TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Saragosa, Texas, Tornado May 22, 1987: An Evaluation of the Warning System SN - DO - 10.17226/1766 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1766/saragosa-texas-tornado-may-22-1987-an-evaluation-of-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - The small community of Saragosa, Texas, was devastated by a violent multiple-vortex tornado on Friday, May 22, 1987. Despite the extensive warning dissemination efforts, which are documented in this book, the overall warning system in Saragosa failed to reach most of the residents in time for them to take effective safety measures. The primary purpose of this book is to combine the information provided by the respondents to a postdisaster survey with the facts surrounding the tornado in order to understand and evaluate the severe weather warning procedures used in Reeves County, Texas, where Saragosa is located. The evaluation of this survey is intended to determine ways of adjusting existing warning systems and better prepare the citizens, public officials, and news media in Reeves County, as well as in every city, county, and township where severe weather threatens lives and property. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Meeting on Earthquake Hazards Mitigation: September 9-13, 1991, Moscow, U.S.S.R. SN - DO - 10.17226/2064 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2064/us-ussr-joint-meeting-on-earthquake-hazards-mitigation-september-9 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Earth's Electrical Environment SN - DO - 10.17226/898 PY - 1986 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/898/the-earths-electrical-environment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - This latest addition to the Studies in Geophysics series explores in scientific detail the phenomenon of lightning, cloud, and thunderstorm electricity, and global and regional electrical processes. Consisting of 16 papers by outstanding experts in a number of fields, this volume compiles and reviews many recent advances in such research areas as meteorology, chemistry, electrical engineering, and physics and projects how new knowledge could be applied to benefit mankind. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Emergency Alert and Warning Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Research Directions SN - DO - 10.17226/24935 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24935/emergency-alert-and-warning-systems-current-knowledge-and-future-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Following a series of natural disasters, including Hurricane Katrina, that revealed shortcomings in the nation's ability to effectively alert populations at risk, Congress passed the Warning, Alert, and Response Network (WARN) Act in 2006. Today, new technologies such as smart phones and social media platforms offer new ways to communicate with the public, and the information ecosystem is much broader, including additional official channels, such as government social media accounts, opt-in short message service (SMS)-based alerting systems, and reverse 911 systems; less official channels, such as main stream media outlets and weather applications on connected devices; and unofficial channels, such as first person reports via social media. Traditional media have also taken advantage of these new tools, including their own mobile applications to extend their reach of beyond broadcast radio, television, and cable. Furthermore, private companies have begun to take advantage of the large amounts of data about users they possess to detect events and provide alerts and warnings and other hazard-related information to their users. More than 60 years of research on the public response to alerts and warnings has yielded many insights about how people respond to information that they are at risk and the circumstances under which they are most likely to take appropriate protective action. Some, but not all, of these results have been used to inform the design and operation of alert and warning systems, and new insights continue to emerge. Emergency Alert and Warning Systems reviews the results of past research, considers new possibilities for realizing more effective alert and warning systems, explores how a more effective national alert and warning system might be created and some of the gaps in our present knowledge, and sets forth a research agenda to advance the nation's alert and warning capabilities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Aviation Weather Services: A Call For Federal Leadership and Action SN - DO - 10.17226/5037 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5037/aviation-weather-services-a-call-for-federal-leadership-and-action PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Each time we see grim pictures of aircraft wreckage on a rain-drenched crash site, or scenes of tired holiday travelers stranded in snow-covered airports, we are reminded of the harsh impact that weather can have on the flying public. This book examines issues that affect the provision of national aviation weather services and related research and technology development efforts. It also discusses fragmentation of responsibilities and resources, which leads to a less-than-optimal use of available weather information and examines alternatives for responding to this situation. In particular, it develops an approach whereby the federal government could provide stronger leadership to improve cooperation and coordination among aviation weather providers and users. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/12033 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12033/options-to-ensure-the-climate-record-from-the-npoess-and-goes-r-spacecraft PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In 2000, the nation's next-generation National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) program anticipated purchasing six satellites for $6.5 billion, with a first launch in 2008. By November 2005, however, it became apparent that NPOESS would overrun its cost estimates by at least 25 percent. In June 2006, the planned acquisition of six spacecraft was reduced to four, the launch of the first spacecraft was delayed until 2013, and several sensors were canceled or descoped in capability. To examine the impacts of these changes, particularly those associated with climate research, and ways to mitigate those impacts, NASA and NOAA asked the NRC to add this task to its ongoing "decadal survey," Earth Science and Applications from Space. The sponsors and the NRC agreed to address this task separately and to base its analysis on a major workshop. This book presents summaries of discussions at the workshop, which included sessions on the measurements and sensors originally planned for NPOESS and GOES-R; generation of climate data records; mitigation options, including the role of international partners; and cross-cutting issues. ER -