@BOOK{NAP title = "Art, Design and Science, Engineering and Medicine Frontier Collaborations: Ideation, Translation, Realization: Seed Idea Group Summaries", isbn = "978-0-309-44347-0", abstract = "Science and art were not always two separate entities. Historically, times of great scientific progress occurred during profound movements in art, the two disciplines working together to enrich and expand humanity's understanding of its place in this cosmos. Only recently has a dividing line been drawn, and this seeming dichotomy misses some of the fundamental similarities between the two endeavors. \n\nAt the National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Conference on Art, Design and Science, Engineering and Medicine Frontier Collaborations: Ideation, Translation, and Realization, participants spent 3 days exploring diverse challenges at the interface of science, engineering, and medicine. They were arranged into Seed Groups that were intentionally diverse, to encourage the generation of new approaches by combining a range of different types of contributions. The teams included creative practitioners from the fields of art, design, communications, science, engineering, and medicine, as well as representatives from private and public funding agencies, universities, businesses, journals, and the science media.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23528/art-design-and-science-engineering-and-medicine-frontier-collaborations-ideation", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to Accelerate Translational Research: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "The big data revolution, accompanied by the development and deployment of wearable medical devices and mobile health applications, has enabled the biomedical community to apply artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms to vast amounts of data. This shift has created new research opportunities in predictive analytics, precision medicine, virtual diagnosis, patient monitoring, and drug discovery and delivery, which has garnered the interests of government, academic, and industry researchers alike and is already putting new tools in the hands of practitioners.\n\nThis boom in digital health opportunities has also raised numerous questions concerning the future of biomedical research and healthcare practices. How reliable are deployed AI-driven diagnostic tools, and what is the impact of these tools on doctors and patients? How vulnerable are algorithms to bias and unfairness? How can research improve the process of detecting unfairness in machine learning algorithms? How are other fields simultaneously advancing AI applications? How will academia prepare scientists with the skills to meet the demands of the newly transformed industry? Informed answers to these and other questions require interdisciplinary discussion and collaboration. On February 13 and 14, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore these and other questions related to the emerging use of AI and machine learning technologies in translational research. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25197/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-to-accelerate-translational-research-proceedings", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "David Jarmul", title = "Headline News, Science Views II", isbn = "978-0-309-04834-7", abstract = "Why all the talk about biodiversity? Is malaria really making a comeback? Just what are computer viruses?\nMany Americans are confused about these and other issues involving science, technology, and health care. But they lack the time or technical background to read scientific reports.\nHeadline News, Science Views II provides short, readable answers directly from the experts. Leading scientists, engineers, and others discuss today's issues in language that is understandable and compelling\u2014without jargon.\nThis engaging book \"can be warmly recommended to card-carrying scientists and laypeople alike,\" New Scientist wrote about the first edition of Headline News, Science Views. \"Try the opening items and say goodbye to your next couple of hours.\"\nNow, in a completely new edition packed with 75 engaging articles, Headline News, Science Views II probes further into scientific issues behind today's headlines, issues like highway safety, global warming, industrial competitiveness, and women's health. Experts on these and other topics discuss where the problems lie and how to fix them.\nThe essays originally were distributed by the National Academy Op-Ed Service and published in more than 250 newspapers. Many are tied to studies of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. Together, they make ground-breaking scientific achievement accessible, fascinating\u2014and fun.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2043/headline-news-science-views-ii", year = 1993, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Research Briefings 1986", isbn = "978-0-309-03689-4", abstract = "Prepared for the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the National Science Foundation, these briefings examine areas important to the progress of U.S. science and technology: the science of interfaces and thin films, decision making and problem solving, protein structure and biological function, and the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/911/research-briefings-1986", year = 1986, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council", editor = "David Jarmul and Frank Press", title = "Headline News, Science Views", isbn = "978-0-309-04384-7", abstract = "Many Americans want information on how to eat a healthier diet, clean up the environment, or improve their children's education. Yet, all too often, people lack the time or background to read scientific reports for answers to these questions.\nNow, scientists and nonscientists alike will enjoy Headline News, Science Views, a collection of easy-to-read short articles on many of today's most important issues.\nThese readable essays are written by some of the country's leading scientists, engineers, physicians, and other experts. The authors discuss intriguing issues in language that is understandable and compelling...without jargon. Celebrity Bill Cosby contributes an essay on \"Getting the Facts Straight About Science.\" Television journalist Hugh Downs asks \"Who Owns Antarctica?\"\nReaders learn the many ways in which science and technology affect their daily lives.\nThis volume makes groundbreaking scientific achievement accessible, fascinating\u2014and fun. Bridging the gap between the experts and the public, it is a \"must read\" for anyone concerned about the future.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1575/headline-news-science-views", year = 1991, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Lynne M. Holden and Camara P. Jones and Cato T. Laurencin", title = "The State of Anti-Black Racism in the United States: Reflections and Solutions from the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-69289-2", abstract = "The mission of the Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine is to advance discussions on the barriers and opportunities encountered by Black students and professionals as they navigate the pathways from K-12 and postsecondary education to careers in science, engineering, and medicine (SEM) and highlight promising practices for increasing the representation, retention, and inclusiveness of Black men and Black women in SEM. This proceedings serves as a summary of the presentations and discussions from a capstone workshop, held virtually on December 6 and 7, 2021, to review how anti-Black racism had permeated across the topics covered by the Roundtable over the previous 2 years.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26692/the-state-of-anti-black-racism-in-the-united-states-reflections-and-solutions-from-the-roundtable-on-black-men-and-black-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council", title = "National Issues in Science and Technology 1993", isbn = "978-0-309-04882-8", abstract = "This volume consists of four \"white papers,\" prepared for the Clinton administration as it took office, on important national policy issues in which science and technology play a central role. Topics covered are science and technology leadership, climate change policy, technology policy and industrial innovation, and health care reform. Also included are brief summaries of ten potentially high impact reports issued by various committees of the National Research Council.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2096/national-issues-in-science-and-technology-1993", year = 1993, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Papers Commissioned for a Workshop on the Federal Role in Research and Development", isbn = "978-0-309-07869-6", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/942/papers-commissioned-for-a-workshop-on-the-federal-role-in-research-and-development", year = 1985, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Lawrence O. Gostin and Cori Vanchieri and Andrew Pope", title = "Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners", isbn = "978-0-309-10119-6", abstract = "In the past 30 years, the population of prisoners in the United States has expanded almost 5-fold, correctional facilities are increasingly overcrowded, and more of the country's disadvantaged populations—racial minorities, women, people with mental illness, and people with communicable diseases such as HIV\/AIDS, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis—are under correctional supervision. \n\nBecause prisoners face restrictions on liberty and autonomy, have limited privacy, and often receive inadequate health care, they require specific protections when involved in research, particularly in today's correctional settings. Given these issues, the Department of Health and Human Services' Office for Human Research Protections commissioned the Institute of Medicine to review the ethical considerations regarding research involving prisoners. \n\nThe resulting analysis contained in this book, Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners, emphasizes five broad actions to provide prisoners involved in research with critically important protections: \n\n • expand the definition of \"prisoner\";\n\n • ensure universally and consistently applied standards of protection; \n\n • shift from a category-based to a risk-benefit approach to research review; \n\n • update the ethical framework to include collaborative responsibility; and \n\n • enhance systematic oversight of research involving prisoners.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11692/ethical-considerations-for-research-involving-prisoners", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", title = "The National Academy of Sciences: The First Hundred Years, 1863-1963", abstract = "Among the oldest and most enduring of American institutions are those that have been devoted to the encouragement of the arts and the sciences. During the nineteenth century, a great many scientific societies came and went, and a few in individual disciplines achieved permanence. But the century also witnessed the founding of three major organizations with broadly interdisciplinary interests: the Smithsonian Institution in 1846; the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists, which in 1848 became the American Association for the Promotion (later, Advancement) of Science; and the National Academy of Sciences in 1863.\nThe founding of the National Academy of Sciences represented a momentous event in the history of science in the United States. Its establishment in the midst of a great civil war was fortuitous, perhaps, and its early existence precarious; and in this it mirrored the state of science at that time. The antecedents of the new organization in American science were the national academies in Great Britain and on the Continent, whose membership included the principal men of science of the realm. The chartering of academies under the auspices of a sovereign lent the prestige and elements of support and permanence the scientists sought, and in return they made their scientific talents and counsel available to the state.\nThe National Academy of Sciences: The First Hundred Years, 1863-1963 describes the National Academies from inception through the beginning of the space age. The book describes the Academies' work through different periods in history, including the Postbellum years, World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/579/the-national-academy-of-sciences-the-first-hundred-years-1863", year = 1978, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Serving Science and Society Into the New Millenium", isbn = "978-0-309-06249-7", abstract = "A symposium titled \"Serving Science and Society into the New Millennium: The Legacy and the Promise\" was held at the National Academy of Sciences on May 21-22, 1997. Speakers and panelists discussed the accomplishments and future of DOE's Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program. They also discussed a variety of multidisciplinary research activities, such as developing advanced medical diagnostic tools and treatments for human disease; assessing the health effects of radiation; tracking the regional and global movement of energy-related pollutants, and establishing the first human genome program. At the end of the symposium, 13 scientists who have been associated with the BER program and who have made significant contributions to its advancements and progress were honored. The proceedings volume includes the presentations made at the symposium.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6325/serving-science-and-society-into-the-new-millenium", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information: Two Volumes", abstract = "The launch of Sputnik caused a flurry of governmental activity in science information. The 1958 International Conference on Scientific Information (ICSI) was held in Washington from Nov. 16-21, 1958 and sponsored by NSF, NAS, and American Documentation Institute, the predecessor to the American Society for Information Science. In 1959, 20,000 copies of the two volume proceedings were published by NAS and included 75 papers (1600 pages) by dozens of pioneers from seven areas such as:\n\n Literature and reference needs of scientists\n Function and effectiveness of A & I services\n Effectiveness of Monographs, Compendia, and Specialized Centers\n Organization of information for storage and search: comparative characteristics of existing systems\n Organization of information for storage and retrospective search: intellectual problems and equipment considerations\n Organization of information for storage and retrospective search: possibility for a general theory\n Responsibilities of Government, Societies, Universities, and industry for improved information services and research.\n\nIt is now an out of print classic in the field of science information studies.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10866/proceedings-of-the-international-conference-on-scientific-information-two-volumes", year = 1959, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council and Institute of Medicine", editor = "Bernard Lo and Mary Ellen O'Connell", title = "Ethical Considerations for Research on Housing-Related Health Hazards Involving Children", isbn = "978-0-309-09726-0", abstract = "Ethical Considerations for Research on Housing-Related Health Hazards Involving Children\nexplores the ethical issues posed when conducting research designed to identify,\nunderstand, or ameliorate housing-related health hazards among children. Such\nresearch involves children as subjects and is conducted in the home and in communities.\nIt is often conducted with children in low-income families given the disproportionate\nprevalence of housing-related conditions such as lead poisoning, asthma,\nand fatal injuries among these children. This book emphasizes five key elements to\naddress the particular ethical concerns raised by these characteristics: involving the\naffected community in the research and responding to their concerns; ensuring that\nparents understand the essential elements of the research; adopting uniform federal\nguidelines for such research by all sponsors (Subpart D of 45 CFR 46); providing guidance\non key terms in the regulations; and viewing research oversight as a system with\nimportant roles for researchers, IRBs and their research institutions, sponsors and regulators\nof research, and the community.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11450/ethical-considerations-for-research-on-housing-related-health-hazards-involving-children", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward", isbn = "978-0-309-13130-8", abstract = "Scores of talented and dedicated people serve the forensic science community, performing vitally important work. However, they are often constrained by lack of adequate resources, sound policies, and national support. It is clear that change and advancements, both systematic and scientific, are needed in a number of forensic science disciplines to ensure the reliability of work, establish enforceable standards, and promote best practices with consistent application. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward provides a detailed plan for addressing these needs and suggests the creation of a new government entity, the National Institute of Forensic Science, to establish and enforce standards within the forensic science community.\nThe benefits of improving and regulating the forensic science disciplines are clear: assisting law enforcement officials, enhancing homeland security, and reducing the risk of wrongful conviction and exoneration. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States gives a full account of what is needed to advance the forensic science disciplines, including upgrading of systems and organizational structures, better training, widespread adoption of uniform and enforceable best practices, and mandatory certification and accreditation programs.\nWhile this book provides an essential call-to-action for congress and policy makers, it also serves as a vital tool for law enforcement agencies, criminal prosecutors and attorneys, and forensic science educators.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12589/strengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-path-forward", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Evaluation of Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties Methodology for Assessing and Certifying the Reliability of the Nuclear Stockpile", isbn = "978-0-309-12853-7", abstract = "Maintaining the capabilities of the nuclear weapons stockpile and performing the annual assessment for the stockpile's certification involves a wide range of processes, technologies, and expertise. An important and valuable framework helping to link those components is the quantification of margins and uncertainties (QMU) methodology.\nIn this book, the National Research Council evaluates:\n\n how the national security labs were using QMU, including any significant differences among the three labs\n its use in the annual assessment\n whether the applications of QMU to assess the proposed reliable replacement warhead (RRW) could reduce the likelihood of resuming underground nuclear testing\n\nThis book presents an assessment of each of these issues and includes findings and recommendations to help guide laboratory and NNSA implementation and development of the QMU framework. It also serves as a guide for congressional oversight of those activities.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12531/evaluation-of-quantification-of-margins-and-uncertainties-methodology-for-assessing-and-certifying-the-reliability-of-the-nuclear-stockpile", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Environmental Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty", isbn = "978-0-309-13034-9", abstract = "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is one of several federal agencies responsible for protecting Americans against significant risks to human health and the environment. As part of that mission, EPA estimates the nature, magnitude, and likelihood of risks to human health and the environment; identifies the potential regulatory actions that will mitigate those risks and protect public health1 and the environment; and uses that information to decide on appropriate regulatory action. Uncertainties, both qualitative and quantitative, in the data and analyses on which these decisions are based enter into the process at each step. As a result, the informed identification and use of the uncertainties inherent in the process is an essential feature of environmental decision making.\nEPA requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convene a committee to provide guidance to its decision makers and their partners in states and localities on approaches to managing risk in different contexts when uncertainty is present. It also sought guidance on how information on uncertainty should be presented to help risk managers make sound decisions and to increase transparency in its communications with the public about those decisions. Given that its charge is not limited to human health risk assessment and includes broad questions about managing risks and decision making, in this report the committee examines the analysis of uncertainty in those other areas in addition to human health risks. Environmental Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty explains the statement of task and summarizes the findings of the committee. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12568/environmental-decisions-in-the-face-of-uncertainty", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering", title = "Capitalizing on Investments in Science and Technology", isbn = "978-0-309-06291-6", abstract = "Although the United States is currently capitalizing on its investment in science and technology effectively, there remains much room for improvement. This volume identifies the ingredients for success in capitalizing on such investments to produce national benefits, assesses current U.S. performance, and identifies future challenges. The book cites specific examples and examines several cross-cutting issues. It explores the possibility that the national research portfolio is losing diversity as a result of less long-term research in critical fields such as networking and materials. It also examines the implications of imbalances in the supply of and demand for science and engineering talent in emerging interdisciplinary fields such as bioinformatics.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6442/capitalizing-on-investments-in-science-and-technology", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council", title = "Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology", isbn = "978-0-309-05347-1", abstract = "The United States faces a new challenge\u2014maintaining the vitality of its system for supporting science and technology despite fiscal stringency during the next several years. To address this change, the Senate Appropriations Committee requested a report from the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine to address \"the criteria that should be used in judging the appropriate allocation of funds to research and development activities; to examine the appropriate balance among different types of institutions that conduct such research; and to look at the means of assuring continued objectivity in the allocation process.\"\nIn this eagerly-awaited book, a committee of experts selected by the National Academies and the Institute responds with 13 recommendations that propose a new budgeting process and formulates a series of questions to address during that process. The committee also makes corollary recommendations about merit review, government oversight, linking research and development to government missions, the synergy between research and education, and other topics. The recommendations are aimed at rooting out obsolete and inadequate activities to free resources from good programs for even better ones, in the belief that \"science and technology will be at least as important in the future as they have been in the past in dealing with problems that confront the nation.\"\nThe authoring committee of this book was chaired by Frank Press, former President of the National Academy of Sciences (1981-1993) and Presidential Science and Technology Advisor (1977-1981).", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5040/allocating-federal-funds-for-science-and-technology", year = 1995, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Marilyn J. Field and Richard E. Behrman", title = "Ethical Conduct of Clinical Research Involving Children", isbn = "978-0-309-09181-7", abstract = "In recent decades, advances in biomedical research have helped save or\nlengthen the lives of children around the world. With improved therapies,\nchild and adolescent mortality rates have decreased significantly in the last\nhalf century. Despite these advances, pediatricians and others argue that\nchildren have not shared equally with adults in biomedical advances. Even\nthough we want children to benefit from the dramatic and accelerating\nrate of progress in medical care that has been fueled by scientific research,\nwe do not want to place children at risk of being harmed by participating\nin clinical studies.\nEthical Conduct of Clinical Research Involving Children considers the necessities\nand challenges of this type of research and reviews the ethical and\nlegal standards for conducting it. It also considers problems with the interpretation\nand application of these standards and conduct, concluding that\nwhile children should not be excluded from potentially beneficial clinical\nstudies, some research that is ethically permissible for adults is not acceptable\nfor children, who usually do not have the legal capacity or maturity to\nmake informed decisions about research participation. The book looks at\nthe need for appropriate pediatric expertise at all stages of the design,\nreview, and conduct of a research project to effectively implement policies\nto protect children. It argues persuasively that a robust system for protecting\nhuman research participants in general is a necessary foundation for\nprotecting child research participants in particular.\n \n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10958/ethical-conduct-of-clinical-research-involving-children", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "George R. Reinhart", title = "The Markey Scholars Conference: Proceedings", isbn = "978-0-309-09173-2", abstract = "This is the second of five reports to emerge from the evaluation of the Markey Trust. As part of this assessment, the NRC hosted a scientific conference for Markey Scholars and Visiting Fellows in Rio Grande, Puerto Rico on June 28-30, 2002. The purpose of the conference was to enable the Scholars and Fellows to share their research experiences, just as they did at the annual Scholars Conferences previously conducted by the Markey Trust. All of the attending Scholars and Fellows submitted abstracts of their poster sessions. Six scholars, along with other experts in the biomedical sciences, made formal presentations. These proceedings consist of shortened versions of the individual presentations and the poster session abstracts. \n\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11001/the-markey-scholars-conference-proceedings", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }