%0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Health IT and Patient Safety: Building Safer Systems for Better Care %@ 978-0-309-22112-2 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13269/health-it-and-patient-safety-building-safer-systems-for-better %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13269/health-it-and-patient-safety-building-safer-systems-for-better %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Health and Medicine %P 234 %X IOM's 1999 landmark study To Err is Human estimated that between 44,000 and 98,000 lives are lost every year due to medical errors. This call to action has led to a number of efforts to reduce errors and provide safe and effective health care. Information technology (IT) has been identified as a way to enhance the safety and effectiveness of care. In an effort to catalyze its implementation, the U.S. government has invested billions of dollars toward the development and meaningful use of effective health IT. Designed and properly applied, health IT can be a positive transformative force for delivering safe health care, particularly with computerized prescribing and medication safety. However, if it is designed and applied inappropriately, health IT can add an additional layer of complexity to the already complex delivery of health care. Poorly designed IT can introduce risks that may lead to unsafe conditions, serious injury, or even death. Poor human-computer interactions could result in wrong dosing decisions and wrong diagnoses. Safe implementation of health IT is a complex, dynamic process that requires a shared responsibility between vendors and health care organizations. Health IT and Patient Safety makes recommendations for developing a framework for patient safety and health IT. This book focuses on finding ways to mitigate the risks of health IT-assisted care and identifies areas of concern so that the nation is in a better position to realize the potential benefits of health IT. Health IT and Patient Safety is both comprehensive and specific in terms of recommended options and opportunities for public and private interventions that may improve the safety of care that incorporates the use of health IT. This book will be of interest to the health IT industry, the federal government, healthcare providers and other users of health IT, and patient advocacy groups. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Design and Construction of Deep Underground Basing Facilities for Strategic Missiles: Report of a Workshop Conducted by the U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council. %D 1982 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18562/design-and-construction-of-deep-underground-basing-facilities-for-strategic-missiles %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18562/design-and-construction-of-deep-underground-basing-facilities-for-strategic-missiles %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Computers and Information Technology %P 150 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Protecting Individual Privacy in Evaluation Research %D 1975 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18828/protecting-individual-privacy-in-evaluation-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18828/protecting-individual-privacy-in-evaluation-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Computers and Information Technology %P 143 %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T Telecommunications Research in the United States and Selected Foreign Countries: a Preliminary Survey. Report to the National Science Foundation %D 1973 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18640/telecommunications-research-in-the-united-states-and-selected-foreign-countries-a-preliminary-survey-report-to-the-national-science-foundation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18640/telecommunications-research-in-the-united-states-and-selected-foreign-countries-a-preliminary-survey-report-to-the-national-science-foundation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Computers and Information Technology %P 224 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Graham, Susan L. %E Snir, Marc %E Patterson, Cynthia A. %T Getting Up to Speed: The Future of Supercomputing %@ 978-0-309-09502-0 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11148/getting-up-to-speed-the-future-of-supercomputing %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11148/getting-up-to-speed-the-future-of-supercomputing %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 306 %X Supercomputers play a significant and growing role in a variety of areas important to the nation. They are used to address challenging science and technology problems. In recent years, however, progress in supercomputing in the United States has slowed. The development of the Earth Simulator supercomputer by Japan that the United States could lose its competitive advantage and, more importantly, the national competence needed to achieve national goals. In the wake of this development, the Department of Energy asked the NRC to assess the state of U.S. supercomputing capabilities and relevant R&D. Subsequently, the Senate directed DOE in S. Rpt. 107-220 to ask the NRC to evaluate the Advanced Simulation and Computing program of the National Nuclear Security Administration at DOE in light of the development of the Earth Simulator. This report provides an assessment of the current status of supercomputing in the United States including a review of current demand and technology, infrastructure and institutions, and international activities. The report also presents a number of recommendations to enable the United States to meet current and future needs for capability supercomputers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Avoiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Advances %@ 978-0-309-09605-8 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11286/avoiding-surprise-in-an-era-of-global-technology-advances %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11286/avoiding-surprise-in-an-era-of-global-technology-advances %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 138 %X The global spread of science and technology expertise and the growing commercial access to advanced technologies with possible military application are creating potentially serious threats to the technological superiority underpinning U.S. military strength. Key to dealing with this situation is the ability of the U.S. intelligence community to be able to provide adequate and effective warning of evolving, critical technologies. To assist in performing this task, the Technology Warning Division of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to undertake a study examining technology warning issues. This report provides the first part of that study. It presents an assessment of critical, evolving technologies; postulates ways potential adversaries could disrupt these technologies; and provides indicators for the intelligence community to determine if such methods are under development. The intention of this report is to establish the foundation for a long-term relationship with the technology warning community to support the examination of technology warning issues. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communication Devices %@ 978-0-309-11294-9 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12036/identification-of-research-needs-relating-to-potential-biological-or-adverse-health-effects-of-wireless-communication-devices %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12036/identification-of-research-needs-relating-to-potential-biological-or-adverse-health-effects-of-wireless-communication-devices %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 78 %X In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the use of wireless communications devices and a great deal of research has been carried out to investigate possible biological or human health effects resulting from their use. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration asked the National Research Council to organize a workshop to identify research needs and gaps in knowledge in the areas of dosimetry and exposure, epidemiology, human laboratory studies, mechanisms, and animal and cell biology. The workshop did not include the evaluation of health effects or the generation of recommendations relating to how identified research needs should be met. Some needs and gaps identified at the workshop include: (1) characterization of exposures from wireless devices and RF base station antennas in juveniles, children, fetuses, and pregnant women and (2) evaluation of devices that use newer technologies (e.g., texting, web-surfing). %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Jackson, Daniel %E Thomas, Martyn %E Millett, Lynette I. %T Software for Dependable Systems: Sufficient Evidence? %@ 978-0-309-10394-7 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11923/software-for-dependable-systems-sufficient-evidence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11923/software-for-dependable-systems-sufficient-evidence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 148 %X The focus of Software for Dependable Systems is a set of fundamental principles that underlie software system dependability and that suggest a different approach to the development and assessment of dependable software. Unfortunately, it is difficult to assess the dependability of software. The field of software engineering suffers from a pervasive lack of evidence about the incidence and severity of software failures; about the dependability of existing software systems; about the efficacy of existing and proposed development methods; about the benefits of certification schemes; and so on. There are many anecdotal reports, which—although often useful for indicating areas of concern or highlighting promising avenues of research—do little to establish a sound and complete basis for making policy decisions regarding dependability. The committee regards claims of extraordinary dependability that are sometimes made on this basis for the most critical of systems as unsubstantiated, and perhaps irresponsible. This difficulty regarding the lack of evidence for system dependability leads to two conclusions: (1) that better evidence is needed, so that approaches aimed at improving the dependability of software can be objectively assessed, and (2) that, for now, the pursuit of dependability in software systems should focus on the construction and evaluation of evidence. The committee also recognized the importance of adopting the practices that are already known and used by the best developers; this report gives a sample of such practices. Some of these (such as systematic configuration management and automated regression testing) are relatively easy to adopt; others (such as constructing hazard analyses and threat models, exploiting formal notations when appropriate, and applying static analysis to code) will require new training for many developers. However valuable, though, these practices are in themselves no silver bullet, and new techniques and methods will be required in order to build future software systems to the level of dependability that will be required. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Cybersecurity Dilemmas: Technology, Policy, and Incentives: Summary of Discussions at the 2014 Raymond and Beverly Sackler U.S.-U.K. Scientific Forum %@ 978-0-309-38008-9 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21833/cybersecurity-dilemmas-technology-policy-and-incentives-summary-of-discussions-at %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21833/cybersecurity-dilemmas-technology-policy-and-incentives-summary-of-discussions-at %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 36 %X Individuals, businesses, governments, and society at large have tied their future to information technologies, and activities carried out in cyberspace have become integral to daily life. Yet these activities - many of them drivers of economic development - are under constant attack from vandals, criminals, terrorists, hostile states, and other malevolent actors. In addition, a variety of legitimate actors, including businesses and governments, have an interest in collecting, analyzing, and storing information from and about individuals and organizations, potentially creating security and privacy risks. Cybersecurity is made extremely difficult by the incredible complexity and scale of cyberspace. The challenges to achieving cybersecurity constantly change as technologies advance, new applications of information technologies emerge, and societal norms evolve. In our interconnected world, cyberspace is a key topic that transcends borders and should influence (as well as be influenced by) international relations. As such, both national and international laws will need careful evaluation to help ensure the conviction of cybercriminals, support companies that work internationally, and protect national security. On December 8 and 9, 2014, the Raymond and Beverly Sackler U.S.-U.K. Scientific Forum "Cybersecurity Dilemmas: Technology, Policy, and Incentives" examined a broad range of topics including cybersecurity and international relations, privacy, rational cybersecurity, and accelerating progress in cybersecurity. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from this forum. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Information Technology Innovation: Resurgence, Confluence, and Continuing Impact %@ 978-0-309-68420-0 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25961/information-technology-innovation-resurgence-confluence-and-continuing-impact %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25961/information-technology-innovation-resurgence-confluence-and-continuing-impact %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 148 %X Information technology (IT) is widely understood to be the enabling technology of the 21st century. IT has transformed, and continues to transform, all aspects of our lives: commerce and finance, education, energy, health care, manufacturing, government, national security, transportation, communications, entertainment, science, and engineering. IT and its impact on the U.S. economy—both directly (the IT sector itself) and indirectly (other sectors that are powered by advances in IT)—continue to grow in size and importance. IT’s impacts on the U.S. economy—both directly (the IT sector itself) and indirectly (other sectors that are powered by advances in IT)—continue to grow. IT enabled innovation and advances in IT products and services draw on a deep tradition of research and rely on sustained investment and a uniquely strong partnership in the United States among government, industry, and universities. Past returns on federal investments in IT research have been extraordinary for both U.S. society and the U.S. economy. This IT innovation ecosystem fuels a virtuous cycle of innovation with growing economic impact. Building on previous National Academies work, this report describes key features of the IT research ecosystem that fuel IT innovation and foster widespread and longstanding impact across the U.S. economy. In addition to presenting established computing research areas and industry sectors, it also considers emerging candidates in both categories. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A National Academy of Engineering %E Personick, Stewart D. %E Patterson, Cynthia A. %T Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and the Law: An Overview of Key Issues %@ 978-0-309-08878-7 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10685/critical-information-infrastructure-protection-and-the-law-an-overview-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10685/critical-information-infrastructure-protection-and-the-law-an-overview-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 102 %X All critical infrastructures are increasingly dependent on the information infrastructure for information management, communications, and control functions. Protection of the critical information infrastructure (CIIP), therefore, is of prime concern. To help with this step, the National Academy of Engineering asked the NRC to assess the various legal issues associated with CIIP. These issues include incentives and disincentives for information sharing between the public and private sectors, and the role of FOIA and antitrust laws as a barrier or facilitator to progress. The report also provides a preliminary analysis of the role of criminal law, liability law, and the establishment of best practices, in encouraging various stakeholders to secure their computer systems and networks. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Fostering Research on the Economic and Social Impacts of Information Technology %@ 978-0-309-06032-5 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6269/fostering-research-on-the-economic-and-social-impacts-of-information-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6269/fostering-research-on-the-economic-and-social-impacts-of-information-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 228 %X The tremendous growth in use of information technology (IT) has led to an increased interest in understanding its social and economic impacts. This book presents examples of crosscutting research that has been conducted to understand the impact of information technology on personal, community, and business activities. It explores ways in which the use of methodology from economics and social sciences contributes to important advances in understanding these impacts. The book discusses significant research issues and concerns and suggests approaches for fostering increased interdisciplinary research on the impacts of information technology and making the results of this research more accessible to the public and policymakers. This volume is expected to influence funding priorities and levels of support for interdisciplinary research of this kind. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Continuing Innovation in Information Technology: Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-43724-0 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23393/continuing-innovation-in-information-technology-workshop-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23393/continuing-innovation-in-information-technology-workshop-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 100 %X The 2012 National Research Council report Continuing Innovation in Information Technology illustrates how fundamental research in information technology (IT), conducted at industry and universities, has led to the introduction of entirely new product categories that ultimately became billion-dollar industries. The central graphic from that report portrays and connects areas of major investment in basic research, university-based research, and industry research and development; the introduction of important commercial products resulting from this research; billion-dollar-plus industries stemming from it; and present-day IT market segments and representative U.S. firms whose creation was stimulated by the decades-long research. At a workshop hosted by the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board on March 5, 2015, leading academic and industry researchers and industrial technologists described key research and development results and their contributions and connections to new IT products and industries, and illustrated these developments as overlays to the 2012 "tire tracks" graphic. The principal goal of the workshop was to collect and make available to policy makers and members of the IT community first-person narratives that illustrate the link between government investments in academic and industry research to the ultimate creation of new IT industries. This report provides summaries of the workshop presentations organized into five broad themes - (1) fueling the innovation pipeline, (2) building a connected world, (3) advancing the hardware foundation, (4) developing smart machines, and (5) people and computers - and ends with a summary of remarks from the concluding panel discussion. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A 21st Century Cyber-Physical Systems Education %@ 978-0-309-45163-5 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23686/a-21st-century-cyber-physical-systems-education %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23686/a-21st-century-cyber-physical-systems-education %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 106 %X Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are "engineered systems that are built from, and depend upon, the seamless integration of computational algorithms and physical components." CPS can be small and closed, such as an artificial pancreas, or very large, complex, and interconnected, such as a regional energy grid. CPS engineering focuses on managing inter- dependencies and impact of physical aspects on cyber aspects, and vice versa. With the development of low-cost sensing, powerful embedded system hardware, and widely deployed communication networks, the reliance on CPS for system functionality has dramatically increased. These technical developments in combination with the creation of a workforce skilled in engineering CPS will allow the deployment of increasingly capable, adaptable, and trustworthy systems. Engineers responsible for developing CPS but lacking the appropriate education or training may not fully understand at an appropriate depth, on the one hand, the technical issues associated with the CPS software and hardware or, on the other hand, techniques for physical system modeling, energy and power, actuation, signal processing, and control. In addition, these engineers may be designing and implementing life-critical systems without appropriate formal training in CPS methods needed for verification and to assure safety, reliability, and security. A workforce with the appropriate education, training, and skills will be better positioned to create and manage the next generation of CPS solutions. A 21st Century Cyber-Physical Systems Education examines the intellectual content of the emerging field of CPS and its implications for engineering and computer science education. This report is intended to inform those who might support efforts to develop curricula and materials; faculty and university administrators; industries with needs for CPS workers; and current and potential students about intellectual foundations, workforce requirements, employment opportunities, and curricular needs. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Anne Frances %E Millett, Lynette I. %T Cryptographic Agility and Interoperability: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-45356-1 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24636/cryptographic-agility-and-interoperability-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24636/cryptographic-agility-and-interoperability-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 90 %X In May 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop on Cryptographic Agility and Interoperability. Speakers at the workshop discussed the history and practice of cryptography, its current challenges, and its future possibilities. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Global Networks and Local Values: A Comparative Look at Germany and the United States %@ 978-0-309-07310-3 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10033/global-networks-and-local-values-a-comparative-look-at-germany %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10033/global-networks-and-local-values-a-comparative-look-at-germany %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 260 %X Whether you call it the third wave, the information revolution, or the virtually connected world, the implications of a global information network are profound. As a society, we want to forestall the possible negative impacts without closing the door to the potential benefits. But how? Global Networks and Local Values provides perspective and direction, focusing on the relationship between global information networks and local values-that is, the political, economic, and cultural norms that shape our daily lives. This book is structured around an illuminating comparison between U.S. and German approaches toward global communication and information flow. (The United States and Germany are selected as two industrialized, highly networked countries with significant social differences.) Global Networks and Local Values captures the larger context of technology and culture, explores the political and commercial institutions where the global network functions, and highlights specific issues such as taxation, privacy, free speech, and more. The committee contrasts the technical uniformity that makes global communication possible with the diversity of the communities being served and explores the prospects that problems resulting from technology can be resolved by still more technology. This thoughtful volume will be of interest to everyone concerned about the social implications of the global Internet. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Decrypting the Encryption Debate: A Framework for Decision Makers %@ 978-0-309-47153-4 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25010/decrypting-the-encryption-debate-a-framework-for-decision-makers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25010/decrypting-the-encryption-debate-a-framework-for-decision-makers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 118 %X Encryption protects information stored on smartphones, laptops, and other devices - in some cases by default. Encrypted communications are provided by widely used computing devices and services - such as smartphones, laptops, and messaging applications - that are used by hundreds of millions of users. Individuals, organizations, and governments rely on encryption to counter threats from a wide range of actors, including unsophisticated and sophisticated criminals, foreign intelligence agencies, and repressive governments. Encryption on its own does not solve the challenge of providing effective security for data and systems, but it is an important tool. At the same time, encryption is relied on by criminals to avoid investigation and prosecution, including criminals who may unknowingly benefit from default settings as well as those who deliberately use encryption. Thus, encryption complicates law enforcement and intelligence investigations. When communications are encrypted "end-to-end," intercepted messages cannot be understood. When a smartphone is locked and encrypted, the contents cannot be read if the phone is seized by investigators. Decrypting the Encryption Debate reviews how encryption is used, including its applications to cybersecurity; its role in protecting privacy and civil liberties; the needs of law enforcement and the intelligence community for information; technical and policy options for accessing plaintext; and the international landscape. This book describes the context in which decisions about providing authorized government agencies access to the plaintext version of encrypted information would be made and identifies and characterizes possible mechanisms and alternative means of obtaining information. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Embedded, Everywhere: A Research Agenda for Networked Systems of Embedded Computers %@ 978-0-309-07568-8 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10193/embedded-everywhere-a-research-agenda-for-networked-systems-of-embedded %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10193/embedded-everywhere-a-research-agenda-for-networked-systems-of-embedded %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 235 %X Advances in the miniaturization and networking of microprocessors promise a day when networked computers are embedded throughout the everyday world. However, our current understanding of what such systems would be like is insufficient to bring the promise to reality. Embedded, Everywhere explores the potential of networked systems of embedded computers and the research challenges arising from embedding computation and communications technology into a wide variety of applications—from precision agriculture to automotive telematics to defense systems. It describes how these emerging networks operate under unique constraints not present in more traditional distributed systems, such as the Internet. It articulates how these networks will have to be dynamically adaptive and self-configuring, and how new models for approaching programming and computation are necessary. Issues relating to trustworthiness, security, safety, reliability, usability, and privacy are examined in light of the ubiquitous nature of these systems. A comprehensive, systems-oriented research agenda is presented, along with recommendations to major federal funding agencies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Dam, Kenneth W. %E Lin, Herbert S. %T Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society %@ 978-0-309-05475-1 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5131/cryptographys-role-in-securing-the-information-society %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5131/cryptographys-role-in-securing-the-information-society %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 720 %X For every opportunity presented by the information age, there is an opening to invade the privacy and threaten the security of the nation, U.S. businesses, and citizens in their private lives. The more information that is transmitted in computer-readable form, the more vulnerable we become to automated spying. It's been estimated that some 10 billion words of computer-readable data can be searched for as little as $1. Rival companies can glean proprietary secrets . . . anti-U.S. terrorists can research targets . . . network hackers can do anything from charging purchases on someone else's credit card to accessing military installations. With patience and persistence, numerous pieces of data can be assembled into a revealing mosaic. Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society addresses the urgent need for a strong national policy on cryptography that promotes and encourages the widespread use of this powerful tool for protecting of the information interests of individuals, businesses, and the nation as a whole, while respecting legitimate national needs of law enforcement and intelligence for national security and foreign policy purposes. This book presents a comprehensive examination of cryptography—the representation of messages in code—and its transformation from a national security tool to a key component of the global information superhighway. The committee enlarges the scope of policy options and offers specific conclusions and recommendations for decision makers. Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society explores how all of us are affected by information security issues: private companies and businesses; law enforcement and other agencies; people in their private lives. This volume takes a realistic look at what cryptography can and cannot do and how its development has been shaped by the forces of supply and demand. How can a business ensure that employees use encryption to protect proprietary data but not to conceal illegal actions? Is encryption of voice traffic a serious threat to legitimate law enforcement wiretaps? What is the systemic threat to the nation's information infrastructure? These and other thought-provoking questions are explored. Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society provides a detailed review of the Escrowed Encryption Standard (known informally as the Clipper chip proposal), a federal cryptography standard for telephony promulgated in 1994 that raised nationwide controversy over its "Big Brother" implications. The committee examines the strategy of export control over cryptography: although this tool has been used for years in support of national security, it is increasingly criticized by the vendors who are subject to federal export regulation. The book also examines other less well known but nevertheless critical issues in national cryptography policy such as digital telephony and the interplay between international and national issues. The themes of Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society are illustrated throughout with many examples—some alarming and all instructive—from the worlds of government and business as well as the international network of hackers. This book will be of critical importance to everyone concerned about electronic security: policymakers, regulators, attorneys, security officials, law enforcement agents, business leaders, information managers, program developers, privacy advocates, and Internet users. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schneider, Fred B. %T Trust in Cyberspace %@ 978-0-309-13182-7 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6161/trust-in-cyberspace %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6161/trust-in-cyberspace %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 352 %X Whether or not you use a computer, you probably use a telephone, electric power, and a bank. Although you may not be aware of their presence, networked computer systems are increasingly becoming an integral part of your daily life. Yet, if such systems perform poorly or don't work at all, then they can put life, liberty, and property at tremendous risk. Is the trust that we—as individuals and as a society—are placing in networked computer systems justified? And if it isn't, what can we do to make such systems more trustworthy? This book provides an assessment of the current state of the art procedures for building trustworthy networked information systems. It proposes directions for research in computer and network security, software technology, and system architecture. In addition, the book assesses current technical and market trends in order to better inform public policy as to where progress is likely and where incentives could help. Trust in Cyberspace offers insights into: The strengths and vulnerabilities of the telephone network and Internet, the two likely building blocks of any networked information system. The interplay between various dimensions of trustworthiness: environmental disruption, operator error, "buggy" software, and hostile attack. The implications for trustworthiness of anticipated developments in hardware and software technology, including the consequences of mobile code. The shifts in security technology and research resulting from replacing centralized mainframes with networks of computers. The heightened concern for integrity and availability where once only secrecy mattered. The way in which federal research funding levels and practices have affected the evolution and current state of the science and technology base in this area. You will want to read this book if your life is touched in any way by computers or telecommunications. But then, whose life isn't?