%0 Book %T Corporate Approaches to Protecting Intellectual Property: Implications for U. S.-Japan High-Technology Competition: Report of a Workshop %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9507/corporate-approaches-to-protecting-intellectual-property-implications-for-u-s %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9507/corporate-approaches-to-protecting-intellectual-property-implications-for-u-s %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %P 22 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Beninson, Lida %E Alper, Joe %T Meeting Regional STEMM Workforce Needs in the Wake of COVID-19: Proceedings of a Virtual Workshop Series %@ 978-0-309-25628-5 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26049/meeting-regional-stemm-workforce-needs-in-the-wake-of-covid-19 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26049/meeting-regional-stemm-workforce-needs-in-the-wake-of-covid-19 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 174 %X The COVID-19 pandemic is transforming the global economy and significantly shifting workforce demand, requiring quick, adaptive responses. The pandemic has revealed the vulnerabilities of many organizations and regional economies, and it has accelerated trends that could lead to significant improvements in productivity, performance, and resilience, which will enable organizations and regions to thrive in the "next normal." To explore how communities around the United States are addressing workforce issues laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and how they are taking advantage of local opportunities to expand their science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) workforces to position them for success going forward, the Board of Higher Education and Workforce of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a series of workshops to identify immediate and near-term regional STEMM workforce needs in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The workshop planning committee identified five U.S. cities and their associated metropolitan areas - Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Richmond, Virginia; Riverside, California; and Wichita, Kansas - to host workshops highlighting promising practices that communities can use to respond urgently and appropriately to their STEMM workforce needs. A sixth workshop discussed how the lessons learned during the five region-focused workshops could be applied in other communities to meet STEMM workforce needs. This proceedings of a virtual workshop series summarizes the presentations and discussions from the six public workshops that made up the virtual workshop series and highlights the key points raised during the presentations, moderated panel discussions and deliberations, and open discussions among the workshop participants. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Mowery, David C. %T U.S. Industry in 2000: Studies in Competitive Performance %@ 978-0-309-06179-7 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6313/us-industry-in-2000-studies-in-competitive-performance %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6313/us-industry-in-2000-studies-in-competitive-performance %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 424 %X U.S. industry faced a gloomy outlook in the late 1980s. Then, industrial performance improved dramatically through the 1990s and appears pervasively brighter today. A look at any group of industries, however, reveals important differences in the factors behind the resurgence—in industry structure and strategy, research performance, and location of activities—as well as similarities in the national policy environment, impact of information technology, and other factors. U.S. Industry in 2000 examines eleven key manufacturing and service industries and explores how they arrived at the present and what they face in the future. It assesses changing practices in research and innovation, technology adoption, and international operations. Industry analyses shed light on how science and technology are applied in the marketplace, how workers fare as jobs require greater knowledge, and how U.S. firms responded to their chief competitors in Europe and Asia. The book will be important to a wide range of readers with a stake in U.S. industrial performance: corporate executives, investors, labor representatives, faculty and students in business and economics, and public policymakers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wessner, Charles W. %T Building the Illinois Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium %@ 978-0-309-27869-0 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14684/building-the-illinois-innovation-economy-summary-of-a-symposium %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14684/building-the-illinois-innovation-economy-summary-of-a-symposium %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 224 %X Responding to the challenges of fostering regional growth and employment in an increasingly competitive global economy, many U.S. states and regions have developed programs to attract and grow companies as well as attract the talent and resources necessary to develop innovation clusters. These state and regionally based initiatives have a broad range of goals and increasingly include significant resources, often with a sector focus and often in partnership with foundations and universities. These are being joined by recent initiatives to coordinate and concentrate investments from a variety of federal agencies that provide significant resources to develop regional centers of innovation, business incubators, and other strategies to encourage entrepreneurship and high-tech development. Building the Illinois Innovation Economy is a study of selected state and regional programs to identify best practices with regard to their goals, structures, instruments, modes of operation, synergies across private and public programs, funding mechanisms and levels, and evaluation efforts. This report reviews selected state and regional efforts to capitalize on federal and state investments in areas of critical national needs. This review includes both efforts to strengthen existing industries as well as specific new technology focus areas such as nanotechnology, stem cells, and energy in order to improve our understanding of program goals, challenges, and accomplishments. As a part of this review, The Committee on Competing in the 21st Century: Best Practice in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives is convening a series of public workshops and symposia involving responsible local, state, and federal officials and other stakeholders. These meetings and symposia will enable an exchange of views, information, experience, and analysis to identify best practice in the range of programs and incentives adopted. Building the Illinois Innovation Economy summarizes discussions at these symposia, fact-finding meetings, and commissioned analyses of existing state and regional programs and technology focus areas, the committee will subsequently produce a final report with findings and recommendations focused on lessons, issues, and opportunities for complementary U.S. policies created by these state and regional initiatives. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %E Abramson, H. Norman %E Encarnacao, Jose %E Reid, Proctor P. %E Schmoch, Ulrich %T Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany: Lessons and Perspectives %@ 978-0-309-05530-7 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5271/technology-transfer-systems-in-the-united-states-and-germany-lessons %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5271/technology-transfer-systems-in-the-united-states-and-germany-lessons %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 448 %X This book explores major similarities and differences in the structure, conduct, and performance of the national technology transfer systems of Germany and the United States. It maps the technology transfer landscape in each country in detail, uses case studies to examine the dynamics of technology transfer in four major technology areas, and identifies areas and opportunities for further mutual learning between the two national systems. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wessner, Charles W. %T The Small Business Innovation Research Program: Challenges and Opportunities %@ 978-0-309-06198-8 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9701/the-small-business-innovation-research-program-challenges-and-opportunities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9701/the-small-business-innovation-research-program-challenges-and-opportunities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 186 %X Small businesses have increasingly been recognized as a source of innovation, and one way in which the Federal government encourages such innovation is through the Small Business Innovation Research program. SBIR sets aside 2.5 percent of federal agencies' R&D budgets for R&D grants to small business. Although the program's budget was nearly $1.2 billion in 1998, SBIR has been subject to relatively little outside review. As part of the STEP's ongoing project on Government-Industry Partnerships, the Board convened policymakers, academic researchers, and representatives from small business to discuss the program's history and rationale, review existing research, and identify areas for further research and program improvements. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Hammonds, Evelynn %E Taylor, Valerie %E Hutton, Rebekah %T Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech %@ 978-0-309-26897-4 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26345/transforming-trajectories-for-women-of-color-in-tech %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26345/transforming-trajectories-for-women-of-color-in-tech %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 254 %X Demand for tech professionals is expected to increase substantially over the next decade, and increasing the number of women of color in tech will be critical to building and maintaining a competitive workforce. Despite years of efforts to increase the diversity of the tech workforce, women of color have remained underrepresented, and the numbers of some groups of women of color have even declined. Even in cases where some groups of women of color may have higher levels of representation, data show that they still face significant systemic challenges in advancing to positions of leadership. Research evidence suggests that structural and social barriers in tech education, the tech workforce, and in venture capital investment disproportionately and negatively affect women of color. Transforming Trajectories for Women of Color in Tech uses current research as well as information obtained through four public information-gathering workshops to provide recommendations to a broad set of stakeholders within the tech ecosystem for increasing recruitment, retention, and advancement of women of color. This report identifies gaps in existing research that obscure the nature of challenges faced by women of color in tech, addresses systemic issues that negatively affect outcomes for women of color in tech, and provides guidance for transforming existing systems and implementing evidence-based policies and practices to increase the success of women of color in tech. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Cohen, Gail %E Coulthurst, Aqila %E Alper, Joe %T Immigration Policy and the Search for Skilled Workers: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-33782-3 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20145/immigration-policy-and-the-search-for-skilled-workers-summary-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20145/immigration-policy-and-the-search-for-skilled-workers-summary-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 154 %X The market for high-skilled workers is becoming increasingly global, as are the markets for knowledge and ideas. While high-skilled immigrants in the United States represent a much smaller proportion of the workforce than they do in countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, these immigrants have an important role in spurring innovation and economic growth in all countries and filling shortages in the domestic labor supply. This report summarizes the proceedings of a Fall 2014 workshop that focused on how immigration policy can be used to attract and retain foreign talent. Participants compared policies on encouraging migration and retention of skilled workers, attracting qualified foreign students and retaining them post-graduation, and input by states or provinces in immigration policies to add flexibility in countries with regional employment differences, among other topics. They also discussed how immigration policies have changed over time in response to undesired labor market outcomes and whether there was sufficient data to measure those outcomes. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Saunders, Jennifer %T Preserving and Developing Ukraine's Human Capital in Research, Education, and Innovation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27417/preserving-and-developing-ukraines-human-capital-in-research-education-and-innovation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27417/preserving-and-developing-ukraines-human-capital-in-research-education-and-innovation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 17 %X The February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has devastated the country, resulting in mass casualties, destruction of facilities and infrastructure, and significant internal and external migration. The invasion also ravaged science and technology sectors, not only in terms of damaging physical facilities and institutions, but also by displacing scientists and creating challenging conditions that researchers who remain in Ukraine must face to continue their work. Because scientific and technological advances will drive many future national security and economic growth decisions, it is critical to strengthen and rebuild its capacity to establish and maintain a robust science and innovation system that supports basic and applied research, trains the next generation of scientists and engineers, and provides mechanisms for science and technology decision-making and advice to Ukrainian policymakers. In support of this effort, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on June 5, 21, and 28, 2023, on how to establish flexible, impactful, and sustainable programs, both today and in the future, to support the Ukrainian research community. During the workshop, speakers shared best approaches to strengthening and developing human capital needed to manage a modern research and innovation system. Participants also discussed efforts to provide funding or develop scientific collaboration in support of researchers. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Safe Work in the 21st Century: Education and Training Needs for the Next Decade's Occupational Safety and Health Personnel %@ 978-0-309-07026-3 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9835/safe-work-in-the-21st-century-education-and-training-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9835/safe-work-in-the-21st-century-education-and-training-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 264 %X Despite many advances, 20 American workers die each day as a result of occupational injuries. And occupational safety and health (OSH) is becoming even more complex as workers move away from the long-term, fixed-site, employer relationship. This book looks at worker safety in the changing workplace and the challenge of ensuring a supply of top-notch OSH professionals. Recommendations are addressed to federal and state agencies, OSH organizations, educational institutions, employers, unions, and other stakeholders. The committee reviews trends in workforce demographics, the nature of work in the information age, globalization of work, and the revolution in health care delivery—exploring the implications for OSH education and training in the decade ahead. The core professions of OSH (occupational safety, industrial hygiene, and occupational medicine and nursing) and key related roles (employee assistance professional, ergonomist, and occupational health psychologist) are profiled—how many people are in the field, where they work, and what they do. The book reviews in detail the education, training, and education grants available to OSH professionals from public and private sources. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Hartigan, John A. %E Wigdor, Alexandra K. %T Fairness in Employment Testing: Validity Generalization, Minority Issues, and the General Aptitude Test Battery %@ 978-0-309-07473-5 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1338/fairness-in-employment-testing-validity-generalization-minority-issues-and-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1338/fairness-in-employment-testing-validity-generalization-minority-issues-and-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 368 %X Declining American competitiveness in world economic markets has renewed interest in employment testing as a way of putting the right workers in the right jobs. A new study of the U.S. Department of Labor's General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) Referral System sheds light on key questions for America's employers: How well does the GATB predict job success? Are there scientific justifications for adjusting minority test scores? Will increased use of the GATB result in substantial increases in productivity? Fairness in Employment Testing evaluates both the validity generalization techniques used to justify the use of the GATB across the spectrum of U.S. jobs and the policy of adjusting test scores to promote equal opportunity. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Europe 1992: The Implications of Market Integration for R & D-Intensive Firms %@ 978-0-309-04332-8 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1775/europe-1992-the-implications-of-market-integration-for-r-d %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1775/europe-1992-the-implications-of-market-integration-for-r-d %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 207 %X The 12 member nations of the European Economic Community (EC) are engaged in a bold effort to create a Single European Market by the end of 1992. The changes brought about by European market integration will have a major impact on U.S. industry. Although proponents of the plan argue that it will benefit businesses by allowing economies of scale, more efficient marketing, and increased demands for goods and services from outside the Community, there is some concern that the Single European Market may serve to exclude or limit participation of non-European competition. The impact is likely to be particularly pronounced in industries with heavy involvement in research and development. This volume is based on a major two-day symposium which brought together officials of United States and other governments, industry representatives, and academic experts to examine EC policies on technical standards, intellectual property rights, access to the results of EC-supported basic research, and other issues affecting R&D intensive firms. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Lesgold, Alan %E Feuer, Michael J. %E Black, Allison M. %T Transitions in Work and Learning: Implications for Assessment %@ 978-0-309-06365-4 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5790/transitions-in-work-and-learning-implications-for-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5790/transitions-in-work-and-learning-implications-for-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 35 %X The dramatic shift in the American labor market away from manufacturing and the growing gap in earnings between high school and college graduates have contributed to a sense of alarm about the capacity of the nation's schools to supply adequately skilled graduates to the work force. The role that schools can or should play in preparing people to enter the world of work is hotly debated. In an effort to nurture the important and ongoing national dialogue on these issues, the Board on Testing and Assessment asked researchers and policymakers to engage in an interdisciplinary review and discussion of available data and implications for assessment policy. Transitions in Work and Learning considers the role of assessment in facilitating improved labor market transitions and life-long learning of American workers. It addresses the apparent mismatch between skill requirements of high-performance workplaces and skills acquired by students in school, the validity of existing assessment technologies to determine skills and competencies of persons entering various occupations, and ethical and legal issues in the implementation of new testing and certification programs. The book also examines the role of assessment in determining needed skills; developing ongoing education and training; and providing information to employers, prospective workers, and schools. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Inner-City Poverty in the United States %@ 978-0-309-04279-6 %D 1990 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1539/inner-city-poverty-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1539/inner-city-poverty-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 290 %X This volume documents the continuing growth of concentrated poverty in central cities of the United States and examines what is known about its causes and effects. With careful analyses of policy implications and alternative solutions to the problem, it presents: A statistical picture of people who live in areas of concentrated poverty. An analysis of 80 persistently poor inner-city neighborhoods over a 10-year period. Study results on the effects of growing up in a "bad" neighborhood. An evaluation of how the suburbanization of jobs has affected opportunities for inner-city blacks. A detailed examination of federal policies and programs on poverty. Inner-City Poverty in the United States will be a valuable tool for policymakers, program administrators, researchers studying urban poverty issues, faculty, and students. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wigdor, Alexandra K. %E Green, Bert F., Jr. %T Performance Assessment for the Workplace: Volume I %@ 978-0-309-07659-3 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1862/performance-assessment-for-the-workplace-volume-i %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1862/performance-assessment-for-the-workplace-volume-i %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 272 %X Although ability testing has been an American preoccupation since the 1920s, comparatively little systematic attention has been paid to understanding and measuring the kinds of human performance that tests are commonly used to predict—such as success at school or work. Now, a sustained, large-scale effort has been made to develop measures that are very close to actual performance on the job. The four military services have carried out an ambitious study, called the Joint-Service Job Performance Measurement/Enlistment Standards (JPM) Project, that brings new sophistication to the measurement of performance in work settings. Volume 1 analyzes the JPM experience in the context of human resource management policy in the military. Beginning with a historical overview of the criterion problem, it looks closely at substantive and methodological issues in criterion research suggested by the project: the development of performance measures; sampling, logistical, and standardization problems; evaluating the reliability and content representativeness of performance measures; and the relationship between predictor scores and performance measures—valuable information that can also be useful in the civilian workplace. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Learning to Change: Opportunities to Improve the Performance of Smaller Manufacturers %@ 978-0-309-04982-5 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2239/learning-to-change-opportunities-to-improve-the-performance-of-smaller %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2239/learning-to-change-opportunities-to-improve-the-performance-of-smaller %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 152 %X Manufacturing firms—large and small—face massive change and adjustment as they move from a stable, fault-tolerant environment of long production runs to a volatile world in which production runs are short; product characteristics are changing constantly; and defect-free, on-time production at decreasing prices is a condition for survival. The necessary changes in the production organization include everything from the layout of the shop floor to the distribution of authority between managers and workers. The magnitude of these changes threatens to overwhelm the managerial capacities of firms, regardless of their size. This study examines the particularly vulnerable situation of small and mid-size manufacturers and considers ways in which to help them undertake the many changes and adjustments necessary. These include assimilating the new tools, disciplines, and philosophy of lean manufacturing; embracing new ways of delegating responsibilities; and developing new kinds of partnerships among customers, suppliers, and employees. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Building America's Skilled Technical Workforce %@ 978-0-309-44006-6 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23472/building-americas-skilled-technical-workforce %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23472/building-americas-skilled-technical-workforce %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 258 %X Skilled technical occupations—defined as occupations that require a high level of knowledge in a technical domain but do not require a bachelor’s degree for entry—are a key component of the U.S. economy. In response to globalization and advances in science and technology, American firms are demanding workers with greater proficiency in literacy and numeracy, as well as strong interpersonal, technical, and problem-solving skills. However, employer surveys and industry and government reports have raised concerns that the nation may not have an adequate supply of skilled technical workers to achieve its competitiveness and economic growth objectives. In response to the broader need for policy information and advice, Building America’s Skilled Technical Workforce examines the coverage, effectiveness, flexibility, and coordination of the policies and various programs that prepare Americans for skilled technical jobs. This report provides action-oriented recommendations for improving the American system of technical education, training, and certification. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A Institute of Medicine %T Construction Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health %@ 978-0-309-12850-6 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12530/construction-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research-programs-of-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12530/construction-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research-programs-of-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Industry and Labor %P 176 %X The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts construction-relevant research activities. From 1996 through 2005, the program focused on four research goals: reducing traumatic injuries and fatalities; reducing exposure to health hazards; reducing major risks associated with musculoskeletal disorders; increasing the understanding of construction industry attributes and factors for improving health and safety outcomes. In this book, the National Research Council evaluates the relevance and impact of the NIOSH Construction Research Program in terms of its research priorities and its connection to improvements in the protection of workers in the workplace. It also assesses the program' s identification and targeting of new research areas, to identify emerging research issues, and to provide advice on ways that the program might be strengthened. The book finds that the efforts of the Construction Research Program have made meaningful contributions to improving construction worker safety and health, and provides overreaching and specific recommendations for continuing progress. While NIOSH cannot set and enforce research-based standards on its own, the program can be expected to help reduce construction workplace fatalities, injuries, and illnesses through its research, its research dissemination, and transfer into practice. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Traumatic Injury Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health %@ 978-0-309-12507-9 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12459/traumatic-injury-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research-programs-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12459/traumatic-injury-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research-programs-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Industry and Labor %P 224 %X The occurrences of both injury and death that take place on the job are a significant public health problem in the United States, causing a substantial human and economic burden. Traumatic Injury Research at NIOSH is the sixth report in the series Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The Committee to Evaluate the NIOSH Traumatic Injury Research Program found the program's research during 1996-2005 (the evaluation period for this review) relevant to reducing the burden of traumatic injury in the workplace and to have contributed to improvements in worker health and safety. To continue to reduce injuries and deaths to workers due to trauma, the committee recommended that the TI Research Program continue setting goals within the program's scope and resources; work with other federal agencies that support injury prevention and control research to outline areas of collaboration; embark on a program to increase the visibility of traumatic injury research; develop a strategic plan for evaluating its research-to-practice efforts and for building the capacity to carry out these efforts; and consider research on the safety impacts of changes in the nature of work as well as intervention research targeting organization policies and practices. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Betsey, Charles %E Hollister, Robinson G., Jr. %E Papageorgiou, Mary R. %T Youth Employment and Training Programs: The YEDPA Years %@ 978-0-309-03595-8 %D 1985 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/613/youth-employment-and-training-programs-the-yedpa-years %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/613/youth-employment-and-training-programs-the-yedpa-years %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Industry and Labor %P 512 %X Do government-sponsored youth employment programs actually help? Between 1978 and 1981, the Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act (YEDPA) funded extensive programs designed to aid disadvantaged youth. The Committee on Youth Employment Programs examined the voluminous research performed by YEDPA and produced a comprehensive report and evaluation of the YEDPA efforts to assist the underprivileged. Beginning with YEDPA's inception and effective lifespan, this report goes on to analyze the data it generated, evaluate its accuracy, and draw conclusions about which YEDPA programs were effective, which were not, and why. A discussion of YEDPA strategies and their perceived value concludes the volume. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T High Schools and the Changing Workplace: The Employers' View %D 1984 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18490/high-schools-and-the-changing-workplace-the-employers-view %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18490/high-schools-and-the-changing-workplace-the-employers-view %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %P 66 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Safety is Seguridad: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-08706-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10641/safety-is-seguridad-a-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10641/safety-is-seguridad-a-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Earth Sciences %P 160 %X Approximately 32.8 million persons of Hispanic descent live in the United States, half of whom were born outside the United States (Therrien and Ramirez, 2000). By the year 2050, it is expected that Hispanics will constitute more than 25 percent of the total U.S. population and approximately 15 percent of the U.S. labor force. These estimates and the fact that 90 percent of Hispanic American men and 60 percent of Hispanic American women participate in the U.S. workforce strongly suggest a need for occupational safety and health information in Spanish. The growing presence of Spanish-speaking workers and employers in the United States and the unprecedented 12-percent increase in the overall rate of workplace fatalities among Hispanic workers in 2000 highlights the need to better communicate occupational safety and health information in Spanish to both employees and employers. To address this need the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is preparing a strategy for developing and disseminating Spanish-language occupational safety and health educational and technical material. To gather information necessary to create this strategic plan the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to host a workshop. The committee commissioned five white papers (see Appendices D-H) and organized a workshop on May 29-30, in San Diego, California. Safety is Seguridad: A Workshop Summary is a synopsis of the presentations and discussions at the workshop. It does not contain any conclusions and recommendations. The conclusions and recommendations in the white papers represent the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the committee or the NRC. It is intended as input to the NIOSH strategic planning in this area. Chapter 2 discusses the available information and identifies information gaps regarding risks and adverse events for Latino workers. Chapter 3 examines the available health and safety training resource materials for Latino workers, especially for those with little or no English capabilities; in particular, it discusses issues of the linguistic and cultural appropriateness of materials. Chapter 4 considers issues surrounding the assessment of existing materials and the development of new materials. Chapter 5 discusses the various means of conveying information to Spanish-speaking workers, again focusing on cultural appropriateness and ways of maximizing understanding. Chapter 6 summarizes the discussion in the prior chapters and presents some overarching issues raised by the workshop attendees. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Humanities Doctorates in the United States: 1995 Profile %@ 978-0-309-05844-5 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5840/humanities-doctorates-in-the-united-states-1995-profile %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5840/humanities-doctorates-in-the-united-states-1995-profile %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %P 100 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toward the Electronic Office %D 1981 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18507/toward-the-electronic-office %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18507/toward-the-electronic-office %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Engineering and Technology %P 115 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Graham, Patricia Albjerg %E Stacey, Nevzer G. %T The Knowledge Economy and Postsecondary Education: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08292-1 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10239/the-knowledge-economy-and-postsecondary-education-report-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10239/the-knowledge-economy-and-postsecondary-education-report-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %P 216 %X The Workshop on the Knowledge Economy and Postsecondary Education documents changes seen in the postsecondary education system. In her report Lisa Hudson focuses on who is participating in postsecondary education; Tom Bailey concentrates on community colleges as the most responsive institutions to employer needs; Carol Twigg surveys the ways that four-year institutions are attempting to modify their curricular offerings and pedagogy to adapt those that will be more useful; and Brian Pusser emphasizes the public’s broader interests in higher education and challenges the acceptance of the primacy of job preparation for the individual and of "market" metaphors as an appropriate descriptor of American higher education. An example of a for-profit company providing necessary instruction for workers is also examined. Richard Murnane, Nancy Sharkey, and Frank Levy investigate the experience of Cisco high school and community college students need to testify to their information technology skills to earn certificates. Finally, John Bransford, Nancy Vye, and Helen Bateman address the ways learning occurs and how these can be encouraged, particularly in cyberspace. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Surviving Supply Chain Integration: Strategies for Small Manufacturers %@ 978-0-309-06878-9 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6369/surviving-supply-chain-integration-strategies-for-small-manufacturers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6369/surviving-supply-chain-integration-strategies-for-small-manufacturers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 162 %X The managed flow of goods and information from raw material to final sale also known as a "supply chain" affects everything—from the U.S. gross domestic product to where you can buy your jeans. The nature of a company's supply chain has a significant effect on its success or failure—as in the success of Dell Computer's make-to-order system and the failure of General Motor's vertical integration during the 1998 United Auto Workers strike. Supply Chain Integration looks at this crucial component of business at a time when product design, manufacture, and delivery are changing radically and globally. This book explores the benefits of continuously improving the relationship between the firm, its suppliers, and its customers to ensure the highest added value. This book identifies the state-of-the-art developments that contribute to the success of vertical tiers of suppliers and relates these developments to the capabilities that small and medium-sized manufacturers must have to be viable participants in this system. Strategies for attaining these capabilities through manufacturing extension centers and other technical assistance providers at the national, state, and local level are suggested. This book identifies action steps for small and medium-sized manufacturers—the "seed corn" of business start-up and development—to improve supply chain management. The book examines supply chain models from consultant firms, universities, manufacturers, and associations. Topics include the roles of suppliers and other supply chain participants, the rise of outsourcing, the importance of information management, the natural tension between buyer and seller, sources of assistance to small and medium-sized firms, and a host of other issues. Supply Chain Integration will be of interest to industry policymakers, economists, researchers, business leaders, and forward-thinking executives. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wallerstein, Mitchel B. %E Mogee, Mary E. %E Schoen, Robin A. %T Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology %@ 978-0-309-04833-0 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2054/global-dimensions-of-intellectual-property-rights-in-science-and-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2054/global-dimensions-of-intellectual-property-rights-in-science-and-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 450 %X As technological developments multiply around the globe—even as the patenting of human genes comes under serious discussion—nations, companies, and researchers find themselves in conflict over intellectual property rights (IPRs). Now, an international group of experts presents the first multidisciplinary look at IPRs in an age of explosive growth in science and technology. This thought-provoking volume offers an update on current international IPR negotiations and includes case studies on software, computer chips, optoelectronics, and biotechnology—areas characterized by high development cost and easy reproducibility. The volume covers these and other issues: Modern economic theory as a basis for approaching international IPRs. U.S. intellectual property practices versus those in Japan, India, the European Community, and the developing and newly industrializing countries. Trends in science and technology and how they affect IPRs. Pros and cons of a uniform international IPRs regime versus a system reflecting national differences. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Manpower and Personnel Needs for a Transformed Naval Force %@ 978-0-309-11265-9 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12030/manpower-and-personnel-needs-for-a-transformed-naval-force %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12030/manpower-and-personnel-needs-for-a-transformed-naval-force %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Industry and Labor %P 170 %X The Department of Defense (DOD) is committed to transforming the nation's armed forces to meet the military challenges of the future. One approach to achieving this transformation is by leveraging advances in science and technology. New technologies and innovations are integral to today's military actions, and associated changes have rippled through all aspects of operations, highlighting the need for changes in policies related to military personnel. At the request of the Force Chief of Naval Operations, the NRC reviewed the military manpower and personnel policies and studies currently underway in the DOD and developed an implementation strategy for the Department of the Navy's future military manpower and personnel needs. This book presents an introduction to current personnel policies of and concerns facing the Naval forces; an assessment of demographic, technological, and other forces affecting future personnel needs and availability; a summary and assessment of previous studies; an examination of the role of research tools in implementing personnel policy change; and an analysis of obstacles to and strategies for transforming the Naval forces. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Celeste, Richard %E Thornburgh, Dick %E Lin, Herbert %T Asking the Right Questions About Electronic Voting %@ 978-0-309-10024-3 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11449/asking-the-right-questions-about-electronic-voting %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11449/asking-the-right-questions-about-electronic-voting %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 162 %X Many election officials look to electronic voting systems as a means for improving their ability to more effectively conduct and administer elections. At the same time, many information technologists and activists have raised important concerns regarding the security of such systems. Policy makers are caught in the midst of a controversy with both political and technological overtones. The public debate about electronic voting is characterized by a great deal of emotion and rhetoric. Asking the Right Questions About Electronic Voting describes the important questions and issues that election officials, policy makers, and informed citizens should ask about the use of computers and information technology in the electoral process—focusing the debate on technical and policy issues that need resolving. The report finds that while electronic voting systems have improved, federal and state governments have not made the commitment necessary for e-voting to be widely used in future elections. More funding, research, and public education are required if e-voting is to become viable. %0 Book %T Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1995 Profile %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9524/doctoral-scientists-and-engineers-in-the-united-states-1995-profile %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9524/doctoral-scientists-and-engineers-in-the-united-states-1995-profile %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 125 %0 Book %T Intellectual Property Rights and U.S.-Japan Competition in Biotechnology: Report of a Workshop %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9531/intellectual-property-rights-and-us-japan-competition-in-biotechnology-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9531/intellectual-property-rights-and-us-japan-competition-in-biotechnology-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 54 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Buttenheim, Alison %E Moffitt, Robert %E Beatty, Alexandra %T Behavioral Economics: Policy Impact and Future Directions %@ 978-0-309-69983-9 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26874/behavioral-economics-policy-impact-and-future-directions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26874/behavioral-economics-policy-impact-and-future-directions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 246 %X Behavioral economics - a field based in collaborations among economists and psychologists - focuses on integrating a nuanced understanding of behavior into models of decision-making. Since the mid-20th century, this growing field has produced research in numerous domains and has influenced policymaking, research, and marketing. However, little has been done to assess these contributions and review evidence of their use in the policy arena. Behavioral Economics: Policy Impact and Future Directions examines the evidence for behavioral economics and its application in six public policy domains: health, retirement benefits, climate change, social safety net benefits, climate change, education, and criminal justice. The report concludes that the principles of behavioral economics are indispensable for the design of policy and recommends integrating behavioral specialists into policy development within government units. In addition, the report calls for strengthening research methodology and identifies research priorities for building on the accomplishments of the field to date. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %T Report of a Workshop on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce Needs for the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Defense Industrial Base %@ 978-0-309-25180-8 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13318/report-of-a-workshop-on-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-stem-workforce-needs-for-the-us-department-of-defense-and-the-us-defense-industrial-base %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13318/report-of-a-workshop-on-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-stem-workforce-needs-for-the-us-department-of-defense-and-the-us-defense-industrial-base %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 78 %X Report of a Workshop on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce Needs for the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Defense Industrial Base is the summary of a workshop held August 11, 2011, as part of an 18-month study of the issue. This book assesses the STEM capabilities that the Department of Defense (DOD) needs in order to meet its goals, objectives, and priorities; to assess whether the current DOD workforce and strategy will meet those needs; and to identify and evaluate options and recommend strategies that the department could use to help meet its future STEM needs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume I %@ 978-0-309-03688-7 %D 1986 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/924/computer-chips-and-paper-clips-technology-and-womens-employment-volume %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/924/computer-chips-and-paper-clips-technology-and-womens-employment-volume %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 236 %X Drawing on the historical changes in five areas—the jobs of telephone operators, workers in the printing and publishing industries, information and data processors, retail clerks, and nurses—this volume offers a comprehensive examination of how microelectronics and telecommunications have affected women's work and their working environments and looks ahead to what can be expected for women workers in the next decade. It also offers perspectives on how workers can more easily adapt to the changing workplace and addresses the controversial topic of job insecurity as a result of an influx of advanced electronic systems. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Information Technology for Manufacturing: A Research Agenda %@ 978-0-309-05179-8 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4815/information-technology-for-manufacturing-a-research-agenda %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4815/information-technology-for-manufacturing-a-research-agenda %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Computers and Information Technology %P 192 %X This book describes a vision of manufacturing in the twenty-first century that maximizes efficiencies and improvements by exploiting the full power of information and provides a research agenda for information technology and manufacturing that is necessary for success in achieving such a vision. Research on information technology to support product and process design, shop-floor operations, and flexible manufacturing is described. Roles for virtual manufacturing and the information infrastructure are also addressed. A final chapter is devoted to nontechnical research issues. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Choosing the Nation's Fiscal Future %@ 978-0-309-14723-1 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12808/choosing-the-nations-fiscal-future %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12808/choosing-the-nations-fiscal-future %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 360 %X A mismatch between the federal government's revenues and spending, now and in the foreseeable future, requires heavy borrowing, leading to a large and increasing federal debt. That increasing debt raises a serious challenge to all of the goals that various people expect their government to pursue. It also raises questions about the nation's future wealth and whether too much debt could lead to higher interest rates and even to loss of confidence in the nation's long-term ability and commitment to honor its obligations. Many analysts have concluded that the trajectory of the federal budget set by current policies cannot be sustained. In light of these projections, Choosing the Nation's Fiscal Future assesses the options and possibilities for a sustainable federal budget. This comprehensive book considers a range of policy changes that could help put the budget on a sustainable path: reforms to reduce the rate of growth in spending for Medicare and Medicaid; options to reduce the growth rate of Social Security benefits or raise payroll taxes; and changes in many other government spending programs and tax policies. The book also examines how the federal budget process could be revised to be more far sighted and to hold leaders accountable for responsible stewardship of the nation's fiscal future. Choosing the Nation's Fiscal Future will provide readers with a practical framework to assess budget proposals for their consistency with long-term fiscal stability. It will help them assess what policy changes they want, consistent with their own values and their views of the proper role of the government and within the constraints of a responsible national budget. It will show how the perhaps difficult but possible policy changes could be combined to produce a wide range of budget scenarios to bring revenues and spending into alignment for the long term. This book will be uniquely valuable to everyone concerned about the current and projected fiscal health of the nation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Cohen, Wesley M. %E Merrill, Stephen A. %T Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy %@ 978-0-309-08636-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10770/patents-in-the-knowledge-based-economy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10770/patents-in-the-knowledge-based-economy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 352 %0 Book %A National Research Council %A Institute of Medicine %T Mining Safety and Health Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health %@ 978-0-309-10342-8 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11850/mining-safety-and-health-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11850/mining-safety-and-health-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Earth Sciences %P 290 %X The U.S. mining sector has the highest fatality rate of any industry in the country. Fortunately, advances made over the past three decades in mining technology, equipment, processes, procedures, and workforce education and training have significantly improved safety and health. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Mining Safety and Health Research Program (Mining Program) has played a large role in these improvements. An assessment of the relevance and impact of NIOSH Mining Program research by a National Research Council committee reveals that the program makes essential contributions to the enhancement of health and safety in the mining industry. To further increase its effectiveness, the Mining Program should proactively identify workplace hazards and establish more challenging and innovative goals toward hazard reduction. The ability of the program to successfully expand its activities, however, depends on available funding. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T The Offshoring of Engineering: Facts, Unknowns, and Potential Implications %@ 978-0-309-11483-7 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12067/the-offshoring-of-engineering-facts-unknowns-and-potential-implications %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12067/the-offshoring-of-engineering-facts-unknowns-and-potential-implications %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Engineering and Technology %P 240 %X The engineering enterprise is a pillar of U.S. national and homeland security, economic vitality, and innovation. But many engineering tasks can now be performed anywhere in the world. The emergence of "offshoring"- the transfer of work from the United States to affiliated and unaffiliated entities abroad - has raised concerns about the impacts of globalization. The Offshoring of Engineering helps to answer many questions about the scope, composition, and motivation for offshoring and considers the implications for the future of U.S. engineering practice, labor markets, education, and research. This book examines trends and impacts from a broad perspective and in six specific industries - software, semiconductors, personal computer manufacturing, construction engineering and services, automobiles, and pharmaceuticals. The Offshoring of Engineering will be of great interest to engineers, engineering professors and deans, and policy makers, as well as people outside the engineering community who are concerned with sustaining and strengthening U.S. engineering capabilities in support of homeland security, economic vitality, and innovation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science and Technology in Armenia: Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy %@ 978-0-309-09278-4 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11107/science-and-technology-in-armenia-toward-a-knowledge-based-economy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11107/science-and-technology-in-armenia-toward-a-knowledge-based-economy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Industry and Labor %P 135 %X An NRC ad hoc committee analyzed the current status and future development potential of Armenia's science and technology base, including human and infrastructural resources and research and educational capabilities. The committee identified those fields and institutions offering promising opportunities for contributing to economic and social development, and particularly institutions having unique and important capabilities, worthy of support from international financial institutions, private investment sources, and the Armenian and U.S. governments. The scope of the study included both pure and applied research as well as education in science-related fields. The committee's report addresses the existing capacity of state and private research institutions, higher education capabilities and trends, scientific funding sources, innovative investment models, relevant success stories, factors hindering development of the science sector, potential domestic Armenian customers for scientific results and products, and opportunities for regional scientific collaboration. An Armenian language version of the report is also available. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Evaluating Occupational Health and Safety Research Programs: Framework and Next Steps %@ 978-0-309-13795-9 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12639/evaluating-occupational-health-and-safety-research-programs-framework-and-next %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12639/evaluating-occupational-health-and-safety-research-programs-framework-and-next %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Health and Medicine %P 132 %X Each year, approximately 5,000 fatal work-related injuries and 4 million non-fatal injuries and illnesses occur in the United States. This number represents both unnecessary human suffering and high economic costs. In order to assist in better evaluating workplace safety and create safer work environments, the Institute of Medicine conducted a series of evaluations of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) research programs, assessing the relevance and impact of NIOSH's work on improving worker safety and health. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Building a Workforce for the Information Economy %@ 978-0-309-06993-9 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9830/building-a-workforce-for-the-information-economy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9830/building-a-workforce-for-the-information-economy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 398 %X A look at any newspaper's employment section suggests that competition for qualified workers in information technology (IT) is intense. Yet even experts disagree on not only the actual supply versus demand for IT workers but also on whether the nation should take any action on this economically important issue. Building a Workforce for the Information Economy offers an in-depth look at IT. workers—where they work and what they do—and the policy issues they inspire. It also illuminates numerous areas that have been questioned in political debates: Where do people in IT jobs come from, and what kind of education and training matter most for them? Are employers' and workers' experiences similar or different in various parts of the country? How do citizens of other countries factor into the U.S. IT workforce? What do we know about IT career paths, and what does that imply for IT workers as they age? And can we measure what matters? The committee identifies characteristics that differentiate IT work from other categories of high-tech work, including an informative contrast with biotechnology. The book also looks at the capacity of the U.S. educational system and of employer training programs to produce qualified workers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Visionary Manufacturing Challenges for 2020 %@ 978-0-309-06182-7 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6314/visionary-manufacturing-challenges-for-2020 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6314/visionary-manufacturing-challenges-for-2020 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Engineering and Technology %P 172 %X Manufacturing will unquestionably be a very different enterprise in 2020 from what it is today. This book presents an exciting picture of the profitable and productive potential of manufacturing two decades hence. This book takes an international view of future manufacturing that considers the leaps and bounds of technological innovation and the blurring of the lines between the manufacturing and service industries. The authors identify ten strategic technology areas as the most important for research and development and they recommend ways to address crosscutting questions. Representing a variety of industries, the authors identify six "grand challenges" that must be overcome for their vision to be realized, including the human/technology interface, environmental concerns, and miniaturization. A host of issues are discussed that will push and pull at manufacturing over the next 20 years: the changing workforce, the changing consumer, the rise of bio- and nanotechnology, the prospects for waste-free processing, simulation and modeling as design tools, shifts in global competition, and much more. The information and analyses in this book will be vitally important to everyone concerned about the future of manufacturing: policymakers, executives, design and engineering professionals, researchers, faculty, and students. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A Institute of Medicine %T The Health Hazard Evaluation Program at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health %@ 978-0-309-12647-2 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12475/the-health-hazard-evaluation-program-at-niosh-reviews-of-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12475/the-health-hazard-evaluation-program-at-niosh-reviews-of-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Health and Medicine %P 226 %X It is the unique mission of the Health Hazard Evaluation Program within the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to respond to requests to investigate potential occupational health hazards. In contrast to other NIOSH programs, the Health Hazard Evaluation Program is not primarily a research program. Rather, it investigates and provides advice to workplaces in response to requests from employers, employees and their representatives, and federal agencies. The National Research Council was charged with evaluating the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Program and determining whether program activities resulted in improvements in workplace practices and decreases in hazardous exposures that cause occupational illnesses. The program was found to play a key role in addressing existing widespread or emerging occupational health issues. This book makes several recommendations that could improve a very strong program including more systematic use of surveillance data to facilitate priority setting, and greater interaction with a broader array of workers, industries, and other government agencies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Burland, Donald M. %E Doyle, Michael P. %E Rogers, Michael E. %E Masciangioli, Tina M. %T Preparing Chemists and Chemical Engineers for a Globally Oriented Workforce: A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable %@ 978-0-309-09203-6 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11059/preparing-chemists-and-chemical-engineers-for-a-globally-oriented-workforce %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11059/preparing-chemists-and-chemical-engineers-for-a-globally-oriented-workforce %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 90 %X Globalization—the flow of people, goods, services, capital, and technology across international borders—is significantly impacting the chemistry and chemical engineering professions. Chemical companies are seeking new ideas, a trained workforce, and new market opportunities regardless of geographic location. During an October 2003 workshop, leaders in chemistry and chemical engineering from industry, academia, government, and private funding organizations explored the implications of an increasingly global research environment for the chemistry and chemical engineering workforce. The workshop presentations described deficiencies in the current educational system and the need to create and sustain a globally aware workforce in the near future. The goal of the workshop was to inform the Chemical Sciences Roundtable, which provides a science-oriented, apolitical forum for leaders in the chemical sciences to discuss chemically related issues affecting government, industry, and universities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of Staffing Needs of Systems Specialists in Aviation %@ 978-0-309-28650-3 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18357/assessment-of-staffing-needs-of-systems-specialists-in-aviation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18357/assessment-of-staffing-needs-of-systems-specialists-in-aviation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %K Industry and Labor %P 114 %X Within the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Airway Transportation System Specialists ATSS) maintain and certify the equipment in the National Airspace System (NAS).In fiscal year 2012, Technical Operations had a budget of $1.7B. Thus, Technical Operations includes approximately 19 percent of the total FAA employees and less than 12 percent of the $15.9 billion total FAA budget. Technical Operations comprises ATSS workers at five different types of Air Traffic Control (ATC) facilities: (1) Air Route Traffic Control Centers, also known as En Route Centers, track aircraft once they travel beyond the terminal airspace and reach cruising altitude; they include Service Operations Centers that coordinate work and monitor equipment. (2) Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) facilities control air traffic as aircraft ascend from and descend to airports, generally covering a radius of about 40 miles around the primary airport; a TRACON facility also includes a Service Operations Center. (3) Core Airports, also called Operational Evolution Partnership airports, are the nation's busiest airports. (4) The General National Airspace System (GNAS) includes the facilities located outside the larger airport locations, including rural airports and equipment not based at any airport. (5) Operations Control Centers are the facilities that coordinate maintenance work and monitor equipment for a Service Area in the United States. At each facility, the ATSS execute both tasks that are scheduled and predictable and tasks that are stochastic and unpredictable in. These tasks are common across the five ATSS disciplines: (1) Communications, maintaining the systems that allow air traffic controllers and pilots to be in contact throughout the flight; (2) Surveillance and Radar, maintaining the systems that allow air traffic controllers to see the specific locations of all the aircraft in the airspace they are monitoring; (3) Automation, maintaining the systems that allow air traffic controllers to track each aircraft's current and future position, speed, and altitude; (4) Navigation, maintaining the systems that allow pilots to take off, maintain their course, approach, and land their aircraft; and (5) Environmental, maintaining the power, lighting, and heating/air conditioning systems at the ATC facilities. Because the NAS needs to be available and reliable all the time, each of the different equipment systems includes redundancy so an outage can be fixed without disrupting the NAS. Assessment of Staffing Needs of Systems Specialists in Aviation reviews the available information on: (A) the duties of employees in job series 2101 (Airways Transportation Systems Specialist) in the Technical Operations service unit; (B) the Professional Aviation Safety Specialists (PASS) union of the AFL-CIO; (C) the present-day staffing models employed by the FAA; (D) any materials already produced by the FAA including a recent gap analysis on staffing requirements; (E) current research on best staffing models for safety; and (F) non-US staffing standards for employees in similar roles. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Nelson, Joan M. %E Tilly, Charles %E Walker, Lee %T Transforming Post-Communist Political Economies %@ 978-0-309-05929-9 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5852/transforming-post-communist-political-economies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5852/transforming-post-communist-political-economies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 528 %X This ground-breaking new volume focuses on the interaction between political, social, and economic change in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States. It includes a wide selection of analytic papers, thought-provoking essays by leading scholars in diverse fields, and an agenda for future research. It integrates work on the micro and macro levels of the economy and provides a broad overview of the transition process. This volume broadens the current intellectual and policy debate concerning the historic transition now taking place from a narrow concern with purely economic factors to the dynamics of political and social change. It questions the assumption that the post-communist economies are all following the same path and that they will inevitably develop into replicas of economies in the advanced industrial West. It challenges accepted thinking and promotes the utilization of new methods and perspectives. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Osterweil, Leon J. %E Millett, Lynette I. %E Winston, Joan D. %T Social Security Administration Electronic Service Provision: A Strategic Assessment %@ 978-0-309-10393-0 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11920/social-security-administration-electronic-service-provision-a-strategic-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11920/social-security-administration-electronic-service-provision-a-strategic-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 174 %X Social Security Administration Electronic Service Provision examines the Social Security Administration's (SSA's) proposed e-government strategy and provides advice on how the SSA can best deliver services to its constituencies in the future. The assessment by the Committee on the Social Security Administration's E-Government Strategy and Planning for the Future was based on (1) its examination of the SSA's current e-government strategy, including technological assumptions, performance measures and targets, planned operational capabilities, strategic requirements, and future goals; (2) its consideration of strategies, assumptions, and technical and operational requirements in comparable public- and private-sector institutions; and (3) its consideration of the larger organizational, societal, and technological context in which the SSA operates. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T The Personal Protective Technology Program at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health %@ 978-0-309-12018-0 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12203/the-personal-protective-technology-program-at-niosh-reviews-of-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12203/the-personal-protective-technology-program-at-niosh-reviews-of-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Health and Medicine %P 214 %X Maintaining the health and safety of workers in the United States and globally is accomplished in part by reducing hazardous exposures through the use of personal protective equipment. Personal protective technologies (PPT) include respirators worn by construction workers and miners; protective clothing, respirators, and gloves worn by firefighters and mine rescue workers; and respirators and protective clothing worn by healthcare workers. An estimated 5 million workers are required to wear respirators in 1.3 million U.S. workplaces. For some occupations, such as firefighting, the worker's protective equipment is the only form of protection against life-threatening hazards; for other workers, the PPT is a supplement to ventilation and other environmental, engineering, or administrative hazard controls. In the United States, federal responsibility for civilian worker PPT is integral to the mission of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). This book examines the NIOSH Personal Protective Technology Program (PPT Program) and specifically focuses on the relevance and impact of this program in reducing hazardous exposures and improving worker health and safety. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A Institute of Medicine %T Respiratory Diseases Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health %@ 978-0-309-11873-6 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12171/respiratory-diseases-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research-programs-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12171/respiratory-diseases-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research-programs-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Industry and Labor %P 250 %X Respiratory diseases caused by exposures to dangerous materials in the workplace have tremendous implications for worker health and, by extension, the national economy. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that deaths from work-related respiratory diseases and cancers account for about 70% of all occupational disease deaths. NIOSH conducts research in order to detect and reduce work-related hazardous exposures, injuries, and diseases; its Respiratory Disease Research Program (RDRP) focuses on respiratory diseases. This National Research Council book reviews the RDRP to evaluate the 1) relevance of its work to improvements in occupational safety and health and 2) the impact of research in reducing workplace respiratory illnesses. The assessment reveals that the program has made essential contributions to preventing occupational respiratory disease. The National Research Council has rated the Program a 5 out of 5 for relevance, and a 4 out of 5 for impact. To further increase its effectiveness, the Respiratory Disease Research Program should continue and expand its current efforts, provide resources for occupational disease surveillance, and include exposure assessment scientists in its activities. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Hearing Loss Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health %@ 978-0-309-10274-2 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11721/hearing-loss-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research-programs-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11721/hearing-loss-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research-programs-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Industry and Labor %P 224 %X The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (U.S. Congress, 1970). Today the agency is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIOSH is charged with the responsibility to "conduct . . . research, experiments, and demonstrations relating to occupational safety and health" and to develop "innovative methods, techniques, and approaches for dealing with [those] problems" (U.S. Congress, 1970). Its research targets include identifying criteria for use in setting worker exposure standards and exploring new problems that may arise in the workplace. Prevention of occupational hearing loss has been part of the NIOSH research portfolio from the time the agency was established. A principal cause of occupational hearing loss is the cumulative effect of years of exposure to hazardous noise. Exposure to certain chemicals with or without concomitant noise exposure may also contribute to occupational hearing loss. Hearing loss may impede communication in the workplace and contribute to safety hazards. Occupationally acquired hearing loss may also have an adverse effect on workers' lives beyond the workplace. No medical means are currently available to prevent or reverse it, although hearing aids are widely used and research on other treatments is ongoing. Occupational hearing loss is a serious concern, although the number of workers affected is uncertain. In September 2004, NIOSH requested that the National Academies conduct reviews of as many as 15 NIOSH programs with respect to the impact and relevance of their work in reducing workplace injury and illness and to identify future directions that their work might take. The Hearing Loss Research Program was selected by NIOSH as one of the first two programs to be reviewed. Hearing Loss Research at NIOSH examines the following issues for the Hearing Loss Research Program: (1) Progress in reducing workplace illness and injuries through occupational safety and health research, assessed on the basis of an analysis of relevant data about workplace illnesses and injuries and an evaluation of the effect that NIOSH research has had in reducing illness and injuries, (2) Progress in targeting new research to the areas of occupational safety and health most relevant to future improvements in workplace protection, and (3) Significant emerging research areas that appear especially important in terms of their relevance to the mission of NIOSH. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future %@ 978-0-309-18758-9 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11463/rising-above-the-gathering-storm-energizing-and-employing-america-for %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11463/rising-above-the-gathering-storm-energizing-and-employing-america-for %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Education %K Engineering and Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 590 %X In a world where advanced knowledge is widespread and low-cost labor is readily available, U.S. advantages in the marketplace and in science and technology have begun to erode. A comprehensive and coordinated federal effort is urgently needed to bolster U.S. competitiveness and pre-eminence in these areas. This congressionally requested report by a pre-eminent committee makes four recommendations along with 20 implementation actions that federal policy-makers should take to create high-quality jobs and focus new science and technology efforts on meeting the nation's needs, especially in the area of clean, affordable energy: 1) Increase America's talent pool by vastly improving K-12 mathematics and science education; 2) Sustain and strengthen the nation's commitment to long-term basic research; 3) Develop, recruit, and retain top students, scientists, and engineers from both the U.S. and abroad; and 4) Ensure that the United States is the premier place in the world for innovation. Some actions will involve changing existing laws, while others will require financial support that would come from reallocating existing budgets or increasing them. Rising Above the Gathering Storm will be of great interest to federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, public decision makers, research sponsors, regulatory analysts, and scholars. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Forstag, Erin Hammers %T Research and Data Priorities for Improving Economic and Social Mobility: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-68962-5 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26598/research-and-data-priorities-for-improving-economic-and-social-mobility %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26598/research-and-data-priorities-for-improving-economic-and-social-mobility %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Industry and Labor %P 122 %X Since around 1980, fewer Americans than before are doing better than their parents had – that is, more are experiencing downward social and economic mobility in terms of occupational status and income. This trend in downward mobility is occurring amidst high and rising levels of inequality in income, wealth, health, and life expectancy. To better understand the factors that influence social and economic mobility, the Committee on Population and the Committee on National Statistics hosted a workshop on February 14-15, 2022. The proceedings from this workshop identify key priorities for future research and data collection to improve social and economic mobility. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Collecting Compensation Data from Employers %@ 978-0-309-26408-2 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13496/collecting-compensation-data-from-employers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13496/collecting-compensation-data-from-employers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 154 %X U.S. agencies with responsibilities for enforcing equal employment opportunity laws have long relied on detailed information that is obtained from employers on employment in job groups by gender and race/ethnicity for identifying the possibility of discriminatory practices. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the Office of Federal Contract Compliance programs of the U.S. Department of Labor, and the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice have developed processes that use these employment data as well as other sources of information to target employers for further investigation and to perform statistical analysis that is used in enforcing the anti-discrimination laws. The limited data from employers do not include (with a few exceptions) the ongoing measurement of possible discrimination in compensation. The proposed Paycheck Fairness Act of 2009 would have required EEOC to issue regulations mandating that employers provide the EEOC with information on pay by the race, gender, and national origin of employees. The legislation was not enacted. If the legislation had become law, the EEOC would have been required to confront issues regarding currently available and potential data sources, methodological requirements, and appropriate statistical techniques for the measurement and collection of employer pay data. The panel concludes that the collection of earnings data would be a significant undertaking for the EEOC and that there might be an increased reporting burden on some employers. Currently, there is no clearly articulated vision of how the data on wages could be used in the conduct of the enforcement responsibilities of the relevant agencies. Collecting Compensation Data from Employers gives recommendations for targeting employers for investigation regarding their compliance with antidiscrimination laws. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science Professionals: Master's Education for a Competitive World %@ 978-0-309-11471-4 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12064/science-professionals-masters-education-for-a-competitive-world %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12064/science-professionals-masters-education-for-a-competitive-world %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %P 146 %X What are employer needs for staff trained in the natural sciences at the master's degree level? How do master's level professionals in the natural sciences contribute in the workplace? How do master's programs meet or support educational and career goals? Science Professionals: Master's Education for a Competitive World examines the answers to these and other questions regarding the role of master's education in the natural sciences. The book also focuses on student characteristics and what can be learned from efforts underway to enhance the master's in the natural sciences, particularly as a professional degree. This book is a critical tool for Congress, the federal agencies charged with carrying out the America COMPETES Act, and educational and science policy makers at the state level. Additionally, anyone with a stake in the development of professional science education (four year institutions of higher education, students, faculty, and employers) will find this book useful. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %T Assuring the U.S. Department of Defense a Strong Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce %@ 978-0-309-26213-2 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13467/assuring-the-us-department-of-defense-a-strong-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-stem-workforce %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13467/assuring-the-us-department-of-defense-a-strong-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-stem-workforce %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 156 %X The ability of the nation's military to prevail during future conflicts, and to fulfill its humanitarian and other missions, depends on continued advances in the nation's technology base. A workforce with robust Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) capabilities is critical to sustaining U.S. preeminence. Today, however, the STEM activities of the Department of Defense (DOD) are a small and diminishing part of the nation's overall science and engineering enterprise. Assuring the U.S. Department of Defense a Strong Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce presents five principal recommendations for attracting, retaining, and managing highly qualified STEM talent within the department based on an examination of the current STEM workforce of DOD and the defense industrial base. As outlined in the report, DOD should focus its investments to ensure that STEM competencies in all potentially critical, emerging topical areas are maintained at least at a basic level within the department and its industrial and university bases. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Minerals, Critical Minerals, and the U.S. Economy %@ 978-0-309-11282-6 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12034/minerals-critical-minerals-and-the-us-economy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12034/minerals-critical-minerals-and-the-us-economy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Earth Sciences %P 262 %X Minerals are part of virtually every product we use. Common examples include copper used in electrical wiring and titanium used to make airplane frames and paint pigments. The Information Age has ushered in a number of new mineral uses in a number of products including cell phones (e.g., tantalum) and liquid crystal displays (e.g., indium). For some minerals, such as the platinum group metals used to make cataytic converters in cars, there is no substitute. If the supply of any given mineral were to become restricted, consumers and sectors of the U.S. economy could be significantly affected. Risks to minerals supplies can include a sudden increase in demand or the possibility that natural ores can be exhausted or become too difficult to extract. Minerals are more vulnerable to supply restrictions if they come from a limited number of mines, mining companies, or nations. Baseline information on minerals is currently collected at the federal level, but no established methodology has existed to identify potentially critical minerals. This book develops such a methodology and suggests an enhanced federal initiative to collect and analyze the additional data needed to support this type of tool. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Tippins, Nancy T. %E Hilton, Margaret L. %T A Database for a Changing Economy: Review of the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) %@ 978-0-309-14769-9 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12814/a-database-for-a-changing-economy-review-of-the-occupational %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12814/a-database-for-a-changing-economy-review-of-the-occupational %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Industry and Labor %K Surveys and Statistics %P 231 %X Information about the characteristics of jobs and the individuals who fill them is valuable for career guidance, reemployment counseling, workforce development, human resource management, and other purposes. To meet these needs, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) in 1998 launched the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), which consists of a content model--a framework for organizing occupational data--and an electronic database. The O*NET content model includes hundreds of descriptors of work and workers organized into domains, such as skills, knowledge, and work activities. Data are collected using a classification system that organizes job titles into 1,102 occupations. The National Center for O*NET Development (the O*NET Center) continually collects data related to these occupations. In 2008, DOL requested the National Academies to review O*NET and consider its future directions. In response, the present volume inventories and evaluates the uses of O*NET; explores the linkage of O*NET with the Standard Occupational Classification System and other data sets; and identifies ways to improve O*NET, particularly in the areas of cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and currency. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Report, Workshop Summary, and Workshop Papers %@ 978-0-309-06397-5 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6431/work-related-musculoskeletal-disorders-report-workshop-summary-and-workshop-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6431/work-related-musculoskeletal-disorders-report-workshop-summary-and-workshop-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 240 %X Estimated costs associated with lost days and compensation claims related to musculoskeletal disorders—including back pains and repetitive motion injuries—range from $13 billion to $20 billion annually. This is a serious national problem that has spurred considerable debate about the causal links between such disorders and risk factors in the workplace. This book presents a preliminary assessment of what is known about the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and what may cause them. It includes papers and a workshop summary of findings from orthopedic surgery, public health, occupational medicine, epidemiology, risk analysis, ergonomics, and human factors. Topics covered include the biological responses of tissues to stress, the biomechanics of work stressors, the epidemiology of physical work factors, and the contributions of individual, recreational, and social factors to such disorders. The book also considers the relative success of various workplace interventions for prevention and rehabilitation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A Institute of Medicine %T Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities %@ 978-0-309-07284-7 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10032/musculoskeletal-disorders-and-the-workplace-low-back-and-upper-extremities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10032/musculoskeletal-disorders-and-the-workplace-low-back-and-upper-extremities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 510 %X Every year workers' low-back, hand, and arm problems lead to time away from jobs and reduce the nation's economic productivity. The connection of these problems to workplace activities-from carrying boxes to lifting patients to pounding computer keyboards-is the subject of major disagreements among workers, employers, advocacy groups, and researchers. Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace examines the scientific basis for connecting musculoskeletal disorders with the workplace, considering people, job tasks, and work environments. A multidisciplinary panel draws conclusions about the likelihood of causal links and the effectiveness of various intervention strategies. The panel also offers recommendations for what actions can be considered on the basis of current information and for closing information gaps. This book presents the latest information on the prevalence, incidence, and costs of musculoskeletal disorders and identifies factors that influence injury reporting. It reviews the broad scope of evidence: epidemiological studies of physical and psychosocial variables, basic biology, biomechanics, and physical and behavioral responses to stress. Given the magnitude of the problem-approximately 1 million people miss some work each year-and the current trends in workplace practices, this volume will be a must for advocates for workplace health, policy makers, employers, employees, medical professionals, engineers, lawyers, and labor officials. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Measuring the Science and Engineering Enterprise: Priorities for the Division of Science Resources Studies %@ 978-0-309-06892-5 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9775/measuring-the-science-and-engineering-enterprise-priorities-for-the-division %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9775/measuring-the-science-and-engineering-enterprise-priorities-for-the-division %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 160 %X The science and engineering enterprise has continued to evolve, responding over the last decade to increased economic globalization, a post-cold war military, federal budget fluctuations, and structural changes in the way science and engineering are conducted and innovations are adopted. This report suggests ways to revise the data collection activities of the Science Resources Studies Division (SRS) of the National Science Foundation to better capture the current realities of R&D funding and S&E human resources. The report's recommendations would improve the relevance of the data on graduate education, the labor market for scientists and engineers, and the funding and conduct of research and development, and thus better meet the data needs of policymakers, managers, and researchers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Long, J. Scott %T From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers %@ 978-0-309-05580-2 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5363/from-scarcity-to-visibility-gender-differences-in-the-careers-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5363/from-scarcity-to-visibility-gender-differences-in-the-careers-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Industry and Labor %K Education %P 336 %X Although women have made important inroads in science and engineering since the early 1970s, their progress in these fields has stalled over the past several years. This study looks at women in science and engineering careers in the 1970s and 1980s, documenting differences in career outcomes between men and women and between women of different races and ethnic backgrounds. The panel presents what is known about the following questions and explores their policy implications: In what sectors are female Ph.D.s employed? What salary disparities exist between men and women in these fields? How is marital status associated with career attainment? Does it help a career to have a postdoctoral appointment? How well are female scientists and engineers represented in management? Within the broader context of education and the labor market, the book provides detailed comparisons between men and women Ph.D.s in a number of measures: financial support for education, academic rank achieved, salary, and others. The study covers engineering; the mathematical, physical, life, and social and behavioral sciences; medical school faculty; and recipients of National Institutes of Health grants. Findings and recommendations in this volume will be of interest to practitioners, faculty, and students in science and engineering as well as education administrators, employers, and researchers in these fields. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation: America's Science and Technology Talent at the Crossroads %@ 978-0-309-15968-5 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12984/expanding-underrepresented-minority-participation-americas-science-and-technology-talent-at %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12984/expanding-underrepresented-minority-participation-americas-science-and-technology-talent-at %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Industry and Labor %P 286 %X In order for the United States to maintain the global leadership and competitiveness in science and technology that are critical to achieving national goals, we must invest in research, encourage innovation, and grow a strong and talented science and technology workforce. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation explores the role of diversity in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) workforce and its value in keeping America innovative and competitive. According to the book, the U.S. labor market is projected to grow faster in science and engineering than in any other sector in the coming years, making minority participation in STEM education at all levels a national priority. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation analyzes the rate of change and the challenges the nation currently faces in developing a strong and diverse workforce. Although minorities are the fastest growing segment of the population, they are underrepresented in the fields of science and engineering. Historically, there has been a strong connection between increasing educational attainment in the United States and the growth in and global leadership of the economy. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation suggests that the federal government, industry, and post-secondary institutions work collaboratively with K-12 schools and school systems to increase minority access to and demand for post-secondary STEM education and technical training. The book also identifies best practices and offers a comprehensive road map for increasing involvement of underrepresented minorities and improving the quality of their education. It offers recommendations that focus on academic and social support, institutional roles, teacher preparation, affordability and program development. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %E Augustine, Norman R. %T Is America Falling Off the Flat Earth? %@ 978-0-309-18538-7 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12021/is-america-falling-off-the-flat-earth %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12021/is-america-falling-off-the-flat-earth %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Computers and Information Technology %K Education %K Engineering and Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 92 %X The aviation and telecommunication revolutions have conspired to make distance increasingly irrelevant. An important consequence of this is that US citizens, accustomed to competing with their neighbors for jobs, now must compete with candidates from all around the world. These candidates are numerous, highly motivated, increasingly well educated, and willing to work for a fraction of the compensation traditionally expected by US workers. If the United States is to offset the latter disadvantage and provide its citizens with the opportunity for high-quality jobs, it will require the nation to excel at innovation--that is, to be first to market new products and services based on new knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge. This capacity to discover, create and market will continue to be heavily dependent on the nation's prowess in science and technology. Indicators of trends in these fields are, at best, highly disconcerting. While many factors warrant urgent attention, the two most critical are these: (1) America must repair its failing K-12 educational system, particularly in mathematics and science, in part by providing more teachers qualified to teach those subjects, and (2) the federal government must markedly increase its investment in basic research, that is, in the creation of new knowledge. Only by providing leading-edge human capital and knowledge capital can America continue to maintain a high standard of living--including providing national security--for its citizens. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Espinosa, Lorelle L. %E McGuire, Kent %E Jackson, Leigh Miles %T Minority Serving Institutions: America's Underutilized Resource for Strengthening the STEM Workforce %@ 978-0-309-48441-1 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25257/minority-serving-institutions-americas-underutilized-resource-for-strengthening-the-stem %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25257/minority-serving-institutions-americas-underutilized-resource-for-strengthening-the-stem %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 254 %X There are over 20 million young people of color in the United States whose representation in STEM education pathways and in the STEM workforce is still far below their numbers in the general population. Their participation could help re-establish the United States' preeminence in STEM innovation and productivity, while also increasing the number of well-educated STEM workers. There are nearly 700 minority-serving institutions (MSIs) that provide pathways to STEM educational success and workforce readiness for millions of students of color—and do so in a mission-driven and intentional manner. They vary substantially in their origins, missions, student demographics, and levels of institutional selectivity. But in general, their service to the nation provides a gateway to higher education and the workforce, particularly for underrepresented students of color and those from low-income and first-generation to college backgrounds. The challenge for the nation is how to capitalize on the unique strengths and attributes of these institutions and to equip them with the resources, exceptional faculty talent, and vital infrastructure needed to educate and train an increasingly critical portion of current and future generations of scientists, engineers, and health professionals. Minority Serving Institutions examines the nation's MSIs and identifies promising programs and effective strategies that have the highest potential return on investment for the nation by increasing the quantity and quality MSI STEM graduates. This study also provides critical information and perspective about the importance of MSIs to other stakeholders in the nation's system of higher education and the organizations that support them.