TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Steve Olson A2 - Sheila Moats TI - Nutrition Education in the K-12 Curriculum: The Role of National Standards: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18361 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18361/nutrition-education-in-the-k-12-curriculum-the-role-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The childhood obesity epidemic and related health consequences are urgent public health problems. Approximately one-third of America's young people are overweight or obese. Health problems once seen overwhelmingly in adults, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension, are increasingly appearing in youth. Though the health of Americans has improved in many broad areas for decades, increases in obesity could erode these and future improvements. The IOM report Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation recognized the importance of the school environment in addressing the epidemic and recommended making schools a focal point for obesity prevention. The development and implementation of K-12 nutrition benchmarks, guides, or standards (for a discussion of these terms, see the next section of this chapter) would constitute a critical step in achieving this recommendation. National nutrition education curriculum standards could have a variety of benefits, including the following: Improving the consistency and effectiveness of nutrition education in schools; Preparing and training teachers and other education staff to help them provide effective nutrition education; Assisting colleges and universities in the development of courses in nutrition as part of teacher certification and in updating methods courses on how to integrate nutrition education in subject-matter areas in the classroom and in materials; and Establishing a framework for future collaborative efforts and partnerships to improve nutrition education. Nutrition Education in the K-12 Curriculum: The Role of National Standards is a summary of the workshop's presentations and discussions prepared from the workshop transcript and slides. This summary presents recommendations made by individual speakers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Assessing Prevalence and Trends in Obesity: Navigating the Evidence SN - DO - 10.17226/23505 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23505/assessing-prevalence-and-trends-in-obesity-navigating-the-evidence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - Obesity has come to the forefront of the American public health agenda. The increased attention has led to a growing interest in quantifying obesity prevalence and determining how the prevalence has changed over time. Estimates of obesity prevalence and trends are fundamental to understanding and describing the scope of issue. Policy makers, program planners, and other stakeholders at the national, state, and local levels are among those who search for estimates relevant to their population(s) of interest to inform their decision-making. The differences in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data have given rise to a body of evidence that is inconsistent and has created barriers to interpreting and applying published reports. As such, there is a need to provide guidance to those who seek to better understand and use estimates of obesity prevalence and trends. Assessing Prevalence and Trends in Obesity examines the approaches to data collection, analysis, and interpretation that have been used in recent reports on obesity prevalence and trends at the national, state, and local level, particularly among U.S. children, adolescents, and young adults. This report offers a framework for assessing studies on trends in obesity, principally among children and young adults, for policy making and program planning purposes, and recommends ways decision makers and others can move forward in assessing and interpreting reports on obesity trends. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lisa M. Troy A2 - Emily Ann Miller A2 - Steve Olson TI - Hunger and Obesity: Understanding a Food Insecurity Paradigm: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13102 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13102/hunger-and-obesity-understanding-a-food-insecurity-paradigm-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - At some point during 2009, more than 17 million households in the United States had difficulty providing enough food for all their members because of a lack of resources. In more than one-third of these households, the food intake of some household members was reduced and normal eating patterns were disrupted due to limited resources. The Workshop on Understanding the Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Obesity was held to explore the biological, economic, psychosocial, and other factors that may influence the relationship between food insecurity, overweight, and obesity in the United States. Hunger and Obesity examines current concepts and research findings in the field. The report identifies information gaps, proposes alternative approaches to analyzing data, recommends new data that should be collected, and addresses the limitations of the available research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria: A Scientific Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/5071 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5071/wic-nutrition-risk-criteria-a-scientific-assessment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - This book reviews the scientific basis for nutrition risk criteria used to establish eligibility for participation in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The volume also examines the specific segments of the WIC population at risk for each criterion, identifies gaps in the scientific knowledge base, formulates recommendations regarding appropriate criteria, and where applicable, recommends values for determining who is at risk for each criterion. Recommendations for program action and research are made to strengthen the validity of nutrition risk criteria used in the WIC program. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of WIC Food Packages: Improving Balance and Choice: Final Report SN - DO - 10.17226/23655 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23655/review-of-wic-food-packages-improving-balance-and-choice-final PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) began 40 years ago as a pilot program and has since grown to serve over 8 million pregnant women, and mothers of and their infants and young children. Today the program serves more than a quarter of the pregnant women and half of the infants in the United States, at an annual cost of about $6.2 billion. Through its contribution to the nutritional needs of pregnant, breastfeeding, and post-partum women; infants; and children under 5 years of age; this federally supported nutrition assistance program is integral to meeting national nutrition policy goals for a significant portion of the U.S. population. To assure the continued success of the WIC, Congress mandated that the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reevaluate the program's food packages every 10 years. In 2014, the USDA asked the Institute of Medicine to undertake this reevaluation to ensure continued alignment with the goals of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In this third report, the committee provides its final analyses, recommendations, and the supporting rationale. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lynn Parker A2 - Emily Ann Miller A2 - Elena Ovaitt A2 - Stephen Olson TI - Alliances for Obesity Prevention: Finding Common Ground: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13305 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13305/alliances-for-obesity-prevention-finding-common-ground-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - Many organizations are making focused efforts to prevent obesity. To achieve their goals, accelerate their progress, and sustain their success, the assistance of many other individuals and groups--not all of them with a singular focus on obesity prevention--will be essential. In October 2011 the Institute of Medicine held a workshop that provided an opportunity for obesity prevention groups to hear from and hold discussions with many of these potential allies in obesity prevention. They explored common ground for joint activities and mutual successes and lessons learned from efforts at aligning diverse groups with goals in common. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Kara Nyberg A2 - Annina Catherine Burns A2 - Lynn Parker TI - Childhood Obesity Prevention in Texas: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12746 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12746/childhood-obesity-prevention-in-texas-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Food and Nutrition AB - Childhood Obesity Prevention in Texas summarizes the information gathered at a workshop held February 5-6, 2009, in Austin, Texas. At this workshop, committee members met with Texas lawmakers, public officials, and community leaders to exchange ideas and to view first-hand strategies that are being implemented effectively at the state and local levels to prevent and reverse childhood obesity. Texas leaders at the workshop expressed the strong belief that the state's economic vitality and security depend on the health of its population. Accordingly, the state is no longer simply describing the personal, community, and financial costs of its obesity crisis; it is taking proactive steps to address the problem through strategic initiatives. An overarching strategy is to address obesity by targeting the state's youth, in whom it may be possible to instill healthy behaviors and lifestyles to last a lifetime. A guiding principle of these efforts is that they should be evidence based, community specific, sustainable, cost-effective, and supported by effective partnerships. Moreover, the goal is for the responsibility to be broadly shared by individuals, families, communities, and the public and private sectors. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Steve Olson TI - Cross-Sector Responses to Obesity: Models for Change: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21706 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21706/cross-sector-responses-to-obesity-models-for-change-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - Obesity affects 17 percent of children and adolescents and almost 36 percent of adults in the United States. Conservative estimates suggest that obesity now accounts for almost 20 percent of national health care spending. Until the obesity epidemic is reversed, obesity will continue to drive rates of chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Cross-Sector Responses to Obesity is a summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Obesity Solutions in September 2014 to explore models of cross-sector work that may reduce the prevalence and consequences of obesity. This report identifies case studies of cross-sector initiatives that engage partners from diverse fields, and lessons learned from and barriers to established cross-sector initiatives. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lynn Parker A2 - Matthew Spear A2 - Nicole Ferring Holovach A2 - Stephen Olson TI - Legal Strategies in Childhood Obesity Prevention: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13123 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13123/legal-strategies-in-childhood-obesity-prevention-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since 1980, childhood obesity rates have more than tripled in the United States. Recent data show that almost one-third of children over 2 years of age are already overweight or obese. While the prevalence of childhood obesity appears to have plateaued in recent years, the magnitude of the problem remains unsustainably high and represents an enormous public health concern. All options for addressing the childhood obesity epidemic must therefore be explored. In the United States, legal approaches have successfully reduced other threats to public health, such as the lack of passive restraints in automobiles and the use of tobacco. The question then arises of whether laws, regulations, and litigation can likewise be used to change practices and policies that contribute to obesity. On October 21, 2010, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) held a workshop to bring together stakeholders to discuss the current and future legal strategies aimed at combating childhood obesity. Legal Strategies in Childhood Obesity Prevention summarizes the proceedings of that workshop. The report examines the challenges involved in implementing public health initiatives by using legal strategies to elicit change. It also discusses circumstances in which legal strategies are needed and effective. This workshop was created only to explore the boundaries of potential legal approaches to address childhood obesity, and therefore, does not contain recommendations for the use of such approaches. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Paula Tarnapol Whitacre A2 - Annina Catherine Burns A2 - Cathy Liverman A2 - Lynn Parker TI - Community Perspectives on Obesity Prevention in Children: Workshop Summaries SN - DO - 10.17226/12705 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12705/community-perspectives-on-obesity-prevention-in-children-workshop-summaries PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Food and Nutrition AB - As the public health threat of childhood obesity has become clear, the issue has become the focus of local, state, and national initiatives. Many of these efforts are centered on the community environment in recognition of the role of environmental factors in individual behaviors related to food and physical activity. In many communities, for example, fresh produce is not available or affordable, streets and parks are not amenable to exercise, and policies and economic choices make fast food cheaper and more convenient than healthier alternatives. Community efforts to combat obesity vary in scope and scale; overall, however, they remain fragmented, and little is known about their effectiveness. At the local level, communities are struggling to determine which obesity prevention programs to initiate and how to evaluate their impact. In this context, the Institute of Medicine held two workshops to inform current work on obesity prevention in children through input from individuals who are actively engaged in community- and policy-based obesity prevention programs. Community perspectives were elicited on the challenges involved in undertaking policy and programmatic interventions aimed at preventing childhood obesity, and on approaches to program implementation and evaluation that have shown promise. Highlights of the workshop presentations and discussions are presented in this volume. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Shiriki K. Kumanyika A2 - Lynn Parker A2 - Leslie J. Sim TI - Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making SN - DO - 10.17226/12847 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12847/bridging-the-evidence-gap-in-obesity-prevention-a-framework-to PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - To battle the obesity epidemic in America, health care professionals and policymakers need relevant, useful data on the effectiveness of obesity prevention policies and programs. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention identifies a new approach to decision making and research on obesity prevention to use a systems perspective to gain a broader understanding of the context of obesity and the many factors that influence it. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - An Integrated Framework for Assessing the Value of Community-Based Prevention SN - DO - 10.17226/13487 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13487/an-integrated-framework-for-assessing-the-value-of-community-based-prevention PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Food and Nutrition AB - During the past century the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States have shifted from those related to communicable diseases to those due to chronic diseases. Just as the major causes of morbidity and mortality have changed, so too has the understanding of health and what makes people healthy or ill. Research has documented the importance of the social determinants of health (for example, socioeconomic status and education) that affect health directly as well as through their impact on other health determinants such as risk factors. Targeting interventions toward the conditions associated with today's challenges to living a healthy life requires an increased emphasis on the factors that affect the current cause of morbidity and mortality, factors such as the social determinants of health. Many community-based prevention interventions target such conditions. Community-based prevention interventions offer three distinct strengths. First, because the intervention is implemented population-wide it is inclusive and not dependent on access to a health care system. Second, by directing strategies at an entire population an intervention can reach individuals at all levels of risk. And finally, some lifestyle and behavioral risk factors are shaped by conditions not under an individual's control. For example, encouraging an individual to eat healthy food when none is accessible undermines the potential for successful behavioral change. Community-based prevention interventions can be designed to affect environmental and social conditions that are out of the reach of clinical services. Four foundations - the California Endowment, the de Beaumont Foundation, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - asked the Institute of Medicine to convene an expert committee to develop a framework for assessing the value of community-based, non-clinical prevention policies and wellness strategies, especially those targeting the prevention of long-term, chronic diseases. The charge to the committee was to define community-based, non-clinical prevention policy and wellness strategies; define the value for community-based, non-clinical prevention policies and wellness strategies; and analyze current frameworks used to assess the value of community-based, non-clinical prevention policies and wellness strategies, including the methodologies and measures used and the short- and long-term impacts of such prevention policy and wellness strategies on health care spending and public health. An Integrated Framework for Assessing the Value of Community-Based Prevention summarizes the committee's findings. ER -