%0 Book %T Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21259/doctoral-scientists-and-engineers-in-the-united-states-1995-profile %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21259/doctoral-scientists-and-engineers-in-the-united-states-1995-profile %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Health and Medicine %P 137 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Health Care in a Context of Civil Rights %D 1981 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18680/health-care-in-a-context-of-civil-rights %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18680/health-care-in-a-context-of-civil-rights %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Health and Medicine %P 202 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Ulmer, Cheryl %E McFadden, Bernadette %E Nerenz, David R. %T Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement %@ 978-0-309-14012-6 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12696/race-ethnicity-and-language-data-standardization-for-health-care-quality %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12696/race-ethnicity-and-language-data-standardization-for-health-care-quality %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 286 %X The goal of eliminating disparities in health care in the United States remains elusive. Even as quality improves on specific measures, disparities often persist. Addressing these disparities must begin with the fundamental step of bringing the nature of the disparities and the groups at risk for those disparities to light by collecting health care quality information stratified by race, ethnicity and language data. Then attention can be focused on where interventions might be best applied, and on planning and evaluating those efforts to inform the development of policy and the application of resources. A lack of standardization of categories for race, ethnicity, and language data has been suggested as one obstacle to achieving more widespread collection and utilization of these data. Race, Ethnicity, and Language Data identifies current models for collecting and coding race, ethnicity, and language data; reviews challenges involved in obtaining these data, and makes recommendations for a nationally standardized approach for use in health care quality improvement. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Hernandez, Lyla M. %T Health Communication with Immigrants, Refugees, and Migrant Workers: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24796/health-communication-with-immigrants-refugees-and-migrant-workers-proceedings-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24796/health-communication-with-immigrants-refugees-and-migrant-workers-proceedings-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 7 %X In March 2017, the Roundtable on Health Literacy of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop focused on health communication with people from immigrant, refugee, and migrant worker populations. The workshop was organized to explore the application of health literacy insights to the issues and challenges associated with addressing the health of immigrants, refugees, and migrant workers. Participants explored issues of access and services for these populations as well as outreach and action. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %T Facilitating Health Communication with Immigrant, Refugee, and Migrant Populations Through the Use of Health Literacy and Community Engagement Strategies: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46340-9 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24845/facilitating-health-communication-with-immigrant-refugee-and-migrant-populations-through-the-use-of-health-literacy-and-community-engagement-strategies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24845/facilitating-health-communication-with-immigrant-refugee-and-migrant-populations-through-the-use-of-health-literacy-and-community-engagement-strategies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 104 %X The increasingly diverse ethnic composition of the United States population has created a profound and ongoing demographic shift, and public health and health care organizations face many challenges as they move to address and adapt to this change. To better understand how the public health and health care communities can meet the challenges of serving an increasingly diverse population, the Roundtable on Health Literacy conducted a public workshop on facilitating health communication with immigrant, refugee, and migrant populations through the use of health literate approaches. The goal of the workshop was to identify approaches that will enable organizations that serve these ethnically and culturally diverse populations in a manner that allows all members of these communities to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and the services needed to make appropriate health and personal decisions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Considerations for the Design of a Systematic Review of Care Interventions for Individuals with Dementia and Their Caregivers: Letter Report %@ 978-0-309-48723-8 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25326/considerations-for-the-design-of-a-systematic-review-of-care-interventions-for-individuals-with-dementia-and-their-caregivers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25326/considerations-for-the-design-of-a-systematic-review-of-care-interventions-for-individuals-with-dementia-and-their-caregivers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 18 %X Considerations for the Design of a Systematic Review of Care Interventions for Individuals with Dementia and Their Caregivers: Letter Report provides input into the design of an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) systematic review of evidence on effective care-related interventions for people with dementia and their caregivers. This letter report describes potential changes and considerations for the key questions and study design that would result in the most informative and timely evidence review on this topic. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Eden, Jill %E Wheatley, Ben %E McNeil, Barbara %E Sox, Harold %T Knowing What Works in Health Care: A Roadmap for the Nation %@ 978-0-309-11356-4 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12038/knowing-what-works-in-health-care-a-roadmap-for-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12038/knowing-what-works-in-health-care-a-roadmap-for-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 278 %X There is currently heightened interest in optimizing health care through the generation of new knowledge on the effectiveness of health care services. The United States must substantially strengthen its capacity for assessing evidence on what is known and not known about "what works" in health care. Even the most sophisticated clinicians and consumers struggle to learn which care is appropriate and under what circumstances. Knowing What Works in Health Care looks at the three fundamental health care issues in the United States—setting priorities for evidence assessment, assessing evidence (systematic review), and developing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines—and how each of these contributes to the end goal of effective, practical health care systems. This book provides an overall vision and roadmap for improving how the nation uses scientific evidence to identify the most effective clinical services. Knowing What Works in Health Care gives private and public sector firms, consumers, health care professionals, benefit administrators, and others the authoritative, independent information required for making essential informed health care decisions. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Data %@ 978-0-309-44801-7 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23605/accounting-for-social-risk-factors-in-medicare-payment-data %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23605/accounting-for-social-risk-factors-in-medicare-payment-data %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 82 %X Recent health care payment reforms aim to improve the alignment of Medicare payment strategies with goals to improve the quality of care provided, patient experiences with health care, and health outcomes, while also controlling costs. These efforts move Medicare away from the volume-based payment of traditional fee-for-service models and toward value-based purchasing, in which cost control is an explicit goal in addition to clinical and quality goals. Specific payment strategies include pay-for-performance and other quality incentive programs that tie financial rewards and sanctions to the quality and efficiency of care provided and accountable care organizations in which health care providers are held accountable for both the quality and cost of the care they deliver. Accounting For Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Data is the fourth in a series of five brief reports that aim to inform ASPE analyses that account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs mandated through the IMPACT Act. This report provides guidance on data sources for and strategies to collect data on indicators of social risk factors that could be accounted for Medicare quality measurement and payment programs. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Hernandez, Lyla M. %T Measures of Health Literacy: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-13980-9 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12690/measures-of-health-literacy-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12690/measures-of-health-literacy-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 142 %X Health literacy--the ability for individuals to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services to facilitate appropriate health decisions--is increasingly recognized as an important facet of health care and health outcomes. Although research on health literacy has grown tremendously in the past decade, there is no widely agreed-upon framework for health literacy as a determinant of health outcomes. Most instruments focus on assessing an individual's health literacy, yet the scope of health literacy reaches far beyond an individual's skills and abilities. Health literacy occurs in the context of the health care system, and therefore measures of health literacy must also assess the demands and complexities of the health care systems with which patients interact. For example, measures are needed to determine how well the system has been organized so that it can be navigated by individuals with different levels of health literacy and how well health organizations are doing at making health information understandable and actionable. To examine what is known about measures of health literacy, the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop. The workshop, summarized in this volume, reviews the current status of measures of health literacy, including those used in the health care setting; discusses possible surrogate measures that might be used to assess health literacy; and explores ways in which health literacy measures can be used to assess patient-centered approaches to care. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Jopeck, Valerie Tate %E Lewin, Marion Ein %T Developing an Information Infrastructure for the Medicare+Choice Program: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-06388-3 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6419/developing-an-information-infrastructure-for-the-medicarechoice-program-summary-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6419/developing-an-information-infrastructure-for-the-medicarechoice-program-summary-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 76 %X On March 4 and 5, 1998, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Choice and Managed Care held a 2-day workshop entitled Developing the Information Infrastructure for Medicare Beneficiaries. This workshop was a follow-up to the IOM report entitled Improving the Medicare Market: Adding Choice and Protections. The workshop focused on the Medicare provisions in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which mandate that the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) develop a "nationally coordinated education and publicity campaign" in 1998 and move Medicare beneficiaries to an open-season enrollment process by the year 2002. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %T Community-Based Health Literacy Interventions: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46667-7 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24917/community-based-health-literacy-interventions-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24917/community-based-health-literacy-interventions-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 244 %X In its landmark report, Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion, the Institute of Medicine noted that there are 90 million adults in the United States with limited health literacy who cannot fully benefit from what the health and health care systems have to offer. Since the release of that report, health literacy has become a vibrant research field that has developed and disseminated a wide range of tools and practices that have helped organizations, ranging in size from large health care systems to individual health care providers and pharmacists, to engage in health literate discussions with and provide health literate materials for patients and family members. Improving the health literacy of organizations can be an important component of addressing the social determinants of health and achieving the triple aim of improving the patient experience, improving the health of populations, and reducing the cost of care. However, the focus on organizations does not address the larger issue of how to improve health literacy across the U.S. population. To get a better understanding of the state of community-based health literacy interventions, the Roundtable on Health Literacy hosted a workshop on July 19, 2017 on community-based health literacy interventions. It featured examples of community-based health literacy programs, discussions on how to evaluate such programs, and the actions the field can take to embrace this larger view of health literacy. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Eden, Jill %E Levit, Laura %E Berg, Alfred %E Morton, Sally %T Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews %@ 978-0-309-16425-2 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13059/finding-what-works-in-health-care-standards-for-systematic-reviews %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13059/finding-what-works-in-health-care-standards-for-systematic-reviews %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 340 %X Healthcare decision makers in search of reliable information that compares health interventions increasingly turn to systematic reviews for the best summary of the evidence. Systematic reviews identify, select, assess, and synthesize the findings of similar but separate studies, and can help clarify what is known and not known about the potential benefits and harms of drugs, devices, and other healthcare services. Systematic reviews can be helpful for clinicians who want to integrate research findings into their daily practices, for patients to make well-informed choices about their own care, for professional medical societies and other organizations that develop clinical practice guidelines. Too often systematic reviews are of uncertain or poor quality. There are no universally accepted standards for developing systematic reviews leading to variability in how conflicts of interest and biases are handled, how evidence is appraised, and the overall scientific rigor of the process. In Finding What Works in Health Care the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 21 standards for developing high-quality systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. The standards address the entire systematic review process from the initial steps of formulating the topic and building the review team to producing a detailed final report that synthesizes what the evidence shows and where knowledge gaps remain. Finding What Works in Health Care also proposes a framework for improving the quality of the science underpinning systematic reviews. This book will serve as a vital resource for both sponsors and producers of systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Olson, Steve %E Anderson, Karen M. %T Immigration as a Social Determinant of Health: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-48217-2 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25204/immigration-as-a-social-determinant-of-health-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25204/immigration-as-a-social-determinant-of-health-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 76 %X Since 1965 the foreign-born population of the United States has swelled from 9.6 million or 5 percent of the population to 45 million or 14 percent in 2015. Today, about one-quarter of the U.S. population consists of immigrants or the children of immigrants. Given the sizable representation of immigrants in the U.S. population, their health is a major influence on the health of the population as a whole. On average, immigrants are healthier than native-born Americans. Yet, immigrants also are subject to the systematic marginalization and discrimination that often lead to the creation of health disparities. To explore the link between immigration and health disparities, the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity held a workshop in Oakland, California, on November 28, 2017. This summary of that workshop highlights the presentations and discussions of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Kwan, Leslie Y. %E Stratton, Kathleen %E Steinwachs, Donald M. %T Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment %@ 978-0-309-44920-5 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23635/accounting-for-social-risk-factors-in-medicare-payment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23635/accounting-for-social-risk-factors-in-medicare-payment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 580 %X Recent health care payment reforms aim to improve the alignment of Medicare payment strategies with goals to improve the quality of care provided, patient experiences with health care, and health outcomes, while also controlling costs. These efforts move Medicare away from the volume-based payment of traditional fee-for-service models and toward value-based purchasing, in which cost control is an explicit goal in addition to clinical and quality goals. Specific payment strategies include pay-for-performance and other quality incentive programs that tie financial rewards and sanctions to the quality and efficiency of care provided and accountable care organizations in which health care providers are held accountable for both the quality and cost of the care they deliver. Accounting For Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment is the fifth and final report in a series of brief reports that aim to inform ASPE analyses that account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs mandated through the IMPACT Act. This report aims to put the entire series in context and offers additional thoughts about how to best consider the various methods for accounting for social risk factors, as well as next steps. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Wizemann, Theresa %E Thompson, Darla %T Spread, Scale, and Sustainability in Population Health: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-37117-9 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21708/spread-scale-and-sustainability-in-population-health-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21708/spread-scale-and-sustainability-in-population-health-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 144 %X Spread, Scale, and Sustainability in Population Health is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Population Health Improvement in December 2014 to discuss the spread, scale, and sustainability of practices, models, and interventions for improving health in a variety of inter-organizational and geographical contexts. This report explores how users measure whether their strategies of spread and scale have been effective and discusses how to increase the focus on spread and scale in population health. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Volberding, Paul A. %E Spicer, Carol Mason %E Flaubert, Jennifer Lalitha %T Functional Assessment for Adults with Disabilities %@ 978-0-309-48938-6 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25376/functional-assessment-for-adults-with-disabilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25376/functional-assessment-for-adults-with-disabilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 444 %X The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) provides disability benefits through the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs. To receive SSDI or SSI disability benefits, an individual must meet the statutory definition of disability, which is "the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity [SGA] by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months." SSA uses a five-step sequential process to determine whether an adult applicant meets this definition. Functional Assessment for Adults with Disabilities examines ways to collect information about an individual's physical and mental (cognitive and noncognitive) functional abilities relevant to work requirements. This report discusses the types of information that support findings of limitations in functional abilities relevant to work requirements, and provides findings and conclusions regarding the collection of information and assessment of functional abilities relevant to work requirements. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Hewitt, Maria %E Hernandez, Lyla M. %T Implications of Health Literacy for Public Health: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-30365-1 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18756/implications-of-health-literacy-for-public-health-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18756/implications-of-health-literacy-for-public-health-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 176 %X Health literacy is the degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand the basic health information and services they need to make appropriate health decisions. Nearly half of all American adults - 90 million people - have inadequate health literacy to navigate the health care system. Implications of Health Literacy for Public Health is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Health Literacy in November 2013 that focused on the implications of health literacy for the mission and essential services of public health. The workshop featured the presentation of a commissioned paper on health literacy activities under way in public health organizations. Other presentations examined the implications of health literacy for the mission and essential services of public health, for example, community health and safety, disease prevention, disaster management, or health communication. This report includes the commissioned paper and summaries of the workshop presentations. %0 Book %A National Academy of Medicine %E Chappell, Kathy %E Holmboe, Eric %E Poulin, Lauren %E Singer, Steve %E Finkelman, Elizabeth %E Salman, Aisha %T Educating Together, Improving Together: Harmonizing Interprofessional Approaches to Address the Opioid Epidemic %@ 978-0-309-70501-1 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27108/educating-together-improving-together-harmonizing-interprofessional-approaches-to-address-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27108/educating-together-improving-together-harmonizing-interprofessional-approaches-to-address-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 144 %X The United States is in the midst of an urgent and complex opioid crisis. To address how education and training can more effectively respond to this crisis, we must have a better understanding of problems in practice—or professional practice gaps—for health professionals and teams in practice. A coordinated response requires identifying and addressing professional practice gaps (PPGs) related to pain management, opioid use disorder, and other substance use disorder (SUD) care, as well as integrating evidence-based best practices into health professional education and training curricula across the continuum from undergraduate training into post-graduate continuing education This Special Publication presents two information-gathering efforts to assess persisting PPGs pertaining to pain management and SUD care and to better understand the current health professional education environment: the first is a comprehensive literature review, and the second is a survey of the regulatory landscape.The results underscore the need to collaboratively develop a harmonized interprofessional, person- and family-centered approach for the continuum of health professions education to more effectively address the opioid crisis.In this Special Publication, the Health Professional Education and Training Workgroup of the National Academy of Medicine’s Action Collaborative on Countering the U.S. Opioid Epidemic identified five action-oriented priorities to support this goal:Establish minimum core competencies in pain management and substance use disorders for all health care professionals, and support tracking of health care professionals’ competenceAlign accreditors' expectations for interprofessional collaboration in education for pain management and substance use disordersFoster interprofessional collaboration among licensing and certifying bodies to optimize regulatory approaches and outcomesUnleash the capacity for continuing education to meet health professions learners where they are through investment and leadership, andCollaborate to harmonize practice improvement initiativesWith due effort and support, these approaches will amplify effective practices while harmonizing and improving the environment for health care professionals to best serve the needs of their patients and communities. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Chao, Samantha %E Anderson, Karen %E Hernandez, Lyla %T Toward Health Equity and Patient-Centeredness: Integrating Health Literacy, Disparities Reduction, and Quality Improvement: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-12749-3 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12502/toward-health-equity-and-patient-centeredness-integrating-health-literacy-disparities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12502/toward-health-equity-and-patient-centeredness-integrating-health-literacy-disparities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 102 %X To receive the greatest value for health care, it is important to focus on issues of quality and disparity, and the ability of individuals to make appropriate decisions based on basic health knowledge and services. The Forum on the Science of Health Care Quality Improvement and Implementation, the Roundtable on Health Disparities, and the Roundtable on Health Literacy jointly convened the workshop "Toward Health Equity and Patient-Centeredness: Integrating Health Literacy, Disparities Reduction, and Quality Improvement" to address these concerns. During this workshop, speakers and participants explored how equity in care delivered and a focus on patients could be improved. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Criteria, Factors, and Methods %@ 978-0-309-44293-0 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23513/accounting-for-social-risk-factors-in-medicare-payment-criteria-factors %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23513/accounting-for-social-risk-factors-in-medicare-payment-criteria-factors %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 124 %X Recent health care payment reforms aim to improve the alignment of Medicare payment strategies with goals to improve the quality of care provided, patient experiences with health care, and health outcomes, while also controlling costs. These efforts move Medicare away from the volume-based payment of traditional fee-for-service models and toward value-based purchasing, in which cost control is an explicit goal in addition to clinical and quality goals. Specific payment strategies include pay-for-performance and other quality incentive programs that tie financial rewards and sanctions to the quality and efficiency of care provided and accountable care organizations in which health care providers are held accountable for both the quality and cost of the care they deliver. Accounting For Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment: Criteria, Factors, and Methods is the third in a series of five brief reports that aim to inform ASPE analyses that account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs mandated through the IMPACT Act. This report builds on the conceptual relationships and empirical associations between social risk factors and performance indicators used in value-based payment identified in the first report to provide guidance on which factors could be considered for Medicare accounting purposes, criteria to identify these factors, and methods to do so in ways that can improve care and promote greater health equity for socially at-risk patients.