TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Geoffrey Evans A2 - Ann Bostrom A2 - Richard B. Johnston A2 - Barbara Loe Fisher A2 - Michael A. Stoto TI - Risk Communication and Vaccination: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/5861 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5861/risk-communication-and-vaccination-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK TI - Science Teacher Preparation in an Era of Standards-Based Reform DO - 10.17226/9078 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9078/science-teacher-preparation-in-an-era-of-standards-based-reform PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alan Lesgold A2 - Michael J. Feuer A2 - Allison M. Black TI - Transitions in Work and Learning: Implications for Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/5790 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5790/transitions-in-work-and-learning-implications-for-assessment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The dramatic shift in the American labor market away from manufacturing and the growing gap in earnings between high school and college graduates have contributed to a sense of alarm about the capacity of the nation's schools to supply adequately skilled graduates to the work force. The role that schools can or should play in preparing people to enter the world of work is hotly debated. In an effort to nurture the important and ongoing national dialogue on these issues, the Board on Testing and Assessment asked researchers and policymakers to engage in an interdisciplinary review and discussion of available data and implications for assessment policy. Transitions in Work and Learning considers the role of assessment in facilitating improved labor market transitions and life-long learning of American workers. It addresses the apparent mismatch between skill requirements of high-performance workplaces and skills acquired by students in school, the validity of existing assessment technologies to determine skills and competencies of persons entering various occupations, and ethical and legal issues in the implementation of new testing and certification programs. The book also examines the role of assessment in determining needed skills; developing ongoing education and training; and providing information to employers, prospective workers, and schools. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research SN - DO - 10.17226/5837 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5837/building-a-diverse-work-force-scientists-and-engineers-in-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Engineering and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation's Information Infrastructure SN - DO - 10.17226/5780 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5780/more-than-screen-deep-toward-every-citizen-interfaces-to-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - The national information infrastructure (NII) holds the promise of connecting people of all ages and descriptions—bringing them opportunities to interact with businesses, government agencies, entertainment sources, and social networks. Whether the NII fulfills this promise for everyone depends largely on interfaces—technologies by which people communicate with the computing systems of the NII. More Than Screen Deep addresses how to ensure NII access for every citizen, regardless of age, physical ability, race/ethnicity, education, ability, cognitive style, or economic level. This thoughtful document explores current issues and prioritizes research directions in creating interface technologies that accommodate every citizen's needs. The committee provides an overview of NII users, tasks, and environments and identifies the desired characteristics in every-citizen interfaces, from power and efficiency to an element of fun. The book explores: Technological advances that allow a person to communicate with a computer system. Methods for designing, evaluating, and improving interfaces to increase their ultimate utility to all people. Theories of communication and collaboration as they affect person-computer interactions and person-person interactions through the NII. Development of agents: intelligent computer systems that "understand" the user's needs and find the solutions. Offering data, examples, and expert commentary, More Than Screen Deep charts a path toward enabling the broadest-possible spectrum of citizens to interact easily and effectively with the NII. This volume will be important to policymakers, information system designers and engineers, human factors professionals, and advocates for special populations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Tactical Display for Soldiers: Human Factors Considerations SN - DO - 10.17226/5436 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5436/tactical-display-for-soldiers-human-factors-considerations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - This book examines the human factors issues associated with the development, testing, and implementation of helmet-mounted display technology in the 21st Century Land Warrior System. Because the framework of analysis is soldier performance with the system in the full range of environments and missions, the book discusses both the military context and the characteristics of the infantry soldiers who will use the system. The major issues covered include the positive and negative effects of such a display on the local and global situation awareness of the individual soldier, an analysis of the visual and psychomotor factors associated with each design feature, design considerations for auditory displays, and physical sources of stress and the implications of the display for affecting the soldier's workload. The book proposes an innovative approach to research and testing based on a three-stage strategy that begins in the laboratory, moves to controlled field studies, and culminates in operational testing. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Diane August A2 - Kenji Hakuta TI - Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children: A Research Agenda SN - DO - 10.17226/5286 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5286/improving-schooling-for-language-minority-children-a-research-agenda PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - How do we effectively teach children from homes in which a language other than English is spoken? In Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children, a committee of experts focuses on this central question, striving toward the construction of a strong and credible knowledge base to inform the activities of those who educate children as well as those who fund and conduct research. The book reviews a broad range of studies—from basic ones on language, literacy, and learning to others in educational settings. The committee proposes a research agenda that responds to issues of policy and practice yet maintains scientific integrity. This comprehensive volume provides perspective on the history of bilingual education in the United States; summarizes relevant research on development of a second language, literacy, and content knowledge; reviews past evaluation studies; explores what we know about effective schools and classrooms for these children; examines research on the education of teachers of culturally and linguistically diverse students; critically reviews the system for the collection of education statistics as it relates to this student population; and recommends changes in the infrastructure that supports research on these students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - William Rouse A2 - Nancy Kober A2 - Anne Mavor TI - The Case For Human Factors in Industry and Government: Report of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/5862 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5862/the-case-for-human-factors-in-industry-and-government-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Daniel Druckman A2 - Jerome E. Singer A2 - Harold Van Cott TI - Enhancing Organizational Performance SN - DO - 10.17226/5128 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5128/enhancing-organizational-performance PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Total quality management (TQM), reengineering, the workplace of the twenty-first century—the 1990s have brought a sense of urgency to organizations to change or face stagnation and decline, according to Enhancing Organizational Performance. Organizations are adopting popular management techniques, some scientific, some faddish, often without introducing them properly or adequately measuring the outcome. Enhancing Organizational Performance reviews the most popular current approaches to organizational change—total quality management, reengineering, and downsizing—in terms of how they affect organizations and people, how performance improvements can be measured, and what questions remain to be answered by researchers. The committee explores how theory, doctrine, accepted wisdom, and personal experience have all served as sources for organization design. Alternative organization structures such as teams, specialist networks, associations, and virtual organizations are examined. Enhancing Organizational Performance looks at the influence of the organization's norms, values, and beliefs—its culture—on people and their performance, identifying cultural "levers" available to organization leaders. And what is leadership? The committee sorts through a wealth of research to identify behaviors and skills related to leadership effectiveness. The volume examines techniques for developing these skills and suggests new competencies that will become required with globalization and other trends. Mergers, networks, alliances, coalitions—organizations are increasingly turning to new intra- and inter-organizational structures. Enhancing Organizational Performance discusses how organizations cooperate to maximize outcomes. The committee explores the changing missions of the U.S. Army as a case study that has relevance to any organization. Noting that a musical greeting card contains more computing power than existed in the entire world before 1950, the committee addresses the impact of new technologies on performance. With examples, insights, and practical criteria, Enhancing Organizational Performance clarifies the nature of organizations and the prospects for performance improvement. This book will be important to corporate leaders, executives, and managers; faculty and students in organizational performance and the social sciences; business journalists; researchers; and interested individuals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Air Traffic Control Facilities: Improving Methods to Determine Staffing Requirements: Improving Methods to Determine Staffing Requirements -- Special Report 250 DO - 10.17226/11391 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11391/air-traffic-control-facilities-improving-methods-to-determine-staffing-requirements PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Special Report 250 - Air Traffic Control Facilities: Improving Methods to Determine Staffing Requirements reviewes the methodologies by which Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) estimates and applies its staffing standards, examines the feasibility and cost of modifying agency staffing standards and developing alternative approaches for application to individual facilities, and recommends an improvement strategy.The appropriate level of staffing for air traffic control (ATC) has long been controversial. As a service of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), ATC is almost exclusively staffed by federal employees. Following the controller strike of 1981, which resulted in the firing of two-thirds of controllers, congressional concerns about staffing were focused primarily on the overall size and rebuilding of the workforce. During the 1990s, however, congressional concerns shifted to questions about whether staffing levels are appropriate at the agency’s highest traffic locations.FAA has long had difficulty staffing its ATC centers, terminal radar approach control facilities, and other terminal facilities in metropolitan areas such as New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. In addition to being the most demanding locations because of the volume and types of traffic that must be handled, they are among the areas with the highest cost of living. Concerns about stressful working conditions and the amount of overtime required of workers at these locations have been raised regularly by the controllers’ union and sometimes by members of Congress.In the aftermath of the controllers’ strike, FAA developed analytical models for estimating the number of specialists required to control traffic safely. The application of these models to particular locations became a source of controversy between FAA and the controllers’ union. The committee formed to examine whether these models were sufficiently accurate for estimating staffing levels at specific locations determined that they could not be relied upon for this purpose. The models provide a useful starting point, but the staffing estimates they produce need to be adjusted on the basis of both local conditions and the norms that exist across FAA’s workplaces. The committee recommended a process that FAA could follow to make these adjustments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Constance F. Citro A2 - Eric A. Hanushek TI - Assessing Policies for Retirement Income: Needs for Data, Research, and Models SN - DO - 10.17226/5420 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5420/assessing-policies-for-retirement-income-needs-for-data-research-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Industry and Labor AB - The retirement income security of older Americans and the cost of providing that security are increasingly the subject of major debate. This volume assesses what we know and recommends what we need to know to estimate the short- and long-term effects of policy alternatives. It details gaps in data and research and evaluates possible models to estimate the impact of policy changes that could affect retirement income from Social Security, pensions, personal savings, and other sources. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society SN - DO - 10.17226/4913 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4913/rediscovering-geography-new-relevance-for-science-and-society PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Earth Sciences AB - As political, economic, and environmental issues increasingly spread across the globe, the science of geography is being rediscovered by scientists, policymakers, and educators alike. Geography has been made a core subject in U.S. schools, and scientists from a variety of disciplines are using analytical tools originally developed by geographers. Rediscovering Geography presents a broad overview of geography's renewed importance in a changing world. Through discussions and highlighted case studies, this book illustrates geography's impact on international trade, environmental change, population growth, information infrastructure, the condition of cities, the spread of AIDS, and much more. The committee examines some of the more significant tools for data collection, storage, analysis, and display, with examples of major contributions made by geographers. Rediscovering Geography provides a blueprint for the future of the discipline, recommending how to strengthen its intellectual and institutional foundation and meet the demand for geographic expertise among professionals and the public. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - Deanna J. Richards TI - The Industrial Green Game: Implications for Environmental Design and Management SN - DO - 10.17226/4982 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4982/the-industrial-green-game-implications-for-environmental-design-and-management PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Industry and Labor AB - Industrial ecology is a concept that has emerged in response to growing public concern about the impact of industry on the environment. In this framework the natural flow (or circulation) of materials and energy that takes place in biological ecosystems becomes a model for more efficient industrial "metabolism." What industrial ecology is and how it may be applied to corporate environmentalism are the subject of The Industrial Green Game. This volume examines industrial circulation of materials, energy efficiency strategies, "green" accounting, life-cycle analysis, and other approaches for preventing pollution and improving performance. Corporate leaders report firsthand on "green" efforts at Ciba-Geigy, Volvo, Kennecott, and Norsk Hydro. And an update is provided on the award-winning industrial symbiosis project in Kalundborg, Denmark. The Industrial Green Game looks at issues of special concern to business, such as measuring and shaping public perceptions and marketing "green" products to consumers. It offers discussions of the appropriate roles of government and private business. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Biographical Memoirs: Volume 71 SN - DO - 10.17226/5737 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5737/biographical-memoirs-volume-71 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - Biographic Memoirs: Volume 71 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Edward N. Brandt, Jr. A2 - Andrew M. Pope TI - Enabling America: Assessing the Role of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering SN - DO - 10.17226/5799 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5799/enabling-america-assessing-the-role-of-rehabilitation-science-and-engineering PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The most recent high-profile advocate for Americans with disabilities, actor Christopher Reeve, has highlighted for the public the economic and social costs of disability and the importance of rehabilitation. Enabling America is a major analysis of the field of rehabilitation science and engineering. The book explains how to achieve recognition for this evolving field of study, how to set priorities, and how to improve the organization and administration of the numerous federal research programs in this area. The committee introduces the "enabling-disability process" model, which enhances the concepts of disability and rehabilitation, and reviews what is known and what research priorities are emerging in the areas of: Pathology and impairment, including differences between children and adults. Functional limitations—in a person's ability to eat or walk, for example. Disability as the interaction between a person's pathologies, impairments, and functional limitations and the surrounding physical and social environments. This landmark volume will be of special interest to anyone involved in rehabilitation science and engineering: federal policymakers, rehabilitation practitioners and administrators, researchers, and advocates for persons with disabilities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Lorraine M. McDonnell A2 - Margaret J. McLaughlin A2 - Patricia Morison TI - Educating One and All: Students with Disabilities and Standards-Based Reform SN - DO - 10.17226/5788 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5788/educating-one-and-all-students-with-disabilities-and-standards-based PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In the movement toward standards-based education, an important question stands out: How will this reform affect the 10% of school-aged children who have disabilities and thus qualify for special education? In Educating One and All, an expert committee addresses how to reconcile common learning for all students with individualized education for "one"—the unique student. The book makes recommendations to states and communities that have adopted standards-based reform and that seek policies and practices to make reform consistent with the requirements of special education. The committee explores the ideas, implementation issues, and legislative initiatives behind the tradition of special education for people with disabilities. It investigates the policy and practice implications of the current reform movement toward high educational standards for all students. Educating One and All examines the curricula and expected outcomes of standards-based education and the educational experience of students with disabilities—and identifies points of alignment between the two areas. The volume documents the diverse population of students with disabilities and their school experiences. Because approaches to assessment and accountability are key to standards-based reforms, the committee analyzes how assessment systems currently address students with disabilities, including testing accommodations. The book addresses legal and resource implications, as well as parental participation in children's education. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Science for All Children: A Guide to Improving Elementary Science Education in Your School District SN - DO - 10.17226/4964 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4964/science-for-all-children-a-guide-to-improving-elementary-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Remember the first time you planted a seed and watched it sprout? Or explored how a magnet attracted a nail? If these questions bring back memories of joy and wonder, then you understand the idea behind inquiry-based science—an approach to science education that challenges children to ask questions, solve problems, and develop scientific skills as well as gain knowledge. Inquiry-based science is based on research and experience, both of which confirm that children learn science best when they engage in hands-on science activities rather than read from a textbook. The recent National Science Education Standards prepared by the National Research Council call for a revolution in science education. They stress that the science taught must be based on active inquiry and that science should become a core activity in every grade, starting in kindergarten. This easy-to-read and practical book shows how to bring about the changes recommended in the standards. It provides guidelines for planning and implementing an inquiry-based science program in any school district. The book is divided into three parts. "Building a Foundation for Change," presents a rationale for inquiry-based science and describes how teaching through inquiry supports the way children naturally learn. It concludes with basic guidelines for planning a program. School administrators, teachers, and parents will be especially interested in the second part, "The Nuts and Bolts of Change." This section describes the five building blocks of an elementary science program: Community and administrative support. A developmentally appropriate curriculum. Opportunities for professional development. Materials support. Appropriate assessment tools. Together, these five elements provide a working model of how to implement hands-on science. The third part, "Inquiry-Centered Science in Practice," presents profiles of the successful inquiry-based science programs in districts nationwide. These profiles show how the principles of hands-on science can be adapted to different school settings. If you want to improve the way science is taught in the elementary schools in your community, Science for All Children is an indispensable resource. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 2: Technology SN - DO - 10.17226/5863 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5863/technology-for-the-united-states-navy-and-marine-corps-2000-2035-becoming-a-21st-century-force PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The future national security environment will present the naval forces with operational challenges that can best be met through the development of military capabilities that effectively leverage rapidly advancing technologies in many areas. The panel envisions a world where the naval forces will perform missions in the future similar to those they have historically undertaken. These missions will continue to include sea control, deterrence, power projection, sea lift, and so on. The missions will be accomplished through the use of platforms (ships, submarines, aircraft, and spacecraft), weapons (guns, missiles, bombs, torpedoes, and information), manpower, materiel, tactics, and processes (acquisition, logistics,and so on.). Accordingly, the Panel on Technology attempted to identify those technologies that will be of greatest importance to the future operations of the naval forces and to project trends in their development out to the year 2035. The primary objective of the panel was to determine which are the most critical technologies for the Department of the Navy to pursue to ensure U.S. dominance in future naval operations and to determine the future trends in these technologies and their impact on Navy and Marine Corps superiority. A vision of future naval operations ensued from this effort. These technologies form the base from which products, platforms, weapons, and capabilities are built. By combining multiple technologies with their future attributes, new systems and subsystems can be envisioned. Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035 Becoming a 21st-Century Force:Volume 2: Technology indentifies those technologies that are unique to the naval forces and whose development the Department of the Navy clearly must fund, as well as commercially dominated technologies that the panel believes the Navy and Marine Corps must learn to adapt as quickly as possible to naval applications. Since the development of many of the critical technologies is becoming global in nature, some consideration is given to foreign capabilities and trends as a way to assess potential adversaries' capabilities. Finally, the panel assessed the current state of the science and technology (S&T) establishment and processes within the Department of the Navy and makes recommendations that would improve the efficiency and effectiveness of this vital area. The panel's findings and recommendations are presented in this report. ER -