%0 Book %A National Research Council %E Fox, Jeffrey %E Shelton-Davenport, Marilee %E Hook-Barnard, India %T Considerations for Ensuring Safety and Efficacy of Vaccines and Therapeutic Proteins Manufactured by Using Platform Approaches: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-15321-8 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12899/considerations-for-ensuring-safety-and-efficacy-of-vaccines-and-therapeutic-proteins-manufactured-by-using-platform-approaches %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12899/considerations-for-ensuring-safety-and-efficacy-of-vaccines-and-therapeutic-proteins-manufactured-by-using-platform-approaches %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 38 %X A major goal of the US Department of Defense (DOD) Transformational Medical Technologies Initiative (TMTI) is to develop countermeasures that will protect military personnel against bioweapons, including specific infectious-disease agents and toxins. An explicit TMTI objective is to respond quickly to such threats by producing an appropriate amount of an effective countermeasure--currently defined as enough material to treat or vaccinate 3 million personnel--within 12 months of identification of a specific threat. DOD officials call for TMTI programs to be up and running by 2014. The National Academies hosted a workshop which brought together scientists from academe, government, and the biotechnology industry to identify and discuss challenges and ideas related to the TMTI's vision of developing countermeasures within a few months after an agent is identified. The workshop focused on manufacturing processes and specifically on the development of "manufacturing platforms"--repeatable components of manufacturing that reduce both development time and risk. An underlying assumption was that demonstrating that integrated platforms can reliably produce safe and efficacious countermeasures might shorten the regulatory approval process. The workshop is summarized in this book. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Patlak, Margie %E Nass, Sharyl J. %E Balogh, Erin %T Extending the Spectrum of Precompetitive Collaboration in Oncology Research: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-15654-7 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12930/extending-the-spectrum-of-precompetitive-collaboration-in-oncology-research-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12930/extending-the-spectrum-of-precompetitive-collaboration-in-oncology-research-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 112 %X Despite spending more time and money in developing novel therapeutics, the success rate for new pharmacologic treatments has been poor. Although the research and development expenditures have grown 13 percent each year since 1970 (a 50-fold increase), the number of new drugs approved annually is no greater now than it was 50 years ago. Over the past decade, skyrocketing costs and the complexity of the scientific knowledge upon which to develop new agents have provided incentives for alternative approaches to drug development, if we are to continue to improve clinical care and reduce mortality. These challenges create opportunities for improved collaboration between industry, academia, government, and philanthropic organizations at each stage in new drug development, marketing, and implementation. Perhaps the most appropriate initial step in addressing the need for collaboration is to consider more precompetitive relationships that allow sharing of scientific information to foster drug development. While these collaborative relationships in basic and preclinical research on drug targets and the early stages of clinical testing are acknowledged to be potentially important drivers for innovation and more rapid marketing of new agents, they also raise a number of concerns that must be addressed. For example, acknowledgment of academic productivity and independence and economic competitiveness must be considered and these challenges managed to foster a culture of collaboration. At the same time, regulatory issues, the need for standardization, and intellectual property concerns must be confronted if the current models for drug development are to be refined to encourage robust participation in precompetitive collaborations. Recognizing the growing importance of precompetitive collaborations in oncology drug development, as well as the challenges these innovative collaborations pose, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine held a workshop on February 9 and 10, 2010. This book is a summary of the workshop proceedings. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Altevogt, Bruce M. %E Stroud, Clare %E Nadig, Lori %E Hougan, Matthew %T Medical Surge Capacity: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-14674-6 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12798/medical-surge-capacity-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12798/medical-surge-capacity-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 176 %X During natural disasters, disease pandemics, terrorist attacks, and other public health emergencies, the health system must be prepared to accommodate a surge in the number of individuals seeking medical help. For the health community, a primary concern is how to provide care to individuals during such high demand, when the health system's resources are exhausted and there are more patients than the system can accommodate. The IOM's Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events held a workshop June 10-11, 2009, to assess the capability of and tools available to federal, state, and local governments to respond to a medical surge. In addition, participants discussed strategies for the public and private sectors to improve preparedness for such a surge. The workshop brought together leaders in the medical and public health preparedness fields, including policy makers from federal agencies and state and local public health departments; providers from the health care community; and health care and hospital administrators. This document summarizes the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Stroud, Clare %E Altevogt, Bruce M. %E Nadig, Lori %E Hougan, Matthew %T Crisis Standards of Care: Summary of a Workshop Series %@ 978-0-309-12666-3 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12787/crisis-standards-of-care-summary-of-a-workshop-series %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12787/crisis-standards-of-care-summary-of-a-workshop-series %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 174 %X During a wide-reaching catastrophic public health emergency or disaster, existing surge capacity plans may not be sufficient to enable health care providers to continue to adhere to normal treatment procedures and follow usual standards of care. This is a particular concern for emergencies that may severely strain resources across a large geographic area, such as a pandemic influenza or the detonation of a nuclear device. Under these circumstances, it may be impossible to provide care according to the standards of care used in non-disaster situations, and, under the most extreme circumstances, it may not even be possible to provide basic life sustaining interventions to all patients who need them. Although recent efforts to address these concerns have accomplished a tremendous amount in just a few years, a great deal remains to be done in even the most advanced plan. This workshop summary highlights the extensive work that is already occurring across the nation. Specifically, the book draws attention to existing federal, state, and local policies and protocols for crisis standards of care; discusses current barriers to increased provider and community engagement; relays examples of existing interstate collaborations; and presents workshop participants' ideas, comments, concerns, and potential solutions to some of the most difficult challenges. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Priorities for the National Vaccine Plan %@ 978-0-309-14653-1 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12796/priorities-for-the-national-vaccine-plan %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12796/priorities-for-the-national-vaccine-plan %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 368 %X Vaccination is a fundamental component of preventive medicine and public health. The use of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases has resulted in dramatic decreases in disease, disability, and death in the United States and around the world. The current political, economic, and social environment presents both opportunities for and challenges to strengthening the U.S. system for developing, manufacturing, regulating, distributing, funding, and administering safe and effective vaccines for all people. Priorities for the National Vaccine Plan examines the extraordinarily complex vaccine enterprise, from research and development of new vaccines to financing and reimbursement of immunization services. Priorities for the National Vaccine Plan examines the extraordinarily complex vaccine enterprise, from research and development of new vaccines to financing and reimbursement of immunization services. The book makes recommendations about priority actions in the update to the National Vaccine Plan that are intended to achieve the objectives of disease prevention and enhancement of vaccine safety. It is centered on the plan's five goals in the areas of vaccine development, safety, communication, supply and use, and global health. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Yong, Pierre L. %E Saunders, Robert S. %E Olsen, LeighAnne %T The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary %@ 978-0-309-14433-9 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12750/the-healthcare-imperative-lowering-costs-and-improving-outcomes-workshop-series %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12750/the-healthcare-imperative-lowering-costs-and-improving-outcomes-workshop-series %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 852 %X The United States has the highest per capita spending on health care of any industrialized nation but continually lags behind other nations in health care outcomes including life expectancy and infant mortality. National health expenditures are projected to exceed $2.5 trillion in 2009. Given healthcare's direct impact on the economy, there is a critical need to control health care spending. According to The Health Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes, the costs of health care have strained the federal budget, and negatively affected state governments, the private sector and individuals. Healthcare expenditures have restricted the ability of state and local governments to fund other priorities and have contributed to slowing growth in wages and jobs in the private sector. Moreover, the number of uninsured has risen from 45.7 million in 2007 to 46.3 million in 2008. The Health Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes identifies a number of factors driving expenditure growth including scientific uncertainty, perverse economic and practice incentives, system fragmentation, lack of patient involvement, and under-investment in population health. Experts discussed key levers for catalyzing transformation of the delivery system. A few included streamlined health insurance regulation, administrative simplification and clarification and quality and consistency in treatment. The book is an excellent guide for policymakers at all levels of government, as well as private sector healthcare workers. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects: Making Sense of the Evidence %@ 978-0-309-13839-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12649/secondhand-smoke-exposure-and-cardiovascular-effects-making-sense-of-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12649/secondhand-smoke-exposure-and-cardiovascular-effects-making-sense-of-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 240 %X Data suggest that exposure to secondhand smoke can result in heart disease in nonsmoking adults. Recently, progress has been made in reducing involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke through legislation banning smoking in workplaces, restaurants, and other public places. The effect of legislation to ban smoking and its effects on the cardiovascular health of nonsmoking adults, however, remains a question. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects reviews available scientific literature to assess the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and acute coronary events. The authors, experts in secondhand smoke exposure and toxicology, clinical cardiology, epidemiology, and statistics, find that there is about a 25 to 30 percent increase in the risk of coronary heart disease from exposure to secondhand smoke. Their findings agree with the 2006 Surgeon General's Report conclusion that there are increased risks of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among men and women exposed to secondhand smoke. However, the authors note that the evidence for determining the magnitude of the relationship between chronic secondhand smoke exposure and coronary heart disease is not very strong. Public health professionals will rely upon Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects for its survey of critical epidemiological studies on the effects of smoking bans and evidence of links between secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular events, as well as its findings and recommendations. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Stroud, Clare %E Nadig, Lori %E Altevogt, Bruce M. %T The 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccination Campaign: Summary of a Workshop Series %@ 978-0-309-16021-6 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12992/the-2009-h1n1-influenza-vaccination-campaign-summary-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12992/the-2009-h1n1-influenza-vaccination-campaign-summary-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 140 %X The 2009 H1N1 vaccination campaign was one of the largest public health campaigns in U.S. history, vaccinating one-quarter of the population in the first three months. The Institute of Medicine held three workshops in Raleigh, NC; Austin, TX; and Seattle, WA to learn from participants' experiences during the campaign and improve future emergency vaccination programs. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Wheatley, Ben %T Regionalizing Emergency Care: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-15151-1 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12872/regionalizing-emergency-care-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12872/regionalizing-emergency-care-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 166 %X During medical emergencies, hospital staff and emergency medical services (EMS) providers, can face barriers in delivering the fastest and best possible care. Overcrowded emergency rooms cannot care for patients as quickly as necessary, and some may divert ambulances and turn away new patients outright. In many states, ambulance staff lacks the means to determine which hospitals can provide the best care to a patient. Given this absence of knowledge, they bring patients to the closest hospital. In addition, because emergency service providers from different companies compete with each other for patients, and emergency care legislation varies from state to state, it is difficult to establish the necessary local, interstate, and national communication and collaboration to create a more efficient system. In 2006, the IOM recommended that the federal government implement a regionalized emergency care system to improve cooperation and overcome these challenges. In a regionalized system, local hospitals and EMS providers would coordinate their efforts so that patients would be brought to hospitals based on the hospitals' capacity and expertise to best meet patients' needs. In September 2009, three years after making these recommendations, the IOM held a workshop sponsored by the federal Emergency Care Coordination Center to assess the nation's progress toward regionalizing emergency care. The workshop brought together policymakers and stakeholders, including nurses, EMS personnel, hospital administrators, and others involved in emergency care. Participants identified successes and shortcomings in previous regionalization efforts; examined the many factors involved in successfully implementing regionalization; and discussed future challenges to regionalizing emergency care. This document summarizes the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Vancheri, Cori %T The Safe Use Initiative and Health Literacy: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-15931-9 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12975/the-safe-use-initiative-and-health-literacy-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12975/the-safe-use-initiative-and-health-literacy-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 90 %X Every year at least 1.5 million people suffer adverse effects from medication. These problems occur because people misunderstand labels, are unaware of drug interactions, or otherwise use medication improperly. The Food and Drug Administration's Safe Use Initiative seeks to identify preventable medication risks and develop solutions to them. The IOM held a workshop to discuss the FDA's Safe Use Initiative and other efforts to improve drug labeling and safety. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Relman, David A. %E Choffnes, Eileen R. %E Mack, Alison %T The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-14677-7 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12799/the-domestic-and-international-impacts-of-the-2009-h1n1-influenza-a-pandemic %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12799/the-domestic-and-international-impacts-of-the-2009-h1n1-influenza-a-pandemic %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 440 %X In March and early April 2009, a new, swine-origin 2009-H1N1 influenza A virus emerged in Mexico and the United States. During the first few weeks of surveillance, the virus spread by human-to-human transmission worldwide to over 30 countries. On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 in response to the ongoing global spread of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus. By October 30, 2009, the H1N1 influenza A had spread to 191 countries and resulted in 5,700 fatalities. A national emergency was declared in the United States and the swine flu joined SARS and the avian flu as pandemics of the 21st century. Vaccination is currently available, but in limited supply, and with a 60 percent effectiveness rate against the virus. The story of how this new influenza virus spread out of Mexico to other parts of North America and then on to Europe, the Far East, and now Australia and the Pacific Rim countries has its origins in the global interconnectedness of travel, trade, and tourism. Given the rapid spread of the virus, the international scientific, public health, security, and policy communities had to mobilize quickly to characterize this unique virus and address its potential effects. The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control have played critical roles in the surveillance, detection and responses to the H1N1 virus. The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions aimed to examine the evolutionary origins of the H1N1 virus and evaluate its potential public health and socioeconomic consequences, while monitoring and mitigating the impact of a fast-moving pandemic. The rapporteurs for this workshop reported on the need for increased and geographically robust global influenza vaccine production capacities; enhanced and sustained interpandemic demand for seasonal influenza vaccines; clear "triggers" for pandemic alert levels; and accelerated research collaboration on new vaccine manufacturing techniques. This book will be an essential guide for healthcare professionals, policymakers, drug manufacturers and investigators. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Choffnes, Eileen R. %E Relman, David A. %E Mack, Alison %T Antibiotic Resistance: Implications for Global Health and Novel Intervention Strategies: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-15611-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12925/antibiotic-resistance-implications-for-global-health-and-novel-intervention-strategies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12925/antibiotic-resistance-implications-for-global-health-and-novel-intervention-strategies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Food and Nutrition %P 496 %X Years of using, misusing, and overusing antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant 'superbugs.' The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats held a public workshop April 6-7 to discuss the nature and sources of drug-resistant pathogens, the implications for global health, and the strategies to lessen the current and future impact of these superbugs. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Patlak, Margie %E Levit, Laura %T Policy Issues in the Development of Personalized Medicine in Oncology: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-14575-6 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12779/policy-issues-in-the-development-of-personalized-medicine-in-oncology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12779/policy-issues-in-the-development-of-personalized-medicine-in-oncology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 94 %X One of the challenges in treating cancer is the disease's complexity and variation among patients. Cancer manifests differently in each patient, so treatments that are effective in one patient may not be effective in another. As cancer care becomes more personalized, subpopulations of individuals will be given preventive or therapeutic interventions based on their susceptibility to a particular disease or their predicted response to a specific treatment. However, before the use of personalized cancer care can reach its full potential, the health care system must resolve a number of technological, regulatory, and reimbursement issues. To explore these policy challenges, the National Cancer Policy Forum held the workshop Policy Issues in the Development of Personalized Medicine in Oncology in June 2009. Experts provided presentations on the current state of personalized medicine technology, as well as issues in the validation of, regulation of, and reimbursement for the predictive tests that underpin personalized medicine. Participants discussed the obstacles and possible solutions to further developing and using personalized medicine technologies. This document summarizes the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Wallace, Robert B. %E Oria, Maria %T Enhancing Food Safety: The Role of the Food and Drug Administration %@ 978-0-309-15273-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12892/enhancing-food-safety-the-role-of-the-food-and-drug %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12892/enhancing-food-safety-the-role-of-the-food-and-drug %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 588 %X Recent outbreaks of illnesses traced to contaminated sprouts and lettuce illustrate the holes that exist in the system for monitoring problems and preventing foodborne diseases. Although it is not solely responsible for ensuring the safety of the nation's food supply, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees monitoring and intervention for 80 percent of the food supply. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's abilities to discover potential threats to food safety and prevent outbreaks of foodborne illness are hampered by impediments to efficient use of its limited resources and a piecemeal approach to gathering and using information on risks. Enhancing Food Safety: The Role of the Food and Drug Administration, a new book from the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council, responds to a congressional request for recommendations on how to close gaps in FDA's food safety systems. Enhancing Food Safety begins with a brief review of the Food Protection Plan (FPP), FDA's food safety philosophy developed in 2007. The lack of sufficient detail and specific strategies in the FPP renders it ineffectual. The book stresses the need for FPP to evolve and be supported by the type of strategic planning described in these pages. It also explores the development and implementation of a stronger, more effective food safety system built on a risk-based approach to food safety management. Conclusions and recommendations include adopting a risk-based decision-making approach to food safety; creating a data surveillance and research infrastructure; integrating federal, state, and local government food safety programs; enhancing efficiency of inspections; and more. Although food safety is the responsibility of everyone, from producers to consumers, the FDA and other regulatory agencies have an essential role. In many instances, the FDA must carry out this responsibility against a backdrop of multiple stakeholder interests, inadequate resources, and competing priorities. Of interest to the food production industry, consumer advocacy groups, health care professionals, and others, Enhancing Food Safety provides the FDA and Congress with a course of action that will enable the agency to become more efficient and effective in carrying out its food safety mission in a rapidly changing world. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Olson, Steve %T The Role of Human Factors in Home Health Care: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-15629-5 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12927/the-role-of-human-factors-in-home-health-care-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12927/the-role-of-human-factors-in-home-health-care-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 322 %X The rapid growth of home health care has raised many unsolved issues and will have consequences that are far too broad for any one group to analyze in their entirety. Yet a major influence on the safety, quality, and effectiveness of home health care will be the set of issues encompassed by the field of human factors research—the discipline of applying what is known about human capabilities and limitations to the design of products, processes, systems, and work environments. To address these challenges, the National Research Council began a multidisciplinary study to examine a diverse range of behavioral and human factors issues resulting from the increasing migration of medical devices, technologies, and care practices into the home. Its goal is to lay the groundwork for a thorough integration of human factors research with the design and implementation of home health care devices, technologies, and practices. On October 1 and 2, 2009, a group of human factors and other experts met to consider a diverse range of behavioral and human factors issues associated with the increasing migration of medical devices, technologies, and care practices into the home. This book is a summary of that workshop, representing the culmination of the first phase of the study. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wunderlich, Gooloo S. %T Improving Health Care Cost Projections for the Medicare Population: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-15976-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12985/improving-health-care-cost-projections-for-the-medicare-population-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12985/improving-health-care-cost-projections-for-the-medicare-population-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 128 %X Developing credible short-term and long-term projections of Medicare health care costs is critical for public- and private-sector policy planning, but faces challenges and uncertainties. There is uncertainty not only in the underlying economic and demographic assumptions used in projection models, but also in what a policy modeler assumes about future changes in the health status of the population and the factors affecting health status , the extent and pace of scientific and technological breakthroughs in medical care, the preferences of the population for particular kinds of care, the likelihood that policy makers will alter current law and regulations, and how each of these factors relates to health care costs for the elderly population. Given the substantial growth in the Medicare population and the continued increases in Medicare, Medicaid, and private health insurance spending, the availability of well-specified models and analyses that can provide useful information on the likely cost implications of health care policy alternatives is essential. It is therefore timely to review the capabilities and limitations of extant health care cost models and to identify areas for research that offer the most promise to improve modeling, not only of current U.S. health care programs, but also of policy alternatives that may be considered in the coming years. The National Research Council conducted a public workshop focusing on areas of research needed to improve health care cost projections for the Medicare population, and on the strengths and weaknesses of competing frameworks for projecting health care expenditures for the elderly. The workshop considered major classes of projection and simulation models that are currently used and the underlying data sources and research inputs for these models. It also explored areas in which additional research and data are needed to inform model development and health care policy analysis more broadly. The workshop, summarized in this volume, drew people from a wide variety of disciplines and perspectives, including federal agencies, academia, and nongovernmental organizations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Accounting for Health and Health Care: Approaches to Measuring the Sources and Costs of Their Improvement %@ 978-0-309-15679-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12938/accounting-for-health-and-health-care-approaches-to-measuring-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12938/accounting-for-health-and-health-care-approaches-to-measuring-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 238 %X It has become trite to observe that increases in health care costs have become unsustainable. How best for policy to address these increases, however, depends in part on the degree to which they represent increases in the real quantity of medical services as opposed to increased unit prices of existing services. And an even more fundamental question is the degree to which the increased spending actually has purchased improved health. Accounting for Health and Health Care addresses both these issues. The government agencies responsible for measuring unit prices for medical services have taken steps in recent years that have greatly improved the accuracy of those measures. Nonetheless, this book has several recommendations aimed at further improving the price indices. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Stroud, Clare %E Nadig, Lori %E Altevogt, Bruce M. %T Medical Countermeasures Dispensing: Emergency Use Authorization and the Postal Model: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-15803-9 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12952/medical-countermeasures-dispensing-emergency-use-authorization-and-the-postal-model %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12952/medical-countermeasures-dispensing-emergency-use-authorization-and-the-postal-model %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 94 %X During public health emergencies such as terrorist attacks or influenza outbreaks, the public health system's ability to save lives could depend on dispensing medical countermeasures such as antibiotics, antiviral medications, and vaccines to a large number of people in a short amount of time. The IOM's Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events held a workshop on November 18, 2009, to provide an overview of current threats, recent progress made in the public health system for distributing and dispensing countermeasures, and remaining vulnerabilities.