TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Daniel Blower A2 - Carol Flannagan A2 - Srinivas Geedipally A2 - Dominique Lord A2 - Robert Wunderlich TI - Identification of Factors Contributing to the Decline of Traffic Fatalities in the United States from 2008 to 2012 DO - 10.17226/25590 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25590/identification-of-factors-contributing-to-the-decline-of-traffic-fatalities-in-the-united-states-from-2008-to-2012 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Between 2005 and 2011, the number of traffic fatalities in the U.S. declined by 11,031, from 43,510 in 2005 to 32,479 in 2011. This decline amounted to a reduction in traffic-related deaths of 25.4 percent, by far the greatest decline over a comparable period in the last 30 years.Historically, significant drops in traffic fatalities over a short period of time have coincided with economic recessions. Longer recessions have coincided with deeper declines in the number of traffic fatalities. This TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 928: Identification of Factors Contributing to the Decline of Traffic Fatalities in the United States from 2008 to 2012 provides an analysis that identifies the specific factors in the economic decline that affected fatal crash risk, while taking into account the long-term factors that determine the level of traffic safety.A key insight into the analysis of the factors that produced the sharp drop in traffic fatalities was that the young contributed disproportionately to the drop-off in traffic fatalities. Of the reduction in traffic fatalities from 2007 to 2011, people 25-years-old and younger accounted for nearly 48 percent of the drop, though they were only about 28 percent of total traffic fatalities prior to the decline. Traffic deaths among people 25-years-old and younger dropped substantially more than other groups. Young drivers are known to be a high-risk group and can be readily identified in the crash data. Other high-risk groups also likely contributed to the decline but they cannot be identified as well as age can. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ingrid B. Potts A2 - Douglas W. Harwood TI - Design Guidelines for Mitigating Collisions with Trees and Utility Poles DO - 10.17226/26777 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26777/design-guidelines-for-mitigating-collisions-with-trees-and-utility-poles PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Each year, roadway departure crashes in the United States result in serious injuries and fatalities. More than 1 in 3 fatalities are associated with impacting fixed objects such as trees and utility poles.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 1016: Design Guidelines for Mitigating Collisions with Trees and Utility Poles presents guidelines to quantitatively determine the safety risks posed by fixed objects placed in close proximity to roadways.Supplemental to the report is NCHRP Web-Only Document 336: Proposed Guidlines for Fixed Objects in the Roadside Design Guide, a Spreadsheet Tool, an Implementation Plan, and a PowerPoint Slide Summary. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jaime Sullivan A2 - Karalyn Clouser A2 - John Shaw TI - Rural Transportation Issues: Research Roadmap DO - 10.17226/26343 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26343/rural-transportation-issues-research-roadmap PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Although only 19% of the population live in rural areas, more than 70% of the U.S.’s four million miles of roadways are in rural areas. The rural transportation system also includes numerous airports; railways; inland and coastal waterways; rural and intercity buses; and bicycle, pedestrian, and multi-use paths and trails. In addition, approximately 47% of the nation’s motor vehicle fatalities occur in rural areas.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 988: Rural Transportation Issues: Research Roadmap is designed to assist state departments of transportation and other public agencies and help inform policy–driven investment decisions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Risk Assessment of Proposed ARFF Standards DO - 10.17226/21942 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21942/risk-assessment-of-proposed-arff-standards PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Web Only Document 12: Risk Assessment of Proposed ARFF Standards explores air carrier passenger aircraft accidents to help determine if changes to Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) standards would have reduced the number of fatalities or serious injuries that resulted from past accidents. The report compares standards set forth by the Federal Aviation Administration in 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 139, Certification of Airports with the standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization in Annex 14 and standards set forth by the National Fire Protection Association in making determinations of reducing the number of fatalities and serious injuries associated with each accident. In the United States ARFF is only required at airports subject to 14 CFR Part 139 and may not exist at non-Part 139 airports including general aviation airports. Generally, airports serving scheduled air carrier passenger operations with more than nine passenger seats and unscheduled air carrier passenger service with more than 30 seats are required to have a Part 139 certificate. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Justin Owens A2 - Tammy Trimble A2 - Erem Memisyazici A2 - Christopher LaRose A2 - Neha Trivedi A2 - Victoria Hallman A2 - Sanda Pećina TI - Communicating Safe Behavior Practices to Vulnerable Road Users DO - 10.17226/27327 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27327/communicating-safe-behavior-practices-to-vulnerable-road-users PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Vulnerable road users (VRUs) include pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists, all of whom lack the basic safety protections provided to vehicle occupants by automobiles. Fatality rates for VRUs remain unacceptably high. To meaningfully improve roadway safety for VRUs, it is important to understand the safety problems and domains with the highest potential for improvement based on the factors that contribute to crashes and the factors that can be mitigated by behavioral changes.BTSCRP Web-Only Document 6: Communicating Safe Behavior Practices to Vulnerable Road Users, from TRB's Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program, presents a toolkit to help traffic safety practitioners communicate safe behavior practices to VRUs.Supplemental to the document are dataset appendices that include Campaign Information, a Workshop Feedback Resolution Matrix, and a Sample Media Buy as well as a Toolkit Presentation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Karen Dixon A2 - Eun Sug Park A2 - Marcus Brewer A2 - Lingtao Wu A2 - Srinivas Geedipally A2 - Raghavan Srinivasan A2 - Bo Lan A2 - Charles Zegeer A2 - Subasish Das A2 - Emira Rista TI - Guidelines for Treatments to Mitigate Opposite Direction Crashes DO - 10.17226/26586 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26586/guidelines-for-treatments-to-mitigate-opposite-direction-crashes PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - From 2016 through 2018, there were more than 19,200 vehicles in the United States involved in opposite direction crashes that resulted in a fatality. Approximately 68 percent of these crashes occurred on two-lane roadways.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 995: Guidelines for Treatments to Mitigate Opposite Direction Crashes provides state departments of transportation (DOTs) practitioners and other transportation professionals with comprehensive guidelines for the selection of cost effective countermeasures to address opposite direction crashes.Supplemental to the report is a guidance document for selecting countermeasures. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Critical Issues in Transportation for 2024 and Beyond DO - 10.17226/27432 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27432/critical-issues-in-transportation-for-2024-and-beyond PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Critical Issues in Transportation for 2024 and Beyond calls for reassessing the role of transportation in addressing major societal challenges and the research that informs the choices that society will need to make in 2024 and coming years. This reassessment is driven by large-scale environmental, public health, and socioeconomic forces, including: a massive shift away from fossil fuels to clean energy that requires a complete turnover of hundreds of millions of motor vehicles by 2050 to help meet national decarbonization goals; threats to public transportation caused by COVID-19’s enduring effects on commuting to work in urban areas; reversal of the long-term downward trend in annual traffic fatalities that have resulted in 10,000 more motor vehicle deaths than a decade ago; and society’s grappling with the nation’s history of racial discrimination and increasing disparities in wealth and incomes. For the latest edition of Critical Issues in Transportation, the Transportation Research Board’s Executive Committee chose to focus on five societal goals to address these and other dynamic forces and the challenges in accentuating transportation’s role in achieving them. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - John Gambatese A2 - Joseph Louis A2 - Chukwuma Nnaji TI - Guide to Alternative Technologies for Preventing and Mitigating Vehicle Intrusions into Highway Work Zones DO - 10.17226/26625 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26625/guide-to-alternative-technologies-for-preventing-and-mitigating-vehicle-intrusions-into-highway-work-zones PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Work zone intrusion technologies are designed to warn workers and drivers of potential intrusion, provide a barrier to prevent intrusion, detect and alert drivers and workers during intrusion, and/or protect workers and drivers following intrusion.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 1003: Guide to Alternative Technologies for Preventing and Mitigating Vehicle Intrusions into Highway Work Zones is designed to be applicable to the construction and maintenance work performed by all departments of transportation and to help reduce motorist and worker injuries and fatalities.Supplemental to the report are NCHRP Web-Only Document 322: Alternative Technologies for Mitigating the Risk of Injuries and Deaths in Work Zones: Conduct of Research, a presentation, an implementation memo, a Decision Support System User Guide Coversheet, a Decision Support System User Guide, and a Decision Support System Tool. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - The Impact of Legislation, Enforcement, and Sanctions on Safety Belt Use DO - 10.17226/23127 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23127/the-impact-of-legislation-enforcement-and-sanctions-on-safety-belt-use PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 601: The Impact of Legislation, Enforcement, and Sanctions on Safety Belt Use explores the effectiveness of mandatory approaches to increase safety belt usage. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Seri Park A2 - Patrick McTish A2 - Jacob Holman A2 - Anthony R. Giancola A2 - James S.G. Davenport TI - State Practices for Local Road Safety DO - 10.17226/21932 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21932/state-practices-for-local-road-safety PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 486: State Practices for Local Road Safety explores state programs and practices that address local agency road safety. The report focuses on changes in local road safety programs since the legislation of Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21), and the use of Engineering, Enforcement, Education and Emergency Services (4E) approaches to local road safety.Three-quarters of all road miles in the United States are owned and maintained by local entities. More than half of all fatal crashes occur on rural roads, which are mostly owned by local entities. NCHRP Synthesis 486 documents the state transportation agency programs and practices that address local agency road safety.The report includes information on state program size, funding sources, and administrative procedures; and noteworthy local/state program partnerships and initiatives to improve safety. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lisa Staes A2 - Jodi Godfrey A2 - Jennifer Flynn A2 - Mitch Spicer A2 - Gennaro Saliceto A2 - Roberta Yegidis TI - Current Practices in the Use of Onboard Technologies to Avoid Transit Bus Incidents and Accidents DO - 10.17226/25716 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25716/current-practices-in-the-use-of-onboard-technologies-to-avoid-transit-bus-incidents-and-accidents PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Transit agencies around the country are facing the challenges of reducing transit bus collisions and the injuries, fatalities, and liability expenses associated with these collisions.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 145: Current Practices in the Use of Onboard Technologies to Avoid Transit Bus Incidents and Accidents documents the current practices in the use of the various onboard technologies on transit buses to prevent incidents and accidents, with a primary objective of determining whether these technologies are effective in actual practice.The examination shows that many transit agencies are proactively instituting a number of approaches to address these collisions, including the piloting and use of collision avoidance technologies, such as forward collision warning (FCW), emergency braking, lane departure warning (LDW), and electronic stability control (ESC). ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - A Guide for Enhancing Rural Emergency Medical Services DO - 10.17226/13544 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13544/a-guide-for-enhancing-rural-emergency-medical-services PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 500, Vol. 15, Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan: A Guide for Enhancing Rural Emergency Medical Services provides strategies that can be employed to enhance rural emergency medical services. In 1998, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved its Strategic Highway Safety Plan, which was developed by the AASHTO Standing Committee for Highway Traffic Safety with the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation Safety Management. The plan includes strategies in 22 key emphasis areas that affect highway safety. The plan's goal is to reduce the annual number of highway deaths by 5,000 to 7,000. Each of the 22 emphasis areas includes strategies and an outline of what is needed to implement each strategy. Over the next few years the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) will be developing a series of guides, several of which are already available, to assist state and local agencies in reducing injuries and fatalities in targeted areas. The guides correspond to the emphasis areas outlined in the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan. Each guide includes a brief introduction, a general description of the problem, the strategies/countermeasures to address the problem, and a model implementation process. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board TI - A Guide for Reducing Crashes Involving Drowsy and Distracted Drivers DO - 10.17226/13861 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13861/a-guide-for-reducing-crashes-involving-drowsy-and-distracted-drivers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 500 -- Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan; Volume 14: A Guide for Reducing Crashes Involving Drowsy and Distracted Drivers provides strategies that can be employed to help reduce crashes involving drowsy and distracted drivers. In 1998, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved its ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Gerald L. Ullman A2 - Michael Pratt A2 - Michael D. Fontaine A2 - Richard J. Porter A2 - Juan Medina TI - Estimating the Safety Effects of Work Zone Characteristics and Countermeasures: A Guidebook DO - 10.17226/25007 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25007/estimating-the-safety-effects-of-work-zone-characteristics-and-countermeasures-a-guidebook PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 869: Estimating the Safety Effects of Work Zone Characteristics and Countermeasures: A Guidebook provides practitioners who develop phasing and staging plans for temporary traffic control through work zones with guidance to evaluate the safety impacts of their plan decisions. There is limited data on work zone crashes and fatalities that address trends, causality, and the best use of resources to improve work zone safety. This guidebook provides clearer guidance to encourage the use of a data-driven, comprehensive, collaborative planning approaches for the selection and implementation of effective countermeasures to improve work zone safety.Accompanying the report, NCHRP Web-Only Document 240: Analysis of Work Zone Crash Characteristics and Countermeasures documents the research results of multiple analyses focused on developing an improved understanding of work zone crash characteristics and countermeasure effectiveness. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Gerald L. Ullman A2 - Michael Pratt A2 - Michael D. Fontaine A2 - Richard J. Porter A2 - Juan Medina TI - Analysis of Work Zone Crash Characteristics and Countermeasures DO - 10.17226/25006 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25006/analysis-of-work-zone-crash-characteristics-and-countermeasures PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 240: Analysis of Work Zone Crash Characteristics and Countermeasures documents the research results of multiple analyses focused on developing an improved understanding of work zone crash characteristics and countermeasure effectiveness used to produce NCHRP Research Report 869: Estimating the Safety Effects of Work Zone Characteristics and Countermeasures: A Guidebook.The guidebook provides practitioners who develop phasing and staging plans for temporary traffic control through work zones with guidance to evaluate the safety impacts of their plan decisions. There is limited data on work zone crashes and fatalities that address trends, causality, and the best use of resources to improve work zone safety. This guidebook provides clearer guidance to encourage the use of data-driven, comprehensive, collaborative planning approaches for the selection and implementation of effective countermeasures to improve work zone safety. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Guide for Addressing Collisions Involving Motorcycles DO - 10.17226/14204 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14204/a-guide-for-addressing-collisions-involving-motorcycles PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 500, Vol. 22: Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan: A Guide for Addressing Collisions Involving Motorcycles provides guidance on strategies that can be employed to reduce crashes involving motorcycles.In 1998, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved its Strategic Highway Safety Plan, which was developed by the AASHTO Standing Committee for Highway Traffic Safety with the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation Safety Management. The plan includes strategies in 22 key emphasis areas that affect highway safety. The plan's goal is to reduce the annual number of highway deaths by 5,000 to 7,000. Each of the 22 emphasis areas includes strategies and an outline of what is needed to implement each strategy.Over the last few years the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) has been developing a series of guides, several of which are already available, to assist state and local agencies in reducing injuries and fatalities in targeted areas. The guides correspond to the emphasis areas outlined in the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan. Each guide includes a brief introduction, a general description of the problem, the strategies/countermeasures to address the problem, and a model implementation process. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Guide for Reducing Head-On Crashes on Freeways DO - 10.17226/23088 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23088/a-guide-for-reducing-head-on-crashes-on-freeways PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 500, Vol. 20, Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan: A Guide for Reducing Head-On Crashes on Freeways, provides strategies that can be employed to reduce head-on crashes on freeways.In 1998, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved its Strategic Highway Safety Plan, which was developed by the AASHTO Standing Committee for Highway Traffic Safety with the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation Safety Management. The plan includes strategies in 22 key emphasis areas that affect highway safety. The plan's goal is to reduce the annual number of highway deaths by 5,000 to 7,000. Each of the 22 emphasis areas includes strategies and an outline of what is needed to implement each strategy.Over the next few years the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) will be developing a series of guides, several of which are already available, to assist state and local agencies in reducing injuries and fatalities in targeted areas. The guides correspond to the emphasis areas outlined in the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan. Each guide includes a brief introduction, a general description of the problem, the strategies/countermeasures to address the problem, and a model implementation process. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Guide for Reducing Speeding-Related Crashes DO - 10.17226/14227 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14227/a-guide-for-reducing-speeding-related-crashes PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 500, Vol. 23: Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan: A Guide for Reducing Speeding-Related Crashes provides suggested guidance on strategies that can be employed to reduce crashes involving speeding.In 1998, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved its Strategic Highway Safety Plan, which was developed by the AASHTO Standing Committee for Highway Traffic Safety with the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation Safety Management. The plan includes strategies in 22 key emphasis areas that affect highway safety. The plan's goal is to reduce the annual number of highway deaths by 5,000 to 7,000. Each of the 22 emphasis areas includes strategies and an outline of what is needed to implement each strategy.Over the last few years the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) has developed a series of guides, all of which are now available, to assist state and local agencies in reducing injuries and fatalities in targeted areas. The guides correspond to the emphasis areas outlined in the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan. Each guide includes a brief introduction, a general description of the problem, the strategies/countermeasures to address the problem, and a model implementation process. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board TI - The Relative Risks of School Travel: A National Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment -- Special Report 269 DO - 10.17226/10409 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10409/the-relative-risks-of-school-travel-a-national-perspective-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - AB - TRB Special Report 269 - The Relative Risks of School Travel: A National Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment presents a method to estimate, on a per-mile and per-trip basis, the relative risks that students face in traveling to and from school by walking, bicycling, riding in passenger vehicles with adult drivers, riding in passenger vehicles with teenage drivers, or taking a bus.  These estimated risk measures can assist localities in developing policies to improve the safety of students traveling to school and in evaluating policies that affect mode choices by students and their parents.  The report also includes checklists of actions to reduce the risks associated with each mode of school travel. Children in the United States travel to and from school and school-related activities by a variety of modes. Because parents and their school-age children have a limited understanding of the risks associated with each mode, it is unlikely that these risks greatly influence their school travel choices. Public perceptions of school transportation safety are heavily influenced by school bus (i.e., "yellow bus") services. When children are killed or injured in crashes involving school buses, the link to school transportation appears obvious; when children are killed or injured in crashes that occur when they are traveling to or from school or school-related activities by other modes, however, the purpose of the trip is often not known or recorded, and the risks are not coded in a school-related category. Despite such limitations and the fact that estimates of the risks across school travel modes are confounded by inconsistent and incomplete data, sufficient information is available to make gross comparisons of the relative risks among modes used for school travel and to provide guidance for risk management. Each year approximately 800 school-aged children are killed in motor vehicle crashes during normal school travel hours. This figure represents about 14 percent of the 5,600 child deaths that occur annually on U.S. roadways and 2 percent of the nation’s yearly total of 40,000 motor vehicle deaths. Of these 800 deaths, about 20 (2 percent)—5 school bus passengers and 15 pedestrians—are school bus–related. The other 98 percent of school-aged deaths occur in passenger vehicles or to pedestrians, bicyclists, or motorcyclists. A disproportionate share of these passenger vehicle–related deaths (approximately 450 of the 800 deaths, or 55 percent) occur when a teenager is driving. At the same time, approximately 152,000 school-age children are nonfatally injured during normal school travel hours each year. More than 80 percent (about 130,000) of these nonfatal injuries occur in passenger vehicles; only 4 percent (about 6,000) are school bus–related (about 5,500 school bus passengers and 500 school bus pedestrians), 11 percent (about 16,500) occur to pedestrians and bicyclists, and fewer than 1 percent (500) are to passengers in other buses. When school travel modes are compared, the distribution of injuries and fatalities is found to be quite different from that of trips and miles traveled. Three modes (school buses, other buses, and passenger vehicles with adult drivers) have injury estimates and fatality counts below those expected on the basis of the exposure to risk implied by the number of trips taken or student-miles traveled. For example, school buses represent 25 percent of the miles traveled by students but account for less than 4 percent of the injuries and 2 percent of the fatalities. Conversely, the other three modal classifications (passenger vehicles with teen drivers, bicycling, and walking) have estimated injury rates and fatality counts disproportionately greater than expected on the basis of exposure data. For example, passenger vehicles with teen drivers account for more than half of the injuries and fatalities, a much greater proportion than the 14–16 percent that would be expected on the basis of student-miles and trips. Special Report 269 Summary ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Young Drivers DO - 10.17226/14103 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14103/a-guide-for-reducing-collisions-involving-young-drivers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 500, Vol. 19, Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan: A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Young Drivers provides strategies that can be employed to reduce collisions involving young drivers.In 1998, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved its Strategic Highway Safety Plan, which was developed by the AASHTO Standing Committee for Highway Traffic Safety with the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation Safety Management. The plan includes strategies in 22 key emphasis areas that affect highway safety. The plan's goal is to reduce the annual number of highway deaths by 5,000 to 7,000. Each of the 22 emphasis areas includes strategies and an outline of what is needed to implement each strategy.Over the next few years the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) will be developing a series of guides, several of which are already available, to assist state and local agencies in reducing injuries and fatalities in targeted areas. The guides correspond to the emphasis areas outlined in the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan. Each guide includes a brief introduction, a general description of the problem, the strategies/countermeasures to address the problem, and a model implementation process. ER -