TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Susan Sauer Sloan A2 - Joe Alper TI - Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/18849 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18849/culture-matters-international-research-collaboration-in-a-changing-world-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - In an increasingly interconnected world, science and technology research often transects international boundaries and involves researchers from multiple nations. This paradigm provides both new opportunities and new challenges. As science and technology capabilities grow around the world, United States-based organizations are finding that international collaborations and partnerships provide unique opportunities to enhance research and training. At the same time, enhancing international collaboration requires recognition of differences in culture, legitimate national security needs, and critical needs in education and training. Culture Matters is the summary of a workshop convened by the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR) in July 2013 to address how culture and cultural perception influence and impact the process by which research agreements are made and negotiated across international boundaries. In this workshop, "Culture Matters: An Approach to International Research Agreements", representatives from around the world and from GUIRR's three constituent sectors - government, university, and industry - gathered to provide input into four specific meeting tracks or domains. The tracks focused on research and agreements affecting or involving people/human subjects; environmental and natural resources; science, engineering, and manufacturing; and agriculture and animal issues. This report examines each of these domains and the role that culture and cultural expectations may have in the forging and implementation of international research agreements. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Reports of the Committee on Vision: 1947-1990 SN - DO - 10.17226/1456 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1456/reports-of-the-committee-on-vision-1947-1990 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - This is a summary of reports issued since 1947 under the aegis of the National Research Council's Committee on Vision. An abstract summarizing the contents of each report is provided together with information to assist the reader in obtaining copies of the information about early research efforts in such classic areas of vision science as visual search, form discrimination, and aging—together with current problems such as the use of video display terminals. The book will aid vision scientists in gaining a thorough understanding of the recent historical context of vision research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine TI - The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited SN - DO - 10.17226/18982 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18982/the-postdoctoral-experience-revisited PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited builds on the 2000 report Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers. That ground-breaking report assessed the postdoctoral experience and provided principles, action points, and recommendations to enhance that experience. Since the publication of the 2000 report, the postdoctoral landscape has changed considerably. The percentage of PhDs who pursue postdoctoral training is growing steadily and spreading from the biomedical and physical sciences to engineering and the social sciences. The average length of time spent in postdoctoral positions seems to be increasing. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited reexamines postdoctoral programs in the United States, focusing on how postdocs are being guided and managed, how institutional practices have changed, and what happens to postdocs after they complete their programs. This book explores important changes that have occurred in postdoctoral practices and the research ecosystem and assesses how well current practices meet the needs of these fledgling scientists and engineers and of the research enterprise. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited takes a fresh look at current postdoctoral fellows - how many there are, where they are working, in what fields, and for how many years. This book makes recommendations to improve aspects of programs - postdoctoral period of service, title and role, career development, compensation and benefits, and mentoring. Current data on demographics, career aspirations, and career outcomes for postdocs are limited. This report makes the case for better data collection by research institution and data sharing. A larger goal of this study is not only to propose ways to make the postdoctoral system better for the postdoctoral researchers themselves but also to better understand the role that postdoctoral training plays in the research enterprise. It is also to ask whether there are alternative ways to satisfy some of the research and career development needs of postdoctoral researchers that are now being met with several years of advanced training. Postdoctoral researchers are the future of the research enterprise. The discussion and recommendations of The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited will stimulate action toward clarifying the role of postdoctoral researchers and improving their status and experience. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Outlook for Science and Technology 1985 SN - DO - 10.17226/862 PY - 1985 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/862/the-outlook-for-science-and-technology-1985 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lynne M. Holden A2 - Camara P. Jones A2 - Cato T. Laurencin TI - The State of Anti-Black Racism in the United States: Reflections and Solutions from the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26692 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26692/the-state-of-anti-black-racism-in-the-united-states-reflections-and-solutions-from-the-roundtable-on-black-men-and-black-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The mission of the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine is to advance discussions on the barriers and opportunities encountered by Black students and professionals as they navigate the pathways from K-12 and postsecondary education to careers in science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) and highlight promising practices for increasing the representation, retention, and inclusiveness of Black men and Black women in SEM. This proceedings serves as a summary of the presentations and discussions from a capstone workshop, held virtually on December 6 and 7, 2021, to review how anti-Black racism had permeated across the topics covered by the Roundtable over the previous 2 years. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Future National Research Policies Within the Industrialized Nations: Report of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/1975 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1975/future-national-research-policies-within-the-industrialized-nations-report-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - This book is a summary and proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable and the National Science Foundation. It includes presentations by senior government science policy officials and leading scientists who are directly involved in the research and higher education policy formulation processes in various countries. Included are their assessments of current challenges to their national research systems, descriptions of national strategies for meeting these challenges, and a discussion of options for national research systems in the twenty-first century. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lawrence O. Gostin A2 - Cori Vanchieri A2 - Andrew Pope TI - Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners SN - DO - 10.17226/11692 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11692/ethical-considerations-for-research-involving-prisoners PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - In the past 30 years, the population of prisoners in the United States has expanded almost 5-fold, correctional facilities are increasingly overcrowded, and more of the country's disadvantaged populations—racial minorities, women, people with mental illness, and people with communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis—are under correctional supervision. Because prisoners face restrictions on liberty and autonomy, have limited privacy, and often receive inadequate health care, they require specific protections when involved in research, particularly in today's correctional settings. Given these issues, the Department of Health and Human Services' Office for Human Research Protections commissioned the Institute of Medicine to review the ethical considerations regarding research involving prisoners. The resulting analysis contained in this book, Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners, emphasizes five broad actions to provide prisoners involved in research with critically important protections: • expand the definition of "prisoner"; • ensure universally and consistently applied standards of protection; • shift from a category-based to a risk-benefit approach to research review; • update the ethical framework to include collaborative responsibility; and • enhance systematic oversight of research involving prisoners. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Beryl Lieff Benderly TI - The Arc of the Academic Research Career: Issues and Implications for U.S. Science and Engineering Leadership: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/18627 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18627/the-arc-of-the-academic-research-career-issues-and-implications PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - America's research universities have undergone striking change in recent decades, as have many aspects of the society that surrounds them. This change has important implications for the heart of every university: the faculty. To sustain their high level of intellectual excellence and their success in preparing young people for the various roles they will play in society, universities need to be aware of how evolving conditions affect their ability to attract the most qualified people and to maximize their effectiveness as teachers and researchers. Gender roles, family life, the demographic makeup of the nation and the faculty, and the economic stability of higher education all have shifted dramatically over the past generation. In addition, strong current trends in technology, funding, and demographics suggest that change will continue and perhaps even accelerate in academe in the years to come. One central element of academic life has remained essentially unchanged for generations, however: the formal structure of the professorial career. Developed in the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to suit circumstances quite different from today's, and based on traditions going back even earlier, this customary career path is now a source of strain for both the individuals pursuing it and the institutions where they work. The Arc of the Academic Research Career is the summary of a workshop convened by The Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy in September 2013 to examine major points of strain in academic research careers from the point of view of both the faculty members and the institutions. National experts from a variety of disciplines and institutions discussed practices and strategies already in use on various campuses and identified issues as yet not effectively addressed. This workshop summary addresses the challenges universities face, from nurturing the talent of future faculty members to managing their progress through all the stages of their careers to finding the best use of their skills as their work winds down. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Research Council A2 - David Jarmul A2 - Frank Press TI - Headline News, Science Views SN - DO - 10.17226/1575 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1575/headline-news-science-views PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Many Americans want information on how to eat a healthier diet, clean up the environment, or improve their children's education. Yet, all too often, people lack the time or background to read scientific reports for answers to these questions. Now, scientists and nonscientists alike will enjoy Headline News, Science Views, a collection of easy-to-read short articles on many of today's most important issues. These readable essays are written by some of the country's leading scientists, engineers, physicians, and other experts. The authors discuss intriguing issues in language that is understandable and compelling...without jargon. Celebrity Bill Cosby contributes an essay on "Getting the Facts Straight About Science." Television journalist Hugh Downs asks "Who Owns Antarctica?" Readers learn the many ways in which science and technology affect their daily lives. This volume makes groundbreaking scientific achievement accessible, fascinating—and fun. Bridging the gap between the experts and the public, it is a "must read" for anyone concerned about the future. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information: Two Volumes DO - 10.17226/10866 PY - 1959 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10866/proceedings-of-the-international-conference-on-scientific-information-two-volumes PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The launch of Sputnik caused a flurry of governmental activity in science information. The 1958 International Conference on Scientific Information (ICSI) was held in Washington from Nov. 16-21, 1958 and sponsored by NSF, NAS, and American Documentation Institute, the predecessor to the American Society for Information Science. In 1959, 20,000 copies of the two volume proceedings were published by NAS and included 75 papers (1600 pages) by dozens of pioneers from seven areas such as: Literature and reference needs of scientists Function and effectiveness of A & I services Effectiveness of Monographs, Compendia, and Specialized Centers Organization of information for storage and search: comparative characteristics of existing systems Organization of information for storage and retrospective search: intellectual problems and equipment considerations Organization of information for storage and retrospective search: possibility for a general theory Responsibilities of Government, Societies, Universities, and industry for improved information services and research. It is now an out of print classic in the field of science information studies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Elizabeth T. Cady A2 - Joe Alper TI - Promising Practices and Innovative Programs in the Responsible Conduct of Research: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/27085 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27085/promising-practices-and-innovative-programs-in-the-responsible-conduct-of-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The responsible conduct of research (RCR) is foundational to good science and engineering. However, there are several serious detrimental effects of research not conducted ethically and responsibly. Thus, federal legislation mandates that all National Science Foundation (NSF) grant recipients provide adequate training for undergraduate students, graduate students, and postdoctoral researchers about the Responsible Conduct of Research, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) further specifies that topics such as conflict of interest, mentor/mentee responsibilities and relationships, collaborative research, and safe laboratory practices should be included in all instruction in RCR. To identify and disseminate information about exemplary RCR education practices and programs, the National Academy of Engineering convened a virtual workshop series October 6, 7, 20, and 21, 2021. This workshop provided a forum for interdisciplinary discussions of effective strategies for building an RCR culture in institutions along with potential improvements and further research in the area. It also highlighted selected exemplar RCR programs for administrators and faculty who are charged with RCR education and compliance at the institutional level. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo A2 - Alex Helman TI - Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups SN - DO - 10.17226/26479 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26479/improving-representation-in-clinical-trials-and-research-building-research-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The United States has long made substantial investments in clinical research with the goal of improving the health and well-being of our nation. There is no doubt that these investments have contributed significantly to treating and preventing disease and extending human life. Nevertheless, clinical research faces a critical shortcoming. Currently, large swaths of the U.S. population, and those that often face the greatest health challenges, are less able to benefit from these discoveries because they are not adequately represented in clinical research studies. While progress has been made with representation of white women in clinical trials and clinical research, there has been little progress in the last three decades to increase participation of racial and ethnic minority population groups. This underrepresentation is compounding health disparities, with serious consequences for underrepresented groups and for the nation. At the request of Congress, Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups identifies policies, procedures, programs, or projects aimed at increasing the inclusion of these groups in clinical research and the specific strategies used by those conducting clinical trials and clinical and translational research to improve diversity and inclusion. This report models the potential economic benefits of full inclusion of men, women, and racial and ethnic groups in clinical research and highlights new programs and interventions in medical centers and other clinical settings designed to increase participation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Candace Huntington TI - Rebuilding Research, Education, and Innovation in Ukraine: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26795 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26795/rebuilding-research-education-and-innovation-in-ukraine-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Policy for Science and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Science and Technology in Kazakhstan: Current Status and Future Prospects SN - DO - 10.17226/11808 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11808/science-and-technology-in-kazakhstan-current-status-and-future-prospects PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Kazakhstan has an ambitious program to increase its technological competitiveness in the global market place during the next few years, but achieving success will depend in large measure on the effectiveness of upgraded science and technology (S&T) capabilities. This report identifies important opportunities and limitations in the education system, research and development (R&D) institutions, production companies, and service organizations to help governmental organizations in Kazakhstan with strong interests in S&T chart the future course of the country. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - World-Class Research and Development: Characteristics for an Army Research, Development, and Engineering Organization SN - DO - 10.17226/5486 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5486/world-class-research-and-development-characteristics-for-an-army-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/11289 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11289/policy-implications-of-international-graduate-students-and-postdoctoral-scholars-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States explores the role and impact of students and scholars on US educational institutions and the US economy. The nation has drawn increasingly on human resources abroad for its science and engineering workforce. However, competition for talent has grown as other countries have expanded their research infrastructure and created more opportunities for international students. The report discusses trends in international student enrollments, stay rates, and examines the impact of visa policies on international mobility of the highly skilled. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Soviet Social Science: The Challenge for the American Academic Community: Summary of a Meeting DO - 10.17226/18415 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18415/soviet-social-science-the-challenge-for-the-american-academic-community PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Recognition of the economic, social, and political problems facing the Soviet Union has awakened the Soviet leadership to the need for social scientific analysis to help formulate new policies. Glasnost and perestroika have also created the opportunity to reform and restructure disciplines and to build capabilities for basic research. Significant reorganization within the Soviet Academy of Sciences (ASUSSR) and other parts of the academic establishment is under way. All of these changes have made the Soviets unusually open to contacts with Western social and behavioral scientists. Dozens of new joint programs in all fields have begun or are under discussion. The opportunities are too great for any single American organization or institution to handle. Although significant roles are available for many participants, there is also the risk of duplicating effort and straining limited resources. The Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (CBASSE) of the National Research Council believed there was a genuine need to bring together scholars and representatives of funding organizations and professional associations to exchange information and to think strategically about how the American social science community can best respond to the opportunities. With support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the commission sponsored a meeting on August 24-25, 1989 for these purposes. Soviet Social Science: The Challenge for the American Academic Community is the summary of that meeting. This report offers interested individuals and organizations a sense of the thinking of a diverse group of informed people about the possible roles of American social and behavioral science vis-a-vis the ongoing changes in Soviet social science, as of the meeting date. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Glenn E. Schweitzer TI - U.S.-Iran Engagement in Science, Engineering, and Health (2010-2016): A Resilient Program but an Uncertain Future SN - DO - 10.17226/24861 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24861/us-iran-engagement-in-science-engineering-and-health-2010-2016 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 2010, the National Research Council published the report U.S-Iran Engagement in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (2000-2009). The review of the program described in detail the National Academies' science, technology, and health cooperation program carried out jointly with partners in Iran (otherwise known as science-engagement). The purpose of this new publication is to document the history and details of the National Academies' program of science-engagement from 2010 through 2016, while providing a perspective in considering future science-engagement. A variety of cooperative activities, and particularly workshops that dominated science-engagement during that period, are highlighted. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Glenn E. Schweitzer TI - U.S.-Iran Engagement in Science, Engineering, and Health (2000-2009): Opportunities, Constraints, and Impacts SN - DO - 10.17226/12921 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12921/us-iran-engagement-in-science-engineering-and-health-2000-2009 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Health and Medicine AB - During the first decade of the 21st century, the National Academies, working with a number of partner organizations in Iran, carried out a program of U.S.-Iran engagement in science, engineering, and health (herein referred to as science engagement). This book reviews important aspects of the science engagement program, including: (a) objectives of the program, (b) opportunities and constraints in developing the program, and (c) scientific and political impacts of the activities. Suggestions for future activities that draw on the conclusions and recommendations that have emerged from workshops and other types of interactions are set forth. Of course, the political turmoil within Iran and uncertainties as to the direction of U.S.-Iran government-to-government relations will undoubtedly complicate initiation and implementation of new science engagement activities in the near term. At the same time, many American and Iranian participants and important government officials in the United States and Iran have believed that science engagement can contribute to the evolution of an improved political environment for development of less adversarial relations between the two governments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE) SN - DO - 10.17226/12716 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12716/evaluation-of-nsfs-program-of-grants-for-vertical-integration-of-research-and-education-in-the-mathematical-sciences-vigre PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Education AB - In 1998, the National Science Foundation (NSF) launched a program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). These grants were designed for institutions with PhD-granting departments in the mathematical sciences, for the purpose of developing high-quality education programs, at all levels, that are vertically integrated with the research activities of these departments. To date, more than 50 departments at 40 institutions have received VIGRE awards. As requested by NSF, the present volume reviews the goals of the VIGRE program and evaluates how well the program is designed to address those goals. The book considers past and current practices for assessing the VIGRE program; draws tentative conclusions about the program's achievements based on the data collected to date; and evaluates NSF's plans for future data-driven assessments. In addition, critical policy and programmatic changes for the program are identified, with recommendations for how to address these changes. ER -