%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science %@ 978-0-309-06562-7 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10493/living-on-an-active-earth-perspectives-on-earthquake-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10493/living-on-an-active-earth-perspectives-on-earthquake-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 430 %X The destructive force of earthquakes has stimulated human inquiry since ancient times, yet the scientific study of earthquakes is a surprisingly recent endeavor. Instrumental recordings of earthquakes were not made until the second half of the 19th century, and the primary mechanism for generating seismic waves was not identified until the beginning of the 20th century. From this recent start, a range of laboratory, field, and theoretical investigations have developed into a vigorous new discipline: the science of earthquakes. As a basic science, it provides a comprehensive understanding of earthquake behavior and related phenomena in the Earth and other terrestrial planets. As an applied science, it provides a knowledge base of great practical value for a global society whose infrastructure is built on the Earth's active crust. This book describes the growth and origins of earthquake science and identifies research and data collection efforts that will strengthen the scientific and social contributions of this exciting new discipline. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The National Geomagnetic Initiative %@ 978-0-309-04977-1 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2238/the-national-geomagnetic-initiative %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2238/the-national-geomagnetic-initiative %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 264 %X This book provides a comprehensive review of geomagnetism and describes the scope of the science and its interdisciplinary importance. It explores a wide range of synergistic linkages in geophysical research and associated applications related to the geomagnetic field, as well as corresponding challenges and opportunities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science at Sea: Meeting Future Oceanographic Goals with a Robust Academic Research Fleet %@ 978-0-309-14557-2 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12775/science-at-sea-meeting-future-oceanographic-goals-with-a-robust %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12775/science-at-sea-meeting-future-oceanographic-goals-with-a-robust %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 120 %X The U.S. academic research fleet is an essential national resource, and it is likely that scientific demands on the fleet will increase. Oceanographers are embracing a host of remote technologies that can facilitate the collection of data, but will continue to require capable, adaptable research vessels for access to the sea for the foreseeable future. Maintaining U.S. leadership in ocean research will require investing in larger and more capable general purpose Global and Regional class ships; involving the scientific community in all phases of ship design and acquisition; and improving coordination between agencies that operate research fleets. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat %@ 978-0-309-08340-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10323/effects-of-trawling-and-dredging-on-seafloor-habitat %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10323/effects-of-trawling-and-dredging-on-seafloor-habitat %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Agriculture %P 136 %X Concerns over the potential ecological effects of fishing have increased with the expansion of fisheries throughout the marine waters of the United States. Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat describes how assessment of fishing impacts depends on gear type, number and location of bottom tows, and the physical and biological characteristics of seafloor habitats. Many experimental studies have documented acute, gear--specific effects of trawling and dredging on various types of habitat. These studies indicate that low mobility, long--lived species are more vulnerable to towed fishing gear than short--lived species in areas where the seabed is often disturbed by natural phenomena. Trawling and dredging may also change the composition and productivity of fish communities dependent on seafloor habitats for food and refuge. The scale of these impacts depends on the level of fishing effort. This volume presents color maps of fishing effort for all regions with significant bottom trawl or dredge fisheries -- the first time that such data has been assembled and analyzed for the entire nation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales %@ 978-0-309-12722-6 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5142/natural-climate-variability-on-decade-to-century-time-scales %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5142/natural-climate-variability-on-decade-to-century-time-scales %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 644 %X This volume reflects the current state of scientific knowledge about natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales. It covers a wide range of relevant subjects, including the characteristics of the atmosphere and ocean environments as well as the methods used to describe and analyze them, such as proxy data and numerical models. They clearly demonstrate the range, persistence, and magnitude of climate variability as represented by many different indicators. Not only do natural climate variations have important socioeconomic effects, but they must be better understood before possible anthropogenic effects (from greenhouse gas emissions, for instance) can be evaluated. A topical essay introduces each of the disciplines represented, providing the nonscientist with a perspective on the field and linking the papers to the larger issues in climate research. In its conclusions section, the book evaluates progress in the different areas and makes recommendations for the direction and conduct of future climate research. This book, while consisting of technical papers, is also accessible to the interested layperson.