist threats. But these same developments also allow science to be misused to create new agents of mass destruction. Hence the effort to confront bioterrorism must be a global one. Countering Bioterrorism makes the following recommendations: Recommendation 1: All agencies with responsibility for homeland security should work together to establish stronger and more meaningful working ties between the intelligence, S&T, and public health communities. Recommendation 2: Federal agencies should work cooperatively and in collaboration with industry to develop and evaluate rapid, sensitive, and specific early-detection technologies. Recommendation 3: Create a global network for detection and surveillance, making use of computerized methods for real-time reporting and analysis to rapidly detect new patterns of disease locally, nationally, and ultimately— internationally. The use of high-throughput methodologies that are being increasingly utilized in modern biological research should be an important component of this expanded and highly automated surveillance strategy. Recommendation 4: Use knowledge of complex biological patterns and high-throughput laboratory automation to classify and diagnose infections in patients in primary care settings. Recommendation 5: USDA should create an agency for control and prevention of plant disease. This agency should have the capabilities necessary to deal effectively with biothreats. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T An International Perspective on Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Managing Dual-Use Risks: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09682-9 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11301/an-international-perspective-on-advancing-technologies-and-strategies-for-managing-dual-use-risks %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11301/an-international-perspective-on-advancing-technologies-and-strategies-for-managing-dual-use-risks %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 156 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Atlantic Salmon in Maine %@ 978-0-309-09135-0 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10892/atlantic-salmon-in-maine %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10892/atlantic-salmon-in-maine %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 304 %X Because of the pervasive and substantial decline of Atlantic salmon populations in Maine over the past 150 years, and because they are close to extinction, a comprehensive statewide action should be taken now to ensure their survival. The populations of Atlantic salmon have declined drastically, from an estimated half million adult salmon returning to U.S. rivers each year in the early 1800s to perhaps as few as 1,000 in 2001. The report recommends implementing a formalized decision-making approach to establish priorities, evaluate options and coordinate plans for conserving and restoring the salmon. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science Needs for Microbial Forensics: Developing Initial International Research Priorities %@ 978-0-309-30245-6 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18737/science-needs-for-microbial-forensics-developing-initial-international-research-priorities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18737/science-needs-for-microbial-forensics-developing-initial-international-research-priorities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 252 %X Microbial forensics is a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, or inadvertent microorganism or toxin release for attribution purposes. This emerging discipline seeks to offer investigators the tools and techniques to support efforts to identify the source of a biological threat agent and attribute a biothreat act to a particular person or group. Microbial forensics is still in the early stages of development and faces substantial scientific challenges to continue to build capacity. The unlawful use of biological agents poses substantial dangers to individuals, public health, the environment, the economies of nations, and global peace. It also is likely that scientific, political, and media-based controversy will surround any investigation of the alleged use of a biological agent, and can be expected to affect significantly the role that scientific information or evidence can play. For these reasons, building awareness of and capacity in microbial forensics can assist in our understanding of what may have occurred during a biothreat event, and international collaborations that engage the broader scientific and policy-making communities are likely to strengthen our microbial forensics capabilities. One goal would be to create a shared technical understanding of the possibilities - and limitations - of the scientific bases for microbial forensics analysis. Science Needs for Microbial Forensics: Developing Initial International Research Priorities, based partly on a workshop held in Zabgreb, Croatia in 2013, identifies scientific needs that must be addressed to improve the capabilities of microbial forensics to investigate infectious disease outbreaks and provide evidence of sufficient quality to support legal proceedings and the development of government policies. This report discusses issues of sampling, validation, data sharing, reference collection, research priorities, global disease monitoring, and training and education to promote international collaboration and further advance the field. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Third Edition %@ 978-0-309-21421-6 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13163/reference-manual-on-scientific-evidence-third-edition %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13163/reference-manual-on-scientific-evidence-third-edition %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 1034 %X The Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, Third Edition, assists judges in managing cases involving complex scientific and technical evidence by describing the basic tenets of key scientific fields from which legal evidence is typically derived and by providing examples of cases in which that evidence has been used. First published in 1994 by the Federal Judicial Center, the Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence has been relied upon in the legal and academic communities and is often cited by various courts and others. Judges faced with disputes over the admissibility of scientific and technical evidence refer to the manual to help them better understand and evaluate the relevance, reliability and usefulness of the evidence being proffered. The manual is not intended to tell judges what is good science and what is not. Instead, it serves to help judges identify issues on which experts are likely to differ and to guide the inquiry of the court in seeking an informed resolution of the conflict. The core of the manual consists of a series of chapters (reference guides) on various scientific topics, each authored by an expert in that field. The topics have been chosen by an oversight committee because of their complexity and frequency in litigation. Each chapter is intended to provide a general overview of the topic in lay terms, identifying issues that will be useful to judges and others in the legal profession. They are written for a non-technical audience and are not intended as exhaustive presentations of the topic. Rather, the chapters seek to provide judges with the basic information in an area of science, to allow them to have an informed conversation with the experts and attorneys. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay %@ 978-0-309-09052-0 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10796/nonnative-oysters-in-the-chesapeake-bay %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10796/nonnative-oysters-in-the-chesapeake-bay %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 344 %X Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay discusses the proposed plan to offset the dramatic decline in the bay's native oysters by introducing disease-resistant reproductive Suminoe oysters from Asia. It suggests this move should be delayed until more is known about the environmental risks, even though carefully regulated cultivation of sterile Asian oysters in contained areas could help the local industry and researchers. It is also noted that even though these oysters eat the excess algae caused by pollution, it could take decades before there are enough of them to improve water quality. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Olsen, LeighAnne %E Choffnes, Eileen R. %E Relman, David A. %E Pray, Leslie %T Fungal Diseases: An Emerging Threat to Human, Animal, and Plant Health: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-21226-7 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13147/fungal-diseases-an-emerging-threat-to-human-animal-and-plant %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13147/fungal-diseases-an-emerging-threat-to-human-animal-and-plant %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Agriculture %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 488 %X Fungal diseases have contributed to death and disability in humans, triggered global wildlife extinctions and population declines, devastated agricultural crops, and altered forest ecosystem dynamics. Despite the extensive influence of fungi on health and economic well-being, the threats posed by emerging fungal pathogens to life on Earth are often underappreciated and poorly understood. On December 14 and 15, 2010, the IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop to explore the scientific and policy dimensions associated with the causes and consequences of emerging fungal diseases. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences %@ 978-0-309-10032-8 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11567/globalization-biosecurity-and-the-future-of-the-life-sciences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11567/globalization-biosecurity-and-the-future-of-the-life-sciences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 316 %X Biomedical advances have made it possible to identify and manipulate features of living organisms in useful ways—leading to improvements in public health, agriculture, and other areas. The globalization of scientific and technical expertise also means that many scientists and other individuals around the world are generating breakthroughs in the life sciences and related technologies. The risks posed by bioterrorism and the proliferation of biological weapons capabilities have increased concern about how the rapid advances in genetic engineering and biotechnology could enable the production of biological weapons with unique and unpredictable characteristics. Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of Life Sciences examines current trends and future objectives of research in public health, life sciences, and biomedical science that contain applications relevant to developments in biological weapons 5 to 10 years into the future and ways to anticipate, identify, and mitigate these dangers.