%0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academy of Engineering %T Emerging Technologies and Ethical Issues in Engineering: Papers from a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09271-5 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11083/emerging-technologies-and-ethical-issues-in-engineering-papers-from-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11083/emerging-technologies-and-ethical-issues-in-engineering-papers-from-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 166 %X Engineers and ethicists participated in a workshop to discuss the responsible development of new technologies. Presenters examined four areas of engineering--sustainability, nanotechnology, neurotechnology, and energy--in terms of the ethical issues they present to engineers in particular and society as a whole. Approaches to ethical issues include: analyzing the factual, conceptual, application, and moral aspects of an issue; evaluating the risks and responsibilities of a particular course of action; and using theories of ethics or codes of ethics developed by engineering societies as a basis for decision making. Ethics can be built into the education of engineering students and professionals, either as an aspect of courses already being taught or as a component of engineering projects to be examined along with research findings. Engineering practice workshops can also be effective, particularly when they include discussions with experienced engineers. This volume includes papers on all of these topics by experts in many fields. The consensus among workshop participants is that material on ethics should be an ongoing part of engineering education and engineering practice. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Investments in Federal Facilities: Asset Management Strategies for the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-08919-7 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11012/investments-in-federal-facilities-asset-management-strategies-for-the-21st %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11012/investments-in-federal-facilities-asset-management-strategies-for-the-21st %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 160 %X Facilities now owned by the Federal Government are valued at over $300 billion. It also spends over $25 billion per year for acquisition, renovation, and upkeep. Despite the size of these sums, there is a growing litany of problems with federal facilities that continues to put a drain on the federal budget and compromise the effectiveness of federal services. To examine ways to address these problems, the sponsoring agencies of the Federal Facilities Council (FFC) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for making improved decisions about investment in and renewal, maintenance, and replacement of federal facilities. This report provides the result of that assessment. It presents a review of both public and private practices used to support such decision making and identifies appropriate objectives, practices, and performance measures. The report presents a series of recommendations designed to assist federal agencies and departments improve management of and investment decision making for their facilities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Advanced Energetic Materials %@ 978-0-309-09160-2 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10918/advanced-energetic-materials %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10918/advanced-energetic-materials %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 64 %X Advanced energetic materials—explosive fill and propellants—are a critical technology for national security. While several new promising concepts and formulations have emerged in recent years, the Department of Defense is concerned about the nation’s ability to maintain and improve the knowledge base in this area. To assist in addressing these concerns, two offices within DOD asked the NRC to investigate and assess the scope and health of the U.S. R&D efforts in energetic materials. This report provides that assessment. It presents several findings about the current R&D effort and recommendations aimed at improving U.S. capabilities in developing new energetic materials technology. This study reviewed U.S. research and development in advanced energetics being conducted by DoD, the DoE national laboratories, industries, and academia, from a list provided by the sponsors. It also: (a) reviewed papers and technology assessments of non-U.S. work in advanced energetics, assessed important parameters, such as validity, viability, and the likelihood that each of these materials can be produced in quantity; (b) identified barriers to scale-up and production, and suggested technical approaches for addressing potential problems; and (c) suggested specific opportunities, strategies, and priorities for government sponsorship of technologies and manufacturing process development. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Opportunities to Improve Airport Passenger Screening with Mass Spectrometry %@ 978-0-309-09240-1 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10996/opportunities-to-improve-airport-passenger-screening-with-mass-spectrometry %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10996/opportunities-to-improve-airport-passenger-screening-with-mass-spectrometry %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Engineering and Technology %P 56 %X Protection of the traveling public from terrorist threats involving explosives is a major goal of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). For 20 years, the TSA (and the Federal Aviation Administration before it) have been investing in technologies to meet that goal. To support that activity, the TSA has asked the NRC to assess a variety of technological opportunities for offering such protection. The NRC is approaching this assignment by issuing a series of reports on chosen technology applications. This is the first of that series and presents an assessment of mass spectrometry for enhanced trace detection (ETD) of chemicals contained in explosives. The report describes limitations of trace detection in general and the current technologies in particular. It then presents a discussion of the potential for mass spectrometry to improve EDT including challenges faced by such a system, recommendations for starting a program to take advantage of mass spectrometry, and recommendations for a phased implementation plan. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T New Directions in Manufacturing: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09227-2 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11024/new-directions-in-manufacturing-report-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11024/new-directions-in-manufacturing-report-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Engineering and Technology %P 156 %X The processes and techniques of manufacturing have changed substantially over the decades and that evolution continues today. In order to examine the potential impacts of these changes, the Department of Commerce asked the NRC to design a workshop to focus on issues central to the changing nature of manufacturing. The workshop brought together a number of experts to present papers about and to discuss the current state of manufacturing in the United States and the challenges it faces. This report presents the results of that workshop. Key challenges that emerged from the workshop and that are discussed include understanding manufacturing trends; manufacturing globalization; information technology opportunities; maintaining innovation; strengthening small and medium-sized enterprises; workforce education; and rising infrastructure costs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Eyring, Greg %T Summary of the Sensing and Positioning Technology Workshop of the Committee on Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-09245-6 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11032/summary-of-the-sensing-and-positioning-technology-workshop-of-the-committee-on-nanotechnology-for-the-intelligence-community %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11032/summary-of-the-sensing-and-positioning-technology-workshop-of-the-committee-on-nanotechnology-for-the-intelligence-community %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Health and Medicine %P 47 %X The emergence of nanotechnology as a major science and technology research topic has sparked substantial interest by the intelligence community. In particular the community is interested both in the potential for nanotechnology to assist intelligence operations and threats it could create. To explore these questions, the Intelligence Technology Innovation Center asked the National Research Council to conduct a number of activities to illustrate the potential for nanotechnology to address key intelligence community needs. The second of these was a workshop to explore how nanotechnology might enable advances in sensing and locating technology. This report presents a summary of that workshop. In includes an overview of security technologies, and discussions of systems, natural chemical/biological tags, passive chemical/biological tags, and radio/radar/optical tags. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Forensic Analysis: Weighing Bullet Lead Evidence %@ 978-0-309-09079-7 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10924/forensic-analysis-weighing-bullet-lead-evidence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10924/forensic-analysis-weighing-bullet-lead-evidence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Engineering and Technology %P 226 %X Since the 1960s, testimony by representatives of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in thousands of criminal cases has relied on evidence from Compositional Analysis of Bullet Lead (CABL), a forensic technique that compares the elemental composition of bullets found at a crime scene to the elemental composition of bullets found in a suspect's possession. Different from ballistics techniques that compare striations on the barrel of a gun to those on a recovered bullet, CABL is used when no gun is recovered or when bullets are too small or mangled to observe striations. Forensic Analysis: Weighing Bullet Lead Evidence assesses the scientific validity of CABL, finding that the FBI should use a different statistical analysis for the technique and that, given variations in bullet manufacturing processes, expert witnesses should make clear the very limited conclusions that CABL results can support. The report also recommends that the FBI take additional measures to ensure the validity of CABL results, which include improving documentation, publishing details, and improving on training and oversight. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Jorgenson, Dale W. %E Wessner, Charles W. %T Productivity and Cyclicality in Semiconductors: Trends, Implications, and Questions: Report of a Symposium %@ 978-0-309-09274-6 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11134/productivity-and-cyclicality-in-semiconductors-trends-implications-and-questions-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11134/productivity-and-cyclicality-in-semiconductors-trends-implications-and-questions-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 214 %X Hosted by Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, this symposium brought together leading technologists and economists to review technical challenges facing the semiconductor industry, the industry’s business cycle, the interconnections between the two, and the implications of growth in semiconductors for the economy as a whole. This volume includes a summary of the symposium proceedings and three major research papers. Topics reviewed encompass the industry technology roadmap, challenges to be overcome to maintain the trajectory of Moore’s Law, the drivers of the continued growth in productivity in the U.S. economy, and economic models for gaining a better understanding of this leading U.S. industry. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Retooling Manufacturing: Bridging Design, Materials, and Production %@ 978-0-309-09266-1 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11049/retooling-manufacturing-bridging-design-materials-and-production %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11049/retooling-manufacturing-bridging-design-materials-and-production %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Engineering and Technology %P 123 %X As the Department of Defense continues development of the future warrior system, the difficulty of moving rapidly from design to manufacturing for complex technologies is becoming a major concern. In particular, there are communication gaps between design and manufacturing that hinder rapid development of new products important for these future military developments. To help address those concerns, DOD asked the NRC to develop a framework for “bridging” these gaps through data management, modeling, and simulation. This report presents the results of this study. It provides a framework for virtual design and manufacturing and an assessment of the necessary tools; an analysis of the economic dimensions; an examination of barriers to virtual design and manufacturing in the DOD acquisition process; and a series of recommendations and research needs.