TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Toward an Understanding of Metropolitan America: Report of the Social Science Panel on the Significance of Community in the Metropolitan Environment of the Advisory Committee to the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Assembly of Behavioral and Socia DO - 10.17226/18528 PY - 1974 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18528/toward-an-understanding-of-metropolitan-america-report-of-the-social PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Industry and Labor ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - Nicholas M. Donofrio A2 - Kate S. Whitefoot TI - Making Value for America: Embracing the Future of Manufacturing, Technology, and Work SN - DO - 10.17226/19483 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19483/making-value-for-america-embracing-the-future-of-manufacturing-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Globalization, developments in technology, and new business models are transforming the way products and services are conceived, designed, made, and distributed in the U.S. and around the world. These forces present challenges - lower wages and fewer jobs for a growing fraction of middle-class workers - as well as opportunities for "makers" and aspiring entrepreneurs to create entirely new types of businesses and jobs. Making Value for America examines these challenges and opportunities and offers recommendations for collaborative actions between government, industry, and education institutions to help ensure that the U.S. thrives amid global economic changes and remains a leading environment for innovation. Filled with real-life examples, Making Value for America presents a roadmap to enhance the nation's capacity to pursue opportunities and adapt to transforming value chains by widespread adoption of best practices, a well-prepared and innovative workforce, local innovation networks to support startups and new products, improved flow of capital investments, and infrastructure upgrades. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Building the Ohio Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/13538 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13538/building-the-ohio-innovation-economy-summary-of-a-symposium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Since 1991, the National Research Council, under the auspices of the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy, has undertaken a program of activities to improve policymakers' understandings of the interconnections of science, technology, and economic policy and their importance for the American economy and its international competitive position. The Board's activities have corresponded with increased policy recognition of the importance of knowledge and technology to economic growth. One important element of STEP's analysis concerns the growth and impact of foreign technology programs. U.S. competitors have launched substantial programs to support new technologies, small firm development, and consortia among large and small firms to strengthen national and regional positions in strategic sectors. Some governments overseas have chosen to provide public support to innovation to overcome the market imperfections apparent in their national innovation systems. They believe that the rising costs and risks associated with new potentially high-payoff technologies, and the growing global dispersal of technical expertise, underscore the need for national R&D programs to support new and existing high-technology firms within their borders. Similarly, many state and local governments and regional entities in the United States are undertaking a variety of initiatives to enhance local economic development and employment through investment programs designed to attract knowledge-based industries and grow innovation clusters. These state and regional programs and associated policy measures are of great interest for their potential contributions to growth and U.S. competitiveness and for the "best practice" lessons that they offer for other state and regional programs. STEP's project on State and Regional Innovation Initiatives is intended to generate a better understanding of the challenges associated with the transition of research into products, the practices associated with successful state and regional programs, and their interaction with federal programs and private initiatives. The study seeks to achieve this goal through a series of complementary assessments of state, regional, and federal initiatives; analyses of specific industries and technologies from the perspective of crafting supportive public policy at all three levels; and outreach to multiple stakeholders. Building the Ohio Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium explains the of the study, which is to improve the operation of state and regional programs and, collectively, enhance their impact. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Best Practices in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives: Competing in the 21st Century SN - DO - 10.17226/18364 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18364/best-practices-in-state-and-regional-innovation-initiatives-competing-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Most of the policy discussion about stimulating innovation has focused on the federal level. This study focuses on the significant activity at the state level, with the goal of improving the public's understanding of key policy strategies and exemplary practices. Based on a series of workshops and conferences that brought together policymakers along with leaders of industry and academia in a select number of states, the study highlights a rich variety of policy initiatives underway at the state and regional level to foster knowledge based growth and employment. Perhaps what distinguishes this effort at the state level is most of all the high degree of pragmatism. Operating out of necessity, innovation policies at the state level often involve taking advantage of existing resources and recombining them in new ways, forging innovative partnerships among universities, industry and government organizations, growing the skill base, and investing in the infrastructure to develop new technologies and new industries. Many of these initiatives are being guided by leaders from the private sector and universities. The objective of Best Practices in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives: Competing in the 21st Century is not to do an empirical review of the inputs and outputs of various state programs. Nor is it to evaluate which programs are superior. Indeed, some of the notable successes, such as the Albany nanotechnology cluster, represent a leap of leadership, investment, and sustained commitment that has had remarkable results in an industry that is actively pursued by many countries. The study's goal is to illustrate the approaches taken by a variety of highly diverse states as they confront the increasing challenges of global competition for the industries and jobs of today and tomorrow. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Diversity in Engineering: Managing the Workforce of the Future SN - DO - 10.17226/10377 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10377/diversity-in-engineering-managing-the-workforce-of-the-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - This report contains fifteen presentations from a workshop on best practices in managing diversity, hosted by the NAE Committee on Diversity in the Engineering Workforce on October 29-30, 2001. NAE (National Academy of Engineering) president William Wulf, IBM vice-president Nicholas Donofrio, and Ford vice-president James Padilla address the business case for diversity, and representatives of leading engineering employers discuss how to increase the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women and underrepresented minorities in engineering careers. Other speakers focus on mentoring, globalization, affirmative action backlash, and dealing with lawsuits. Corporate engineering and human resources managers attended the workshop and discussed diversity issues faced by corporations that employ engineers. Summaries of the discussions are also included in the report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Sujai J. Shivakumar TI - Flexible Electronics for Security, Manufacturing, and Growth in the United States: Summary of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/18328 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18328/flexible-electronics-for-security-manufacturing-and-growth-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Flexible Electronics for Security, Manufacturing, and Growth in the United States is the summary of a workshop convened in September 2010 by Policy and Global Affairs' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy to review challenges, plans, and opportunities for growing a robust flexible electronics industry in the United States. Business leaders, academic experts, and senior government officials met to review the role of research consortia around the world to advance flexible electronics technology. Presenters and participants sought to understand their structure, focus, funding, and likely impact, and to determine what appropriate steps the United States might consider to develop a robust flexible electronics industry. Flexible electronics refers to technologies that enable flexibility in the manufacturing process as well as flexibility as a characteristic of the final product. Features such as unconventional forms and ease of manufacturability provide important advantages for flexible electronics over conventional electronics built on rigid substrates. Today, examples of flexible electronics technologies are found in flexible flat-panel displays, medical image sensors, photovoltaic sheets, and electronic paper. Some industry experts predict that the market for global flexible electronics will experience a double digit growth rate, reaching $250 billion by 2025, but most experts believe that the United States is not currently poised to capitalize on this opportunity. Flexible Electronics for Security, Manufacturing, and Growth in the United States examines and compares selected innovation programs, both foreign and domestic, and their potential to advance the production of flexible electronics technology. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Building the Illinois Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/14684 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14684/building-the-illinois-innovation-economy-summary-of-a-symposium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Responding to the challenges of fostering regional growth and employment in an increasingly competitive global economy, many U.S. states and regions have developed programs to attract and grow companies as well as attract the talent and resources necessary to develop innovation clusters. These state and regionally based initiatives have a broad range of goals and increasingly include significant resources, often with a sector focus and often in partnership with foundations and universities. These are being joined by recent initiatives to coordinate and concentrate investments from a variety of federal agencies that provide significant resources to develop regional centers of innovation, business incubators, and other strategies to encourage entrepreneurship and high-tech development. Building the Illinois Innovation Economy is a study of selected state and regional programs to identify best practices with regard to their goals, structures, instruments, modes of operation, synergies across private and public programs, funding mechanisms and levels, and evaluation efforts. This report reviews selected state and regional efforts to capitalize on federal and state investments in areas of critical national needs. This review includes both efforts to strengthen existing industries as well as specific new technology focus areas such as nanotechnology, stem cells, and energy in order to improve our understanding of program goals, challenges, and accomplishments. As a part of this review, The Committee on Competing in the 21st Century: Best Practice in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives is convening a series of public workshops and symposia involving responsible local, state, and federal officials and other stakeholders. These meetings and symposia will enable an exchange of views, information, experience, and analysis to identify best practice in the range of programs and incentives adopted. Building the Illinois Innovation Economy summarizes discussions at these symposia, fact-finding meetings, and commissioned analyses of existing state and regional programs and technology focus areas, the committee will subsequently produce a final report with findings and recommendations focused on lessons, issues, and opportunities for complementary U.S. policies created by these state and regional initiatives. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Growing Innovation Clusters for American Prosperity: Summary of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/12926 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12926/growing-innovation-clusters-for-american-prosperity-summary-of-a-symposium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Responding to the challenges of fostering regional growth and employment in an increasingly competitive global economy, many U.S. states and regions have developed programs to attract and grow companies as well as attract the talent and resources necessary to develop innovation clusters. These state and regionally based initiatives have a broad range of goals and increasingly include significant resources, often with a sectoral focus and often in partnership with foundations and universities. These are being joined by recent initiatives to coordinate and concentrate investments from a variety of federal agencies that provide significant resources to develop regional centers of innovation, business incubators, and other strategies to encourage entrepreneurship and high-tech development. This has led to renewed interest in understanding the nature of innovation clusters and public policies associated with successful cluster development. The Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP), conducted a symposium which brought together state and federal government officials, leading analysts, congressional staff, and other stakeholders to explore the role of clusters in promoting economic growth, the government's role in stimulating clusters, and the role of universities and foundations in their development. Growing Innovation Clusters for American Prosperity captures the presentations and discussions of the 2009 STEP symposium on innovation clusters. It includes an overview highlighting key issues raised at the meeting and a summary of the meeting's presentations. This report has been prepared by the workshop rapporteur as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lida Beninson A2 - Joe Alper TI - Meeting Regional STEMM Workforce Needs in the Wake of COVID-19: Proceedings of a Virtual Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/26049 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26049/meeting-regional-stemm-workforce-needs-in-the-wake-of-covid-19 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The COVID-19 pandemic is transforming the global economy and significantly shifting workforce demand, requiring quick, adaptive responses. The pandemic has revealed the vulnerabilities of many organizations and regional economies, and it has accelerated trends that could lead to significant improvements in productivity, performance, and resilience, which will enable organizations and regions to thrive in the "next normal." To explore how communities around the United States are addressing workforce issues laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and how they are taking advantage of local opportunities to expand their science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) workforces to position them for success going forward, the Board of Higher Education and Workforce of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a series of workshops to identify immediate and near-term regional STEMM workforce needs in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The workshop planning committee identified five U.S. cities and their associated metropolitan areas - Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Richmond, Virginia; Riverside, California; and Wichita, Kansas - to host workshops highlighting promising practices that communities can use to respond urgently and appropriately to their STEMM workforce needs. A sixth workshop discussed how the lessons learned during the five region-focused workshops could be applied in other communities to meet STEMM workforce needs. This proceedings of a virtual workshop series summarizes the presentations and discussions from the six public workshops that made up the virtual workshop series and highlights the key points raised during the presentations, moderated panel discussions and deliberations, and open discussions among the workshop participants. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Crispin Rigby TI - Monitoring International Labor Standards: International Perspectives: Summary of Regional Forums SN - DO - 10.17226/10921 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10921/monitoring-international-labor-standards-international-perspectives-summary-of-regional-forums PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - In February and March 2003, the Committee on Monitoring International Labor Standards (CMILS) of the National Research Council (NRC) convened regional forums in Costa Rica, Sri Lanka, and South Africa. Participants included representatives from the International Labour Organization (ILO), national governments, workers' and employers' organizations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the academic community. These meetings were designed to provide the CMILS with a broad range of international perspectives on the many complex issues related to monitoring compliance with international labor standards, particularly within developing countries. The CMILS has convened similar forums in the United States and held workshops examining data quality, assessing national legal frameworks, and exploring linkages between human capital development and compliance with labor standards. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - The Small Business Innovation Research Program: An Assessment of the Department of Defense Fast Track Initiative SN - DO - 10.17226/9985 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9985/the-small-business-innovation-research-program-an-assessment-of-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - In 1992, Congress for the first time explicitly directed the federal agencies making SBIR grants to use commercial potential as a criterion for granting SBIR awards. In response, the Department of Defense developed the SBIR Fast Track initiative, which provides expedited decision-making for SBIR awards to companies that have commitments from outside vendors. To verify the effectiveness of this initiative, the DoD asked the STEP Board to assess the operation of Fast Track. This volume of original field research includes case studies comparing Fast Track and non-Fast Track firms, a large survey of SBIR awardees, and statistical analyses of the impact of regular SBIR and Fast Track awards. Collectively, the commissioned papers and the findings and recommendations represent a significant contribution to our understanding of the SBIR program. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - The Small Business Innovation Research Program: Challenges and Opportunities SN - DO - 10.17226/9701 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9701/the-small-business-innovation-research-program-challenges-and-opportunities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Small businesses have increasingly been recognized as a source of innovation, and one way in which the Federal government encourages such innovation is through the Small Business Innovation Research program. SBIR sets aside 2.5 percent of federal agencies' R&D budgets for R&D grants to small business. Although the program's budget was nearly $1.2 billion in 1998, SBIR has been subject to relatively little outside review. As part of the STEP's ongoing project on Government-Industry Partnerships, the Board convened policymakers, academic researchers, and representatives from small business to discuss the program's history and rationale, review existing research, and identify areas for further research and program improvements. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Dale W. Jorgenson A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Enhancing Productivity Growth in the Information Age: Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy SN - DO - 10.17226/11823 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11823/enhancing-productivity-growth-in-the-information-age-measuring-and-sustaining PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - This report summarizes a workshop—Strengthening Science-Based Decision-Making: Implementing the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants held June 7-10, 2004, in Beijing, China. The presentations and discussions summarized here describe the types of scientific information necessary to make informed decisions to eliminate the production and use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) banned under the Stockholm Convention, sources of information; scientifically informed strategies for eliminating POPs, elements of good scientific advice, such as transparency, peer review, and disclosure of conflicts of interest; and information dealing with POPs that decision makers need from the scientific community, including next steps to make such science available and ensure its use on a continuing basis. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - James Poterba TI - Borderline Case: International Tax Policy, Corporate Research and Development, and Investment SN - DO - 10.17226/5794 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5794/borderline-case-international-tax-policy-corporate-research-and-development-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The growing integration of world markets for capital and goods, coupled with the rise of instantaneous worldwide communication, has made identification of corporations as "American," "Dutch," or "Japanese" extremely difficult. Yet tax treatment does depend of where a firm is chartered. And, as Borderline Case documents, there is little doubt that tax rules for firms doing business in several nations—firms that account for more than three-quarters of corporate R&D spending in the United States—have substantial effects on corporate decisionmaking and, ultimately, U.S. competitiveness. This book explores the impact of the U.S. tax code and its incentives on the international activities of U.S.- and foreign-based firms: basic research outlays, expenditures on product and process development, and plant and equipment investment. The authors include industry experts from large multinational firms in technology and pharmaceuticals, academic researchers who have explored the quantitative impact of tax provisions on R&D, and tax policy analysts who have examined international tax rules in the broader context of tax reform. These experts look at how corporate investment and R&D are shaped by specific tax provisions, such as the definition of taxable income, relative tax burdens on domestic and foreign business, taxation of earnings repatriated to the United States, deductibility of expenses of worldwide operations, and U.S. corporate taxes relative to other countries. The volume explores prescriptions and prospects for tax reform and reviews major reform proposals and their implications for the behavior of multinational business. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Strengthening American Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership: Summary of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/18329 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18329/strengthening-american-manufacturing-the-role-of-the-manufacturing-extension-partnership PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)-- a program of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-- has sought for more than two decades to strengthen American manufacturing. It is a national network of affiliated manufacturing extension centers and field offices located throughout all fifty states and Puerto Rico. Qualified MEP Centers work directly with small and medium manufacturing firms in their state or sub-state region, providing expertise, services and assistance directed to foster growth, improve supply chain positioning, leverage emerging technologies, upgrade manufacturing processes, develop work force training, and apply and implement new information. Strengthening American Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership is the summary of a symposium convened to review current operations and some of the recent MEP initiatives in the broader context of global manufacturing trends and the opportunities for high-value manufacturing companies. Business leaders, academic experts, and state and federal officials addressed the metrics and impacts of MEP and identified potential areas of improvement. The meeting drew attention to the scale and focuses of MEP, and highlighted the role it plays in supporting and enabling U.S. manufacturers to compete more effectively in the global marketplace. This report includes an overview of key issues raised at this workshop and a detailed summary of the conference presentations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - An Assessment of the SBIR Program at the National Science Foundation SN - DO - 10.17226/11929 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11929/an-assessment-of-the-sbir-program-at-the-national-science-foundation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program is one of the largest examples of U.S. public-private partnerships. Founded in 1982, SBIR was designed to encourage small business to develop new processes and products and to provide quality research in support of the many missions of the U.S. government, including health, energy, the environment, and national defense. In response to a request from the U.S. Congress, the National Research Council assessed SBIR as administered by the five federal agencies that together make up 96 percent of program expenditures. This book, one of six in the series, reports on the SBIR program at the National Science Foundation. The study finds that the SBIR program is sound in concept and effective in practice, but that it can also be improved. Currently, the program is delivering results that meet most of the congressional objectives, including stimulating technological innovation, increasing private-sector commercialization of innovations, using small businesses to meet federal research and development needs, and fostering participation by minority and disadvantaged persons. The book suggests ways in which the program can improve operations, continue to increase private-sector commercialization, and improve participation by women and minorities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/18511 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18511/new-yorks-nanotechnology-model-building-the-innovation-economy-summary-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy is the summary of a 2013 symposium convened by the National Research Council Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy and members of the Nano Consortium that drew state officials and staff, business leaders, and leading national figures in early-stage finance, technology, engineering, education, and state and federal policies to review challenges, plans, and opportunities for innovation-led growth in New York. The symposium participants assessed New York's academic, industrial, and human resources, identified key policy issues, and engaged in a discussion of how the state might leverage regional development organizations, state initiatives, and national programs focused on manufacturing and innovation to support its economic development goals. This report highlights the accomplishments and growth of the innovation ecosystem in New York, while also identifying needs, challenges, and opportunities. New York's Nanotechnology Model reviews the development of the Albany nanotech cluster and its usefulness as a model for innovation-based growth, while also discussing the New York innovation ecosystem more broadly. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - David C. Mowery TI - U.S. Industry in 2000: Studies in Competitive Performance SN - DO - 10.17226/6313 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6313/us-industry-in-2000-studies-in-competitive-performance PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - U.S. industry faced a gloomy outlook in the late 1980s. Then, industrial performance improved dramatically through the 1990s and appears pervasively brighter today. A look at any group of industries, however, reveals important differences in the factors behind the resurgence—in industry structure and strategy, research performance, and location of activities—as well as similarities in the national policy environment, impact of information technology, and other factors. U.S. Industry in 2000 examines eleven key manufacturing and service industries and explores how they arrived at the present and what they face in the future. It assesses changing practices in research and innovation, technology adoption, and international operations. Industry analyses shed light on how science and technology are applied in the marketplace, how workers fare as jobs require greater knowledge, and how U.S. firms responded to their chief competitors in Europe and Asia. The book will be important to a wide range of readers with a stake in U.S. industrial performance: corporate executives, investors, labor representatives, faculty and students in business and economics, and public policymakers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - The Future of Photovoltaics Manufacturing in the United States: Summary of Two Symposia SN - DO - 10.17226/12724 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12724/the-future-of-photovoltaics-manufacturing-in-the-united-states-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Technological innovation and growth are critical to U.S. competitiveness in a global economy. One means of facilitating growth and improving competitiveness is to foster more robust innovation ecosystems through the development of public-private partnerships, industry consortia, and other regional and national economic development initiatives. Public-private partnerships, in particular, catalyze the commercialization of state and national investments in research and development. One of the major projects of the National Research Council's Board on Science Technology and Economic Policy (STEP) is to examine state and local investment programs designed to attract and grow knowledge-based industries. STEP analyzes state and regional innovation initiatives to gain a better understanding of the challenges associated with the transition of research into products, the practices associated with successful state and regional programs, and their interaction with federal programs and private initiatives. In April and July 2009, STEP convened two meeting to assess the future of the U.S. photovoltaic industry and the practical steps that the federal government and some state and regional governments are taking to develop the capacity to manufacture photovoltaics competitively. The Future of Photovoltaic Manufacturing in the United States captures the presentations and discussions of these meetings. This report explores the prospects for cooperative R&D efforts, standards, and roadmapping efforts that could accelerate innovation and growth of a U.S. photovoltaics industry. It includes both efforts to strengthen existing industries as well as specific new technology focus areas such as nanotechnology, stem cells, and energy in order to gain an improved understanding of program goals, challenges, and accomplishments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Renae F. Broderick TI - Issues in Civilian Outplacement Strategies: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/5307 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5307/issues-in-civilian-outplacement-strategies-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - In the past six years, planned downsizing has reduced the civilian work force of the U.S. Department of Defense from over 1 million to just under 850,000. By 2001, approximately 119,000 more civilian jobs will be eliminated. The reemployment picture for civilians is not strong, and the economic impact of base closings will also be felt by the surrounding communities. This book presents creative ideas for civilian outplacement based on or suggested by private-sector experiences. It discusses a number of issues that the Department of Defense must consider in its outplacement efforts, including organizational planning for effective outplacement services, whether or not to customize services for particular types of employees, monitoring outplacement practices to learn what works, and working with local communities in providing both job search and social services. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alan Lesgold A2 - Michael J. Feuer A2 - Allison M. Black TI - Transitions in Work and Learning: Implications for Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/5790 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5790/transitions-in-work-and-learning-implications-for-assessment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The dramatic shift in the American labor market away from manufacturing and the growing gap in earnings between high school and college graduates have contributed to a sense of alarm about the capacity of the nation's schools to supply adequately skilled graduates to the work force. The role that schools can or should play in preparing people to enter the world of work is hotly debated. In an effort to nurture the important and ongoing national dialogue on these issues, the Board on Testing and Assessment asked researchers and policymakers to engage in an interdisciplinary review and discussion of available data and implications for assessment policy. Transitions in Work and Learning considers the role of assessment in facilitating improved labor market transitions and life-long learning of American workers. It addresses the apparent mismatch between skill requirements of high-performance workplaces and skills acquired by students in school, the validity of existing assessment technologies to determine skills and competencies of persons entering various occupations, and ethical and legal issues in the implementation of new testing and certification programs. The book also examines the role of assessment in determining needed skills; developing ongoing education and training; and providing information to employers, prospective workers, and schools. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Inner-City Poverty in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/1539 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1539/inner-city-poverty-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - This volume documents the continuing growth of concentrated poverty in central cities of the United States and examines what is known about its causes and effects. With careful analyses of policy implications and alternative solutions to the problem, it presents: A statistical picture of people who live in areas of concentrated poverty. An analysis of 80 persistently poor inner-city neighborhoods over a 10-year period. Study results on the effects of growing up in a "bad" neighborhood. An evaluation of how the suburbanization of jobs has affected opportunities for inner-city blacks. A detailed examination of federal policies and programs on poverty. Inner-City Poverty in the United States will be a valuable tool for policymakers, program administrators, researchers studying urban poverty issues, faculty, and students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Corporate Restructuring and Industrial Research and Development SN - DO - 10.17226/1546 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1546/corporate-restructuring-and-industrial-research-and-development PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The debate about the effects of corporate restructuring on industrial investment in research and development has important implications for public policy, since research and development is vital to the nation's ability to compete in the global marketplace. Researchers worry that debt service will cut research and development funds; financiers argue that restructuring improves corporate efficiency without affecting research and development expenditures. This book eminated from a symposium sponsored by the Academy Industry Program. The speakers represented a range of opinions from government, Wall Street, industry, and academia. In addition to helping all sides in the dialogue learn something of the others' needs and expectations by presenting various points of view on the issue, the discussions identify areas in which more research is needed to guide policy decisions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Computing Professionals: Changing Needs for the 1990s SN - DO - 10.17226/2047 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2047/computing-professionals-changing-needs-for-the-1990s PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Surprisingly little is known about the people responsible for advancing the science, technology, and application of computing systems, despite their critical roles in the U.S. economy. As a group, they can be referred to as "computing professionals." But that label masks an unusually wide range of occupations. To add to the confusion, the nature of these occupations is changing rapidly in response to dramatic advances in technology. Building from discussions at a workshop, this book explores the number, composition, demand, and supply of computing professionals in the United States. It identifies key issues and sources of data and illuminates options for improving our understanding of these important occupational groups. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/24699 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24699/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in-brief PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - In October 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a meeting to consider the Fourth Industrial Revolution and its implications for manufacturing, as well as its likely social and economic effects. The meeting also explored the cross-sector collaboration between government, universities, and industry needed to accommodate emerging developments in the key technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, namely artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, and the Internet of Things. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the meeting. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Constance F. Citro A2 - Graham Kalton TI - The Future of the Survey of Income and Program Participation SN - DO - 10.17226/2072 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2072/the-future-of-the-survey-of-income-and-program-participation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - This book evaluates changes needed to improve the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Conducted by the Census Bureau, SIPP is a major continuing survey that is designed to provide information about the economic well-being of the U.S. population and its need for and participation in government assistance programs (e.g., social security, Medicare, Medicaid, food stamps, AFDC). This volume considers the goals for the survey, the survey and sample design, data collection and processing systems, publications and other data products, analytical techniques for using the data, the methodological research and evaluation to implement and assess the redesign, and the management of the program at the Census Bureau. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - Steve Olson TI - Rebuilding a Real Economy: Unleashing Engineering Innovation: Summary of a Forum SN - DO - 10.17226/12851 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12851/rebuilding-a-real-economy-unleashing-engineering-innovation-summary-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The financial crisis that began in 2008 is a stark demonstration that we as a nation take great risks when we build too much of our economy on a base that does not create real value. Relying on vaporous transactions to generate wealth is no substitute for making real products and providing real services. In the 21st century, the United States and the rest of the world will face some of the greatest challenges of the modern age: feeding a growing population, generating adequate energy without destroying the environment, countering chronic and emerging infectious diseases. The first decade of the new century has shown that technological innovation is essential for the United States and other countries to meet these challenges. At the 2009 Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Engineering in Irvine, California, a public forum entitled 'Rebuilding a Real Economy: Unleashing Engineering Innovation' brought together seven prominent leaders of the innovation system to discuss the challenges facing America. The insights of the panel members cut to the heart of what this nation needs to do to remain a global leader in the turbulent world of the 21st century. This summary captures the main points made by the forum participants with the aim of encouraging further reflection and discussion. As the panelists pointed out, no single action can reenergize our innovation system. A portfolio of interconnected and interdependent initiatives must be undertaken to generate new knowledge and technology and move that new knowledge successfully into a competitive world marketplace. But the panelists clarified the goal toward which we must strive and some of the most important steps we need to take to achieve that goal. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles R. Warren TI - Urban Policy in a Changing Federal System: Proceedings of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/598 PY - 1985 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/598/urban-policy-in-a-changing-federal-system-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - When the United States' founding fathers set up a federal system of government, they asked a question that has never been satisfactorily settled: How much governmental authority belongs to the states, and how much to the national government? In an atmosphere of changing priorities and power bases, the Committee on National Urban Policy convened a symposium to address this division. The symposium examined the "New Federalism" as it relates to the Supreme Court, urban development, taxpayers, job training, and related topics. "Throughout the symposium the future evolution of the American federal system was debated," says the book's summary. "Yet whatever new idea or theory emerges, it is likely to continue to include the inevitable conflict between the allegiance to a national government and the respect for state and local loyalties." ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Monica Ulewicz TI - Monitoring International Labor Standards: Human Capital Investment: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/10821 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10821/monitoring-international-labor-standards-human-capital-investment-summary-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - An increasingly globalized world economy creates new economic, cultural, and social opportunities. Globalization also poses the challenge of ensuring that workers throughout the world share in these opportunities. In 1998 the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, a set of core international labor standards embodying basic workers' rights. Carrying out this commitment to workers' rights requires an understanding of labor conditions and country-level compliance with these standards. The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) contracted with the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies to advise the U.S. government on the design of an integrated and comprehensive system to monitor country-level compliance with these core international labor standards. The NRC has convened the Committee on Monitoring International Labor Standards (CMILS) to provide expert, science-based advice on monitoring compliance with international labor standards. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Ralph Landau A2 - Nathan Rosenberg TI - The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth SN - DO - 10.17226/612 PY - 1986 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/612/the-positive-sum-strategy-harnessing-technology-for-economic-growth PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - This volume provides a state-of-the-art review of the relationship between technology and economic growth. Many of the 42 chapters discuss the political and corporate decisions for what one author calls a "Competitiveness Policy." As contributor John A. Young states, "Technology is our strongest advantage in world competition. Yet we do not capitalize on our preeminent position, and other countries are rapidly closing the gap." This lively volume provides many fresh insights including "two unusually balanced and illuminating discussions of Japan," Science noted. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Education for the Manufacturing World of the Future SN - DO - 10.17226/594 PY - 1985 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/594/education-for-the-manufacturing-world-of-the-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The clearly declining competitiveness of the United States in the world marketplace has prompted increased concern about the health of the United States' manufacturing industries. This volume is the result of lively discussions and formal presentations by industry leaders and education experts during a symposium convened by the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council. Issues involving the changing face of U.S. manufacturing, requirements for educating and training engineers for manufacturing careers, and the possibilities for cooperative arrangements between industry and academia are examined in-depth in an effort to improve manufacturing education and therefore move toward boosting the nation's world competitiveness in manufacturing. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Manufacturing Systems: Foundations of World-Class Practice SN - DO - 10.17226/1867 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1867/manufacturing-systems-foundations-of-world-class-practice PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Some 70 percent of U.S. manufacturing output currently faces direct foreign competition. While American firms understand the individual components of their manufacturing processes, they must begin to work with manufacturing systems to develop world-class capabilities. This new book identifies principles—termed foundations—that have proved effective in improving manufacturing systems. Authored by an expert panel, including manufacturing executives, the book provides recommendations for manufacturers, leading to specific action in three areas: Management philosophy and practice. Methods used to measure and predict the performance of systems. Organizational learning and improving system performance through technology. The volume includes in-depth studies of several key issues in manufacturing, including employee involvement and empowerment, using learning curves to improve quality, measuring performance against that of the competition, focusing on customer satisfaction, and factory modernization. It includes a unique paper on jazz music as a metaphor for participative manufacturing management. Executives, managers, engineers, researchers, faculty, and students will find this book an essential tool for guiding this nation's businesses toward developing more competitive manufacturing systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Maureen Mellody TI - Limited Affordable Low-Volume Manufacturing: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/18697 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18697/limited-affordable-low-volume-manufacturing-summary-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Limited Affordable Low-Volume Manufacturing is the summary of a workshop convened by the National Materials and Manufacturing Board of the National Research Council in August 2013 to discuss affordable, low-volume manufacturing. The workshop focused on four critical issues relevant to manufacturing: low-volume manufacturing; use of commercial off-the-shelf equipment; short production runs; and commercial manufacturing services. The workshop discussion also considered variable-rate manufacturing and high-mix manufacturing, both aspects of low-volume manufacturing. This report examines the characteristics of low-volume manufacturing and considers future advances in limited affordable low-volume manufacturing in the United States. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Elizabeth O'Hare A2 - Steve Olsen TI - Opportunities for the Gulf Research Program: Middle-Skilled Workforce Needs: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/18980 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18980/opportunities-for-the-gulf-research-program-middle-skilled-workforce-needs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - During the period 1990 to 2010, U.S. job growth occurred primarily in the high-skilled and low-skilled sectors. Yet, one-third of projected job growth for the period 2010-2020 will require middle-skilled workers -- who will earn strong middle-class wages and salaries -- important to both the production and consumption components of our economy. These jobs typically require significant training, often requiring more than a high school diploma but less than a baccalaureate degree. In the Gulf of Mexico, middle skilled workers play key roles in maintaining oil system safety, completing the numerous environmental restoration projects needed along the Gulf coast, and as workers in an integrated and resilient public health system. Educational pathways that lead to middle skilled jobs in these areas include: apprenticeship programs offered by schools, unions, and employers; high school career and technical education programs; community college courses, certificates, and associate degrees; and employer provided training. Opportunities for the Gulf Research Program: Middle-Skilled Workforce Needs is the summary of a workshop held on June 9-10, 2014 in Tampa, Florida. This workshop convened 40 thought leaders from the Gulf region's education, employer, and policymaking communities to facilitate a discussion of the current state of education and training pathways for preparing the region's middle-skilled workforce in both the short- and long-term and to identify perceived needs and potential opportunities that might be addressed by the GRP. Workshop participants discussed a variety of opportunities around building capacity in the region's middle-skilled workforce, including the need for competency-based education and training approaches and stronger partnerships among the region's employers and institutions of higher education. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Gail Cohen A2 - David Dierksheide A2 - Frederic Lestina TI - Revisiting the Manufacturing USA Institutes: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25420 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25420/revisiting-the-manufacturing-usa-institutes-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The Manufacturing USA initiative seeks to reinforce U.S.-based advanced manufacturing through partnerships among industry, academia, and government. Started in 2012 and established with bipartisan support by the Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2014, the initiative envisages a nationwide network of research centers for manufacturing innovation. Some 14 manufacturing innovation institutes have been established to facilitate the movement of early-stage research into proven capabilities ready for adoption by U.S. manufacturers. To better understand the role and experiences of the Manufacturing USA institutes, a committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on May 23, 2017 drawing together institute directors and manufacturing policy experts along with leaders from industry, academia, and government. Given the continued prominence of enhancing domestic manufacturing and international competitiveness in public policy discussions, the National Academies convened a second workshop on November 14, 2018, to monitor the progress of the Manufacturing USA institutes. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from this second workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Impact of Defense Spending on Nondefense Engineering Labor Markets: A Report to the National Academy of Engineering SN - DO - 10.17226/1708 PY - 1989 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1708/the-impact-of-defense-spending-on-nondefense-engineering-labor-markets PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - SBIR Program Diversity and Assessment Challenges: Report of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/11082 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11082/sbir-program-diversity-and-assessment-challenges-report-of-a-symposium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - In response to a Congressional mandate, the National Research Council conducted a review of the Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR) at the five federal agencies with SBIR programs with budgets in excess of $100 million (DOD, NIH, NASA, DOE, and NSF). The project was designed to answer questions of program operation and effectiveness, including the quality of the research projects being conducted under the SBIR program, the commercialization of the research, and the program's contribution to accomplishing agency missions. The first in a series to be published in response to the Congressional request, this report summarizes the presentations at a symposium convened at the beginning of the project. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the SBIR program’s operations at the five agencies responsible for 96 percent of the program’s operations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Toward a New Era in U.S. Manufacturing: The Need for a National Vision SN - DO - 10.17226/1905 PY - 1986 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1905/toward-a-new-era-in-us-manufacturing-the-need-for PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Europe 1992: The Implications of Market Integration for R & D-Intensive Firms SN - DO - 10.17226/1775 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1775/europe-1992-the-implications-of-market-integration-for-r-d PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The 12 member nations of the European Economic Community (EC) are engaged in a bold effort to create a Single European Market by the end of 1992. The changes brought about by European market integration will have a major impact on U.S. industry. Although proponents of the plan argue that it will benefit businesses by allowing economies of scale, more efficient marketing, and increased demands for goods and services from outside the Community, there is some concern that the Single European Market may serve to exclude or limit participation of non-European competition. The impact is likely to be particularly pronounced in industries with heavy involvement in research and development. This volume is based on a major two-day symposium which brought together officials of United States and other governments, industry representatives, and academic experts to examine EC policies on technical standards, intellectual property rights, access to the results of EC-supported basic research, and other issues affecting R&D intensive firms. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Dale W. Jorgenson A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Software, Growth, and the Future of the U.S Economy: Report of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/11587 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11587/software-growth-and-the-future-of-the-us-economy-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Starting in the mid 1990s, the United States economy experienced an unprecedented upsurge in economic productivity. Rapid technological change in communications, computing, and information management continue to promise further gains in productivity, a phenomenon often referred to as the New Economy. To better understand this phenomenon, the National Academies Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) has convened a series of workshops and commissioned papers on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. This major workshop, entitled Software, Growth, and the Future of the U.S. Economy, convened academic experts and industry representatives from leading companies such as Google and General Motors to participate in a high-level discussion of the role of software and its importance to U.S. productivity growth; how software is made and why it is unique; the measurement of software in national and business accounts; the implications of the movement of the U.S. software industry offshore; and related policy issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - An Assessment of the SBIR Program SN - DO - 10.17226/11989 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11989/an-assessment-of-the-sbir-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The SBIR program allocates 2.5 percent of 11 federal agencies' extramural R&D budgets to fund R&D projects by small businesses, providing approximately $2 billion annually in competitive awards. At the request of Congress, the National Academies conducted a comprehensive study of how the SBIR program has stimulated technological innovation and used small businesses to meet federal research and development needs. Drawing substantially on new data collection, this report provides a comprehensive overview of the SBIR program at the five agencies representing 96 percent of program expenditure-- DOD, NIH, NSF, DOE, and NASA--and makes recommendations on improvements to the program. Separate books on each agency will also be issued. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - SBIR/STTR at the National Institutes of Health SN - DO - 10.17226/21811 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21811/sbirsttr-at-the-national-institutes-of-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs provide federal research and development funding to small businesses. In 2008, the National Research Council completed a comprehensive assessment of the SBIR and STTR programs. The first-round study found that the programs were "sound in concept and effective in practice." Building on the outcomes from the Phase I study, this second phase examines both topics of general policy interest that emerged during the first phase and topics of specific interest to individual agencies, and provides a second snapshot to measure the program's progress against its legislative goals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - STTR: An Assessment of the Small Business Technology Transfer Program SN - DO - 10.17226/21826 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21826/sttr-an-assessment-of-the-small-business-technology-transfer-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Today's knowledge economy is driven in large part by the nation's capacity to innovate. One of the defining features of the U.S. economy is a high level of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs in the United States see opportunities and are willing and able to assume risk to bring new welfare-enhancing, wealth-generating technologies to the market. Yet, although discoveries in areas such as genomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology present new opportunities, converting these discoveries into innovations for the market involves substantial challenges. The American capacity for innovation can be strengthened by addressing the challenges faced by entrepreneurs. Public-private partnerships are one means to help entrepreneurs bring new ideas to market. The Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) and the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program form one of the largest examples of U.S. public-private partnerships. In the SBIR Reauthorization Act of 2000, Congress tasked the National Research Council with undertaking a comprehensive study of how the SBIR program has stimulated technological innovation and used small businesses to meet federal research and development needs and with recommending further improvements to the program. When reauthorizing the SBIR and STTR programs in 2011, Congress expanded the study mandate to include a review of the STTR program. This report builds on the methodology and outcomes from the previous review of SBIR and assesses the STTR program. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Safe Work in the 21st Century: Education and Training Needs for the Next Decade's Occupational Safety and Health Personnel SN - DO - 10.17226/9835 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9835/safe-work-in-the-21st-century-education-and-training-needs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Despite many advances, 20 American workers die each day as a result of occupational injuries. And occupational safety and health (OSH) is becoming even more complex as workers move away from the long-term, fixed-site, employer relationship. This book looks at worker safety in the changing workplace and the challenge of ensuring a supply of top-notch OSH professionals. Recommendations are addressed to federal and state agencies, OSH organizations, educational institutions, employers, unions, and other stakeholders. The committee reviews trends in workforce demographics, the nature of work in the information age, globalization of work, and the revolution in health care delivery—exploring the implications for OSH education and training in the decade ahead. The core professions of OSH (occupational safety, industrial hygiene, and occupational medicine and nursing) and key related roles (employee assistance professional, ergonomist, and occupational health psychologist) are profiled—how many people are in the field, where they work, and what they do. The book reviews in detail the education, training, and education grants available to OSH professionals from public and private sources. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - SBIR/STTR at the Department of Energy SN - DO - 10.17226/23406 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23406/sbirsttr-at-the-department-of-energy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program is one of the largest examples of U.S. public-private partnerships, and was established in 1982 to encourage small businesses to develop new processes and products and to provide quality research in support of the U.S. government’s many missions. The Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program was created in 1992 by the Small Business Research and Development Enhancement Act to expand joint venture opportunities for small businesses and nonprofit research institutions by requiring small business recipients to collaborate formally with a research institution. The U.S. Congress tasked the National Research Council with undertaking a comprehensive study of how the SBIR and STTR programs have stimulated technological innovation and used small businesses to meet federal research and development needs, and with recommending further improvements to the programs. In the first round of this study, an ad hoc committee prepared a series of reports from 2004 to 2009 on the SBIR and STTR programs at the five agencies responsible for 96 percent of the programs’ operations -- including the Department of Energy (DoE). Building on the outcomes from the first round, this second round presents the committee’s second review of the DoE SBIR program’s operations. Public-private partnerships like SBIR and STTR are particularly important since today's knowledge economy is driven in large part by the nation's capacity to innovate. One of the defining features of the U.S. economy is a high level of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs in the United States see opportunities and are willing and able to assume risk to bring new welfare-enhancing, wealth-generating technologies to the market. Yet, although discoveries in areas such as genomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology present new opportunities, converting these discoveries into innovations for the market involves substantial challenges. The American capacity for innovation can be strengthened by addressing the challenges faced by entrepreneurs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles L. Schultze A2 - Christopher Mackie TI - At What Price?: Conceptualizing and Measuring Cost-of-Living and Price Indexes SN - DO - 10.17226/10131 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10131/at-what-price-conceptualizing-and-measuring-cost-of-living-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - How well does the consumer price index (CPI) reflect the changes that people actually face in living costs—from apples to computers to health care? Given how it is used, is it desirable to construct the CPI as a cost-of-living index (COLI)? With what level of accuracy is it possible to construct a single index that represents changes in the living costs of the nation's diverse population? At What Price? examines the foundations for consumer price indexes, comparing the conceptual and practical strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of traditional "fixed basket" and COLI approaches. The book delves into a range of complex issues, from how to deal with the changing quality of goods and services, including difficult-to-define medical services, to how to weight the expenditure patterns of different consumers. It sorts through the key attributes and underlying assumptions that define each index type in order to answer the question: Should a COLI framework be used in constructing the U.S. CPI? In answering this question, the book makes recommendations as to how the Bureau of Labor Statistics can continue to improve the accuracy and relevance of the CPI. With conclusions that could affect the amount of your next pay raise, At What Price? is important to everyone, and a must-read for policy makers, researchers, and employers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - International Friction and Cooperation in High-Technology Development and Trade: Papers and Proceedings SN - DO - 10.17226/5902 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5902/international-friction-and-cooperation-in-high-technology-development-and-trade PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor ER - TY - BOOK TI - Recruitment, Retention, and Utilization of Federal Scientists and Engineers SN - DO - 10.17226/1603 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1603/recruitment-retention-and-utilization-of-federal-scientists-and-engineers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Policy for Science and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Research Council A2 - Alan Altshuler A2 - William Morrill A2 - Harold Wolman A2 - Faith Mitchell TI - Governance and Opportunity in Metropolitan America SN - DO - 10.17226/6038 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6038/governance-and-opportunity-in-metropolitan-america PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Industry and Labor AB - America's cities have symbolized the nation's prosperity, dynamism, and innovation. Even with the trend toward suburbanization, many central cities attract substantial new investment and employment. Within this profile of health, however, many urban areas are beset by problems of economic disparity, physical deterioration, and social distress. This volume addresses the condition of the city from the perspective of the larger metropolitan region. It offers important, thought-provoking perspectives on the structure of metropolitan-level decisionmaking, the disadvantages faced by cities and city residents, and expanding economic opportunity to all residents in a metropolitan area. The book provides data, real-world examples, and analyses in key areas: Distribution of metropolitan populations and what this means for city dwellers, suburbanites, whites, and minorities. How quality of life depends on the spatial structure of a community and how problems are based on inequalities in spatial opportunity—with a focus on the relationship between taxes and services. The role of the central city today, the rationale for revitalizing central cities, and city-suburban interdependence. The book includes papers that provide in-depth examinations of zoning policy in relation to patterns of suburban development; regionalism in transportation and air quality; the geography of economic and social opportunity; social stratification in metropolitan areas; and fiscal and service disparities within metropolitan areas. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Capital Asset Management: Tools and Strategies for Decision Making: Conference Proceedings SN - DO - 10.17226/10113 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10113/capital-asset-management-tools-and-strategies-for-decision-making-conference PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Federally owned capital assets include some 500,000 buildings and similar facilities worldwide acquired during 200 years of government operations. Government facilities are used to defend the national interest; conduct foreign policy; house historic, cultural and educational artifacts; pursue research; and provide services to the American public. These buildings and structures project an image of American government at home and abroad, contribute to the architectural and socioeconomic fabric of their communities, and support the organizational and individual performance of federal employees conducting the business of government . Federal facilities embody significant investments and resources and therefore constitute a portfolio of public assets. At least 30 separate agencies manage these facilities. As stewards of this public investment, federal facilities program managers face a number of challenges. In the 1990s Congress and the Executive Branch took a number of initiatives to improve capital asset decision making in the federal government. These include enacting the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994, the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 and a series of federal financial accounting standards; developing the Capital Programming Guide (1997); and appointing the President's Commission to Study Capital Budgeting (1997). Senior and mid-level agency officials are now seeking ways to implement these initiatives efficiently and effectively. The Federal Facilities Council (FFC) sponsored a conference entitled "Capital Asset Management: Tools and Strategies For Decision Making" to highlight strategies and ideas for capital asset management so that federal and other public agencies can improve decision making for facilities investment. Held at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., on September 13, 2000, the conference featured speakers from the public, non-profit, and private sectors. Capital Asset Management: Tools and Strategies For Decision Making: Conference Proceedings summarizes the presentations made at that conference. The speakers focused on trends and best practices in capital budgeting; capital asset decision making processes in three federal agencies; building a case for capital reinvestment; and new tools for federal agencies. Online resources referred to by the speakers are listed in Appendix A. Appendix B contains the speakers' biographies. ER -