%0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Environmental Performance of Tanker Designs in Collision and Grounding: Method for Comparision -- Special Report 259 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10199/environmental-performance-of-tanker-designs-in-collision-and-grounding-method %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10199/environmental-performance-of-tanker-designs-in-collision-and-grounding-method %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 154 %X TRB Special Report 259 - Environmental Performance of Tanker Designs in Collision and Grounding: Method for Comparison describes a modeling process for evaluating alternative designs. The process encompasses consideration of the structural deformations from collisions and grounding and the environmental consequences of spills of different sizes, and uses a riskbased approach for comparing designs.Since passage of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 and subsequent decisions of the International Maritime Organization, the world tanker fleet has been evolving to double-hulled designs to reduce the risk of accidental spills. A previous study by the Marine Board, now part of TRB, concluded that the double-hull design had been effective in reducing oil spills (Double-Hull Tanker Legislation: An Assessment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, NRC 1998).OPA 1990 was passed because of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound. Although the world’s tanker owners have been shifting to double-hull designs, a variety of other hull designs have been proposed that might be as effective and less costly. The U.S. Coast Guard has not been willing to consider such alternatives, in part because of the wording of OPA 1990 and in part because of the difficulty of comparing complex designs. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %T Making Transit Work: Insight from Western Europe, Canada, and the United States -- Special Report 257 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10110/making-transit-work-insight-from-western-europe-canada-and-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10110/making-transit-work-insight-from-western-europe-canada-and-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %P 184 %X TRB Special Report 257 - Making Transit Work: Insight from Western Europe, Canada, and the United States describes the differences in public transit use among U.S., Canadian, and Western European cities; identifies those factors, from urban form to automobile usage, that have contributed to these differences; and offers hypotheses about the reasons for these differences--from historical, demographic, and economic conditions to specific public policies, such as automobile taxation and urban land use regulation. Travelers often return from major European cities marveling at the ubiquity and efficiency of urban transit services and wondering why U.S. cities fare so poorly by comparison in this regard. With few exceptions, such as its central role in serving New York City, public transit has a far more prominent role in Canada and Western Europe than in the United States. This is true not only in major cities, but also in smaller communities and throughout entire metropolitan areas. Transit is used for about 10 percent of passenger trips in urban areas of Western Europe, compared with 2 percent in the United States. A number of factors have contributed to this differential, including higher taxes on motor vehicles, steep fuel taxes, and concerted efforts to control urban development and preserve the form and function of historic cities in both Canada and Western Europe. Moreover, both regions have devoted considerably more attention and resources to ensuring that transit services are convenient, comfortable, and reliable. At the outset of the 20th century, American cities were leaders in introducing and using transit. Today, however, much of metropolitan America is largely suburban in character. The preponderance of suburban development is due to an abundance of inexpensive land available outside of cities, burgeoning metropolitan populations and economies, and perceptions of inner-city economic and social strife, combined with the ubiquity of the automobile. Transit works best in areas with high concentrations of workers, businesses, and households, whereas suburbs are characterized by low-density development. The committee that studied the issue of making transit work better in the United States concluded that dramatic changes in transportation investments, land use controls, and public attitudes—including much denser settlement patterns, together with Western European–style fuel taxes and other disincentives to driving—would be required to reshape the American urban landscape in ways that would fundamentally favor transit use. Nonetheless, there is ample opportunity for transit to play a more prominent role in meeting passenger transportation demand in many U.S. cities. Although it is not reasonable to expect the modal share of transit in most U.S. metropolitan areas to equal that of European cities, there are many areas in which transit is appropriate and its use can be increased. American cities that have retained high levels of central-city employment and dense residential development and have a history of transit service can learn from and apply the policies and practices used abroad. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Greene, Michael %T The Future of Personal Transport in China: Summary of a Symposium, January 12, 2001 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10214/the-future-of-personal-transport-in-china-summary-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10214/the-future-of-personal-transport-in-china-summary-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %P 34 %X In August 1999 a delegation from the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) visited The National Academies in Washington to discuss opportunities for collaboration on a study of the future of personal use vehicles in China. Barely motorized at present, China is confronted with the prospect of a massive increase in demand for automobiles. This is a summary of the first meeting of the Committee on the Future of Personal Use Vehicles in China, where the committee invited a group of experts to join some members of the committee to review the issues surrounding rapid motorization in China and the world experience in confronting similar problems in other countries. This symposium was designed to serve as the initial technical presentation to the committee and enabled some of the more difficult issues to be introduced by non-member experts in a setting outside of the committee room where they would be debated. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %T Strategic Highway Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion, Improving Quality of Life -- Special Report 260 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10223/strategic-highway-research-saving-lives-reducing-congestion-improving-quality-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10223/strategic-highway-research-saving-lives-reducing-congestion-improving-quality-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 216 %X TRB Special Report 260 - Strategic Highway Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion, Improving Quality of Life examines the goals, research agenda, administrative structure, and administrative needs for a new strategic highway research program. After extensive outreach to the highway community, the committee recommended the establishment of a Future Strategic Highway Research Program (F-SHRP). F-SHRP would comprise four research program areas: accelerating the renewal of America's highways; making a significant improvement in highway safety; providing a highway system with reliable travel times; and providing highway capacity in support of the nation's economic, environmental, and social goals. The committee recommended that F-SHRP be administered by a credible, independent organization capable of managing a large-scale contract research program in a manner that would ensure the highest-quality research. The initial SHRP program was managed by the National Academies for just these reasons. The committee recommended that F-SHRP be funded at $75 million per year through a 0.25 percent takedown of federal-aid highway funds apportioned under the next surface transportation legislation. As recommended by the committee, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) has funded the development of detailed research program plans. These plans will be implemented if F-SHRP is authorized. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Freight Facility Location Selection: A Guide for Public Officials %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14594/freight-facility-location-selection-a-guide-for-public-officials %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14594/freight-facility-location-selection-a-guide-for-public-officials %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 69 %X TRB’s National Freight Cooperative Research Program (NFCRP) Report 13: Freight Facility Location Selection: A Guide for Public Officials describes the key criteria that the private sector considers when making decisions on where to build new logistics facilities.A final report that provides background material used in the development of NFCRP Report 13 has been published as NCFRP Web-Only Document 1: Background Research Material for Freight Facility Location Selection: A Guide for Public Officials (NCFRP Report 13) %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations %@ 978-0-309-08258-7 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10219/caffeine-for-the-sustainment-of-mental-task-performance-formulations-for %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10219/caffeine-for-the-sustainment-of-mental-task-performance-formulations-for %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 171 %X This report from the Committee on Military Nutrition Research reviews the history of caffeine usage, the metabolism of caffeine, and its physiological effects. The effects of caffeine on physical performance, cognitive function and alertness, and alleviation of sleep deprivation impairments are discussed in light of recent scientific literature. The impact of caffeine consumption on various aspects of health, including cardiovascular disease, reproduction, bone mineral density, and fluid homeostasis are reviewed. The behavioral effects of caffeine are also discussed, including the effect of caffeine on reaction to stress, withdrawal effects, and detrimental effects of high intakes. The amounts of caffeine found to enhance vigilance and reaction time consistently are reviewed and recommendations are made with respect to amounts of caffeine appropriate for maintaining alertness of military personnel during field operations. Recommendations are also provided on the need for appropriate labeling of caffeine-containing supplements, and education of military personnel on the use of these supplements. A brief review of some alternatives to caffeine is also provided. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The American Community Survey: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-07315-8 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10051/the-american-community-survey-summary-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10051/the-american-community-survey-summary-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 70 %X The American Community Survey (ACS), to be run by the Census Bureau, will be a large (250,000 housing units a month), predominantly mailout/mailback survey that will collect information similar to that on the decennial census long form. The development of this new survey raises interesting questions about methods used for combining information from surveys and from administrative records, weighting to treat nonresponse and undercoverage, estimation for small areas, sample design, and calibration of the output from this survey with that from the long form. To assist the Census Bureau in developing a research agenda to address these and other methodological issues, the Committee on National Statistics held a workshop on September 13, 1998. This report summarizes that workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: III. Early Research Progress %@ 978-0-309-07337-0 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10065/research-priorities-for-airborne-particulate-matter-iii-early-research-progress %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10065/research-priorities-for-airborne-particulate-matter-iii-early-research-progress %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 188 %X Regulatory standards are already on the books at the the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to address health risks posed by inhaling tiny particles from smoke, vehicle exhaust, and other sources. At the same time, Congress and EPA have initiated a multimillion dollar research effort to better understand the sources of these airborne particles, the levels of exposure to people, and the ways that these particles cause damage. To provide independent guidance to the EPA, Congress asked the National Research Council to study the relevant issues. The result is a series of four reports on the particulate-matter research program. The first two books offered a conceptual framework for a national research program, identified the 10 most critical research needs, and described the recommended timing and estimated costs of such research. This, the third volume, begins the task of assessing the progress made in implementing the research program. The National Research Council ultimately concludes that the ongoing program is appropriately addressing many of the key uncertainties. However, it also identifies a number of critical specific subjects that should be given greater attention. Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter focuses on the most current and planned research projects with an eye toward the fourth and final report, which will contain an updated assessment. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Research Council %T Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs %@ 978-0-309-07446-9 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10133/evaluating-vehicle-emissions-inspection-and-maintenance-programs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10133/evaluating-vehicle-emissions-inspection-and-maintenance-programs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 260 %X Emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs subject vehicles to periodic inspections of their emission control systems. Despite widespread use of these programs in air-quality management, policy makers and the public have found a number of problems associated with them. Prominent among these issues is the perception that emissions benefits and other impacts of I/M programs have not been evaluated adequately. Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs assesses the effectiveness of these programs for reducing mobile source emissions. In this report, the committee evaluates the differences in the characteristics of motor vehicle emissions in areas with and without I/M programs, identifies criteria and methodologies for their evaluation, and recommends improvements to the programs. Most useful of all, this book will help summarize the observed benefits of these programs and how they can be redirected in the future to increase their effectiveness. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %T The Federal Role in Highway Research and Technology: Special Report 261 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10222/the-federal-role-in-highway-research-and-technology-special-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10222/the-federal-role-in-highway-research-and-technology-special-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %K Space and Aeronautics %P 158 %X TRB Special Report 261 - The Federal Role in Highway Research and Technology examines the federal role in the nation's overall highway research and technology (R&T) effort. Its emphasis is on determining whether the focus and activities of the federal program are appropriate in light of the needs of the highway system and its stakeholders as well as the roles and activities of other national highway R&T programs. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Research Council %T Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles: Seventh Report %@ 978-0-309-07603-6 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10180/review-of-the-research-program-of-the-partnership-for-a-new-generation-of-vehicles %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10180/review-of-the-research-program-of-the-partnership-for-a-new-generation-of-vehicles %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %K Engineering and Technology %P 133 %X This is the most recent report of the National Research Council's Standing Committee to Review the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), which has conducted annual reviews of the PNGV program since it was established in late 1993. The PNGV is a cooperative R&D program between the federal government and the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR, whose members are DaimlerChrysler, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors) to develop technologies for a new generation of automobiles with up to three times the fuel economy of a 1993 midsize automobile. The reports review major technology development areas (four-stroke direct-injection engines, fuel cells, energy storage, electronic/electrical systems, and structural materials); the overall adequacy of R&D efforts; the systems analysis effort and how it guides decisions on R&D; the progress toward long-range component and system-level cost and performance goals; and efforts in vehicle emissions and advanced materials research and how results target goals. Unlike previous reports, the Seventh Report comments on the goals of the program, since the automotive market and U.S. emission standards have changed significantly since the program was initiated. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Research Council %T Contracting for Bus and Demand-Responsive Transit Services: A Survey of U.S. Practice and Experience: Special Report 258 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10141/contracting-for-bus-and-demand-responsive-transit-services-a-survey %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10141/contracting-for-bus-and-demand-responsive-transit-services-a-survey %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 222 %X In the interest of learning more about contracting as a method of transit service delivery, the 1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) called on the Transportation Research Board (TRB) to conduct a study of contracting by recipients of federal transit grants. TEA-21 called for an examination of the extent and practice of transit service contracting and its effects on operating costs, customer service, safety, and other aspects of service quality and quantity. To conduct the study, TRB convened a 12-member committee of experts in public transportation management, labor, economics, and public policy. In carrying out the study, the committee reviewed previous reports on transit service contracting; conducted its own nationwide survey of public transit systems and their general managers; and interviewed transit managers, labor union leaders, contractors, and members of transit policy boards. Resulting findings and conclusions are summarized in this report, along with additional insights and ideas for follow-on study. The contents are organized as follows: (1) Introduction; (2) Public and Private Provision of Transit in the United States; (3) Conceptual Framework and Previous Studies on Contracting; (4) Transit Service Contracting in the United States: Extent and Practice; (5) Transit Contracting Experiences and Advice from General Managers; and (6) Summary and Assessment.