TY - BOOK TI - Final Report to the U.S. Department of Defense on the Defense Reinvestment Initiative DO - 10.17226/9691 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9691/final-report-to-the-us-department-of-defense-on-the-defense-reinvestment-initiative PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - World-Class Research and Development: Characteristics for an Army Research, Development, and Engineering Organization SN - DO - 10.17226/5486 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5486/world-class-research-and-development-characteristics-for-an-army-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter: Symposium 2010 SN - DO - 10.17226/12919 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12919/avoiding-technology-surprise-for-tomorrows-warfighter-symposium-2010 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The Symposium on Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter is a forum for consumers and producers of scientific and technical intelligence to exchange perspectives on the potential sources of emerging or disruptive technologies and behaviors, with the goal of improving the Department of Defense's technological warning capability. This volume summarizes the key themes identified in the second and most recent symposium, a two-day event held in Suffolk, Virginia, on April 28 and 29, 2010. The symposium combined presentations highlighting cutting-edge technology topics with facilitated discourse among all participants. Three categories of surprise were identified: breakthroughs in product and process technology, new uses of existing technology, and the unexpectedly rapid progression of a technology to operational use. The incorporation of an adversary's own culture, history, beliefs, and value systems into analyses also emerged in discussions as an important factor in reducing surprise. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Gulf War and Health: Updated Literature Review of Sarin SN - DO - 10.17226/11064 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11064/gulf-war-and-health-updated-literature-review-of-sarin PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The Gulf War in 1990-1991 was considered a brief and successful military operation, with few injuries or deaths of US troops. The war began in August 1990, and the last US ground troops returned home by June 1991. Although most Gulf War veterans resumed their normal activities, many soon began reporting a variety of nonexplained health problems that they attributed to their participation in the Gulf War, including chronic fatigue, muscle and joint pain, loss of concentration, forgetfulness, headache, and rash. Because of concerns about the veterans' health problems, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) review the scientific and medical literature on the long-term adverse health effects of agents to which the Gulf War veterans may have been exposed. This report is a broad overview of the toxicology of sarin and cyclosarin. It assesses the biologic plausibility with respect to the compounds in question and health effects. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future SN - DO - 10.17226/13480 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13480/human-performance-modification-review-of-worldwide-research-with-a-view PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The development of technologies to modify natural human physical and cognitive performance is one of increasing interest and concern, especially among military services that may be called on to defeat foreign powers with enhanced warfighter capabilities. Human performance modification (HPM) is a general term that can encompass actions ranging from the use of "natural" materials, such as caffeine or khat as a stimulant, to the application of nanotechnology as a drug delivery mechanism or in an invasive brain implant. Although the literature on HPM typically addresses methods that enhance performance, another possible focus is methods that degrade performance or negatively affect a military force's ability to fight. Advances in medicine, biology, electronics, and computation have enabled an increasingly sophisticated ability to modify the human body, and such innovations will undoubtedly be adopted by military forces, with potential consequences for both sides of the battle lines. Although some innovations may be developed for purely military applications, they are increasingly unlikely to remain exclusively in that sphere because of the globalization and internationalization of the commercial research base. Based on its review of the literature, the presentations it received and on its own expertise, the Committee on Assessing Foreign Technology Development in Human Performance Modification chose to focus on three general areas of HPM: human cognitive modification as a computational problem, human performance modification as a biological problem, and human performance modification as a function of the brain-computer interface. Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future summarizes these findings. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Dwayne Day TI - Globalization of Defense Materials and Manufacturing: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25101 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25101/globalization-of-defense-materials-and-manufacturing-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Emerging economies, social and political transitions, and new ways of doing business are changing the world dramatically. To be the leader in this competitive climate, a defense manufacturing enterprise will require up-to-date capabilities, which include improvements in materials processing, among other things. Also, national and international efforts to mitigate environmentally harmful effects of industrial processes and to improve decision making for handling and disposing of industrial contaminants adds additional requirements for any future efforts. The objective of retaining high-value materials-related manufacturing as a key national competitive capability implies a number of factors. The value of specific manufacturing capabilities could be defined not only in terms of criticality to defense systems but also in relation to technology and knowledge content, importance as a supplier to other industries, and importance to U.S. exports. Requested by Department of Defense (DoD) communities, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in March 2015 to further explore materials and manufacturing processes. The participants explored changes in the global R&D landscape, technology awareness mechanisms—both DoD’s mechanisms and other models—and collaboration models and issues in R&D. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - James J. Blascovich A2 - Christine R. Hartel TI - Human Behavior in Military Contexts SN - DO - 10.17226/12023 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12023/human-behavior-in-military-contexts PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Human behavior forms the nucleus of military effectiveness. Humans operating in the complex military system must possess the knowledge, skills, abilities, aptitudes, and temperament to perform their roles effectively in a reliable and predictable manner, and effective military management requires understanding of how these qualities can be best provided and assessed. Scientific research in this area is critical to understanding leadership, training and other personnel issues, social interactions and organizational structures within the military. The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) asked the National Research Council to provide an agenda for basic behavioral and social research focused on applications in both the short and long-term. The committee responded by recommending six areas of research on the basis of their relevance, potential impact, and timeliness for military needs: intercultural competence; teams in complex environments; technology-based training; nonverbal behavior; emotion; and behavioral neurophysiology. The committee suggests doubling the current budget for basic research for the behavioral and social sciences across U.S. military research agencies. The additional funds can support approximately 40 new projects per year across the committee's recommended research areas. Human Behavior in Military Contexts includes committee reports and papers that demonstrate areas of stimulating, ongoing research in the behavioral and social sciences that can enrich the military's ability to recruit, train, and enhance the performance of its personnel, both organizationally and in its many roles in other cultures. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Manpower and Personnel Needs for a Transformed Naval Force SN - DO - 10.17226/12030 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12030/manpower-and-personnel-needs-for-a-transformed-naval-force PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Industry and Labor AB - The Department of Defense (DOD) is committed to transforming the nation's armed forces to meet the military challenges of the future. One approach to achieving this transformation is by leveraging advances in science and technology. New technologies and innovations are integral to today's military actions, and associated changes have rippled through all aspects of operations, highlighting the need for changes in policies related to military personnel. At the request of the Force Chief of Naval Operations, the NRC reviewed the military manpower and personnel policies and studies currently underway in the DOD and developed an implementation strategy for the Department of the Navy's future military manpower and personnel needs. This book presents an introduction to current personnel policies of and concerns facing the Naval forces; an assessment of demographic, technological, and other forces affecting future personnel needs and availability; a summary and assessment of previous studies; an examination of the role of research tools in implementing personnel policy change; and an analysis of obstacles to and strategies for transforming the Naval forces. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council TI - Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety SN - DO - 10.17226/10882 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10882/dietary-supplements-a-framework-for-evaluating-safety PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The growing consumer interest in health and fitness has expanded the market for a wide range of products, from yoga mats to the multiple dietary supplements now on the market. Supplements are popular, but are they safe? Many dietary supplements are probably safe when used as recommended. However, since 1994 when Congress decided that they should be regulated as if they were foods, they are assumed to be safe unless the Food and Drug Administration can demonstrate that they pose a significant risk to the consumer. But there are many types of products that qualify as dietary supplements, and the distinctions can become muddled and vague. Manufacturers are not legally required to provide specific information about safety before marketing their products. And the sales of supplements have been steadily increasing—all together, the various types now bring in almost $16 billion per year. Given these confounding factors, what kind of information can the Food and Drug Administration use to effectively regulate dietary supplements? This book provides a framework for evaluating dietary supplement safety and protecting the health of consumers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Abigail E. Mitchell A2 - Laura B. Sivitz A2 - Robert E. Black TI - Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases SN - DO - 10.17226/11765 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11765/gulf-war-and-health-volume-5-infectious-diseases PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Infectious diseases have been a problem for military personnel throughout history. The consequences in previous conflicts have ranged from frequent illnesses disrupting daily activities and readiness to widespread deaths. Preventive measures, early diagnosis, and treatment greatly limit the exposures and acute illnesses of troops today in comparison with those in armies of the past, but infections and consequent acute illnesses still occur. Thousands of US veterans of the Persian Gulf War have reported an array of unexplained illnesses since the war ended in 1991. Many veterans have believed that the illnesses were associated with their military service in southwest Asia during the war. This volume of Gulf War and Health evaluates the scientific literature on chemical, biologic, and physical agents to which military personnel in the gulf were potentially exposed and possible long-term adverse health outcomes. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Human Factors in the Design of Tactical Display Systems for the Individual Soldier DO - 10.17226/9107 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9107/human-factors-in-the-design-of-tactical-display-systems-for-the-individual-soldier PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 SN - DO - 10.17226/10603 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10603/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2002 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - This book updates and evaluates the available scientific evidence regarding statistical associations between diseases and exposure to dioxin and other chemical compounds in herbicides used in Vietnam, focusing on new scientific studies and literature. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 SN - DO - 10.17226/11242 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11242/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2004 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Sixth in a series of congressionally mandated studies, this book is an updated review and evaluation of the available evidence regarding the statistical assoication between exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam and various adverse health outcomes suspected to be linked with such exposure. This book builds upon the information contained in the earlier books in the series: Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (1994) Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides and Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes (2000) Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans (2002) Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 focuses primarily on scientific studies and other information developed since the release of these earlier books. The previous volumes have noted that sufficient evidence exists to link chronic lymphocytic leukemia, soft-tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, and chloracne with exposure. The books also noted that there is “limited or suggestive” evidence of an association between exposure and respiratory cancers, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, the metabolic disorder porphyria cutanea tarda, early-onset transient peripheral neuropathies, Type 2 diabetes, and the congenital birth defect spinal bifida in veterans’ children. This volume will be critically important to both policymakers and physicians in the federal government, Vietnam veterans and their families, veterans’ organizations, researchers, and health professionals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines SN - DO - 10.17226/10071 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10071/alternative-technologies-to-replace-antipersonnel-landmines PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - This book examines potential technologies for replacing antipersonnel landmines by 2006, the U.S. target date for signing an international treaty banning these weapons. Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines emphasizes the role that technology can play to allow certain weapons to be used more selectively, reducing the danger to uninvolved civilians while improving the effectiveness of the U.S. military. Landmines are an important weapon in the U.S. military’s arsenal but the persistent variety can cause unintended casualties, to both civilians and friendly forces. New technologies could replace some, but not all, of the U.S. military’s antipersonnel landmines by 2006. In the period following 2006, emerging technologies might eliminate the landmine totally, while retaining the necessary functionalities that today’s mines provide to the military. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 SN - DO - 10.17226/10098 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10098/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2000 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 examines the state of the scientific evidence regarding associations between diseases and exposure to dioxin and other chemical compounds in herbicides used in Vietnam. It is the fourth in a series of comprehensive reviews of epidemiologic and toxicologic studies of the agents used as defoliants during the Vietnam War. Over forty health outcomes in veterans and their children are addressed. Among the report's conclusions is that there is sufficient evidence of a link between exposure and the development of soft-tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and chloracne in veterans. Additionally, it found that scientific studies offer "limited or suggestive" evidence of an association with other diseases in veterans—including Type 2 diabetes, respiratory cancers, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma and some forms of transient peripheral neuropathy—as well as the congenital birth defect spina bifida in veterans' children. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Technology Development for Army Unmanned Ground Vehicles SN - DO - 10.17226/10592 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10592/technology-development-for-army-unmanned-ground-vehicles PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) are expected to play a key role in the Army’s Objective Force structure. These UGVs would be used for weapons platforms, logistics carriers, and reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition among other things. To examine aspects of the Army’s UGV program, assess technology readiness, and identify key issues in implementing UGV systems, among other questions, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct a study of UGV technologies. This report discusses UGV operational requirements, current development efforts, and technology integration and roadmaps to the future. Key recommendations are presented addressing technical content, time lines, and milestones for the UGV efforts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Gulf War and Health: Volume 6: Physiologic, Psychologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress SN - DO - 10.17226/11922 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11922/gulf-war-and-health-volume-6-physiologic-psychologic-and-psychosocial PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Health and Medicine AB - The sixth in a series of congressionally mandated reports on Gulf War veterans' health, this volume evaluates the health effects associated with stress. Since the launch of Operation Desert Storm in 1991, there has been growing concern about the physical and psychological health of Gulf War and other veterans. In the late 1990s, Congress responded by asking the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to review and evaluate the scientific and medical literature regarding associations between illness and exposure to toxic agents, environmental or wartime hazards, and preventive medicines or vaccines in members of the armed forces who were exposed to such agents. Deployment to a war zone has a profound impact on the lives of troops and on their family members. There are a plethora of stressors associated with deployment, including constant vigilance against unexpected attack, difficulty distinguishing enemy combatants from civilians, concerns about survival, caring for the badly injured, and witnessing the death of a person. Less traumatic but more pervasive stressors include anxiety about home life, such as loss of a job and income, impacts on relationships, and absence from family. The focus of this report, by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Gulf War and Health: Physiologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress, is the long-term effects of deployment-related stress. Gulf War and Health: Volume 6. Physiologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Development Related Stress evaluates the scientific literature regarding association between deployment-related stressors and health effects, and provides meaningful recommendations to remedy this problem. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Richard W. Pew A2 - Anne S. Mavor TI - Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior: Application to Military Simulations SN - DO - 10.17226/6173 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6173/modeling-human-and-organizational-behavior-application-to-military-simulations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Simulations are widely used in the military for training personnel, analyzing proposed equipment, and rehearsing missions, and these simulations need realistic models of human behavior. This book draws together a wide variety of theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling that can be considered for use in those simulations. It covers behavior at the individual, unit, and command level. At the individual soldier level, the topics covered include attention, learning, memory, decisionmaking, perception, situation awareness, and planning. At the unit level, the focus is on command and control. The book provides short-, medium-, and long-term goals for research and development of more realistic models of human behavior. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Tactical Display for Soldiers: Human Factors Considerations SN - DO - 10.17226/5436 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5436/tactical-display-for-soldiers-human-factors-considerations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - This book examines the human factors issues associated with the development, testing, and implementation of helmet-mounted display technology in the 21st Century Land Warrior System. Because the framework of analysis is soldier performance with the system in the full range of environments and missions, the book discusses both the military context and the characteristics of the infantry soldiers who will use the system. The major issues covered include the positive and negative effects of such a display on the local and global situation awareness of the individual soldier, an analysis of the visual and psychomotor factors associated with each design feature, design considerations for auditory displays, and physical sources of stress and the implications of the display for affecting the soldier's workload. The book proposes an innovative approach to research and testing based on a three-stage strategy that begins in the laboratory, moves to controlled field studies, and culminates in operational testing. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Cryptography and the Intelligence Community: The Future of Encryption SN - DO - 10.17226/26168 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26168/cryptography-and-the-intelligence-community-the-future-of-encryption PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Encryption is a process for making information unreadable by an adversary who does not possess a specific key that is required to make the encrypted information readable. The inverse process, making information that has been encrypted readable, is referred to as decryption. Cryptography has become widespread and is used by private as well as governmental actors. It also enables authentication and underlies the safe use of the Internet and computer systems by individuals and organizations worldwide. Emerging cryptographic technologies offer capabilities such as the ability to process encrypted information without first decrypting it. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, this report identifies potential scenarios that would describe the balance between encryption and decryption over the next 10 to 20 years and assesses the national security and intelligence implications of each scenario. For each of these scenarios, Cryptography and the Intelligence Community identifies risks, opportunities, and actions. Attention to the findings should enable the Intelligence Community to prepare for the future and to recognize emerging trends and developments and respond appropriately. ER -