TY - BOOK A2 - Diane August A2 - Kenji Hakuta TI - Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children: A Research Agenda SN - DO - 10.17226/5286 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5286/improving-schooling-for-language-minority-children-a-research-agenda PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - How do we effectively teach children from homes in which a language other than English is spoken? In Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children, a committee of experts focuses on this central question, striving toward the construction of a strong and credible knowledge base to inform the activities of those who educate children as well as those who fund and conduct research. The book reviews a broad range of studies—from basic ones on language, literacy, and learning to others in educational settings. The committee proposes a research agenda that responds to issues of policy and practice yet maintains scientific integrity. This comprehensive volume provides perspective on the history of bilingual education in the United States; summarizes relevant research on development of a second language, literacy, and content knowledge; reviews past evaluation studies; explores what we know about effective schools and classrooms for these children; examines research on the education of teachers of culturally and linguistically diverse students; critically reviews the system for the collection of education statistics as it relates to this student population; and recommends changes in the infrastructure that supports research on these students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - James P. Smith A2 - Barry Edmonston TI - The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration SN - DO - 10.17226/5779 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5779/the-new-americans-economic-demographic-and-fiscal-effects-of-immigration PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - This book sheds light on one of the most controversial issues of the decade. It identifies the economic gains and losses from immigration—for the nation, states, and local areas—and provides a foundation for public discussion and policymaking. Three key questions are explored: What is the influence of immigration on the overall economy, especially national and regional labor markets? What are the overall effects of immigration on federal, state, and local government budgets? What effects will immigration have on the future size and makeup of the nation's population over the next 50 years? The New Americans examines what immigrants gain by coming to the United States and what they contribute to the country, the skills of immigrants and those of native-born Americans, the experiences of immigrant women and other groups, and much more. It offers examples of how to measure the impact of immigration on government revenues and expenditures—estimating one year's fiscal impact in California, New Jersey, and the United States and projecting the long-run fiscal effects on government revenues and expenditures. Also included is background information on immigration policies and practices and data on where immigrants come from, what they do in America, and how they will change the nation's social fabric in the decades to come. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Humanities Doctorates in the United States: 1995 Profile SN - DO - 10.17226/5840 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5840/humanities-doctorates-in-the-united-states-1995-profile PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Industry and Labor ER - TY - BOOK TI - International Benchmarking of US Mathematics Research DO - 10.17226/9089 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9089/international-benchmarking-of-us-mathematics-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics ER - TY - BOOK TI - Preparing for the 21st Century: The Education Imperative DO - 10.17226/9537 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9537/preparing-for-the-21st-century-the-education-imperative PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council TI - Controlling Dangerous Pathogens: A Blueprint for U.S.-Russian Cooperation: A Report to the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program of the U.S. Department of Defense DO - 10.17226/9471 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9471/controlling-dangerous-pathogens-a-blueprint-for-us-russian-cooperation-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Science Teaching Reconsidered: A Handbook SN - DO - 10.17226/5287 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5287/science-teaching-reconsidered-a-handbook PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Effective science teaching requires creativity, imagination, and innovation. In light of concerns about American science literacy, scientists and educators have struggled to teach this discipline more effectively. Science Teaching Reconsidered provides undergraduate science educators with a path to understanding students, accommodating their individual differences, and helping them grasp the methods—and the wonder—of science. What impact does teaching style have? How do I plan a course curriculum? How do I make lectures, classes, and laboratories more effective? How can I tell what students are thinking? Why don't they understand? This handbook provides productive approaches to these and other questions. Written by scientists who are also educators, the handbook offers suggestions for having a greater impact in the classroom and provides resources for further research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Preparing For the 2000 Census: Interim Report II SN - DO - 10.17226/5886 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5886/preparing-for-the-2000-census-interim-report-ii PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alexandra Beatty TI - Taking Stock: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/5938 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5938/taking-stock-summary-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alan Lesgold A2 - Michael J. Feuer A2 - Allison M. Black TI - Transitions in Work and Learning: Implications for Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/5790 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5790/transitions-in-work-and-learning-implications-for-assessment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The dramatic shift in the American labor market away from manufacturing and the growing gap in earnings between high school and college graduates have contributed to a sense of alarm about the capacity of the nation's schools to supply adequately skilled graduates to the work force. The role that schools can or should play in preparing people to enter the world of work is hotly debated. In an effort to nurture the important and ongoing national dialogue on these issues, the Board on Testing and Assessment asked researchers and policymakers to engage in an interdisciplinary review and discussion of available data and implications for assessment policy. Transitions in Work and Learning considers the role of assessment in facilitating improved labor market transitions and life-long learning of American workers. It addresses the apparent mismatch between skill requirements of high-performance workplaces and skills acquired by students in school, the validity of existing assessment technologies to determine skills and competencies of persons entering various occupations, and ethical and legal issues in the implementation of new testing and certification programs. The book also examines the role of assessment in determining needed skills; developing ongoing education and training; and providing information to employers, prospective workers, and schools. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Lorraine M. McDonnell A2 - Margaret J. McLaughlin A2 - Patricia Morison TI - Educating One and All: Students with Disabilities and Standards-Based Reform SN - DO - 10.17226/5788 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5788/educating-one-and-all-students-with-disabilities-and-standards-based PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In the movement toward standards-based education, an important question stands out: How will this reform affect the 10% of school-aged children who have disabilities and thus qualify for special education? In Educating One and All, an expert committee addresses how to reconcile common learning for all students with individualized education for "one"—the unique student. The book makes recommendations to states and communities that have adopted standards-based reform and that seek policies and practices to make reform consistent with the requirements of special education. The committee explores the ideas, implementation issues, and legislative initiatives behind the tradition of special education for people with disabilities. It investigates the policy and practice implications of the current reform movement toward high educational standards for all students. Educating One and All examines the curricula and expected outcomes of standards-based education and the educational experience of students with disabilities—and identifies points of alignment between the two areas. The volume documents the diverse population of students with disabilities and their school experiences. Because approaches to assessment and accountability are key to standards-based reforms, the committee analyzes how assessment systems currently address students with disabilities, including testing accommodations. The book addresses legal and resource implications, as well as parental participation in children's education. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Biographical Memoirs: Volume 72 SN - DO - 10.17226/5859 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5859/biographical-memoirs-volume-72 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - Biographic Memoirs: Volume 72 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 2: Use of the Gray Literature and Other Data in Environmental Epidemiology SN - DO - 10.17226/5804 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5804/environmental-epidemiology-volume-2-use-of-the-gray-literature-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - Determining the health risks to humans of exposure to toxic substances in the environment is made difficult by problems such as measuring the degree to which people have been exposed and determining causation—whether observed health effects are due to exposure to a suspected toxicant. Building on the well-received first volume, Environmental Epidemiology: Hazardous Wastes and Public Health, this second volume continues the examination of ways to address these difficulties. It describes effective epidemiological methods for analyzing data and focuses on errors that may occur in the course of analyses. The book also investigates the utility of the gray literature in helping to identify the often elusive causative agent behind reported health effects. Although gray literature studies are often based on a study group that is quite small, use inadequate measures of exposure, and are not published, many of the reports from about 20 states that were examined by the committee were judged to be publishable with some additional work. The committee makes recommendations to improve the utility of the gray literature by enhancing quality and availability. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Biographical Memoirs: Volume 71 SN - DO - 10.17226/5737 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5737/biographical-memoirs-volume-71 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - Biographic Memoirs: Volume 71 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Linda G. Martin A2 - Beth J. Soldo TI - Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Health of Older Americans SN - DO - 10.17226/5237 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5237/racial-and-ethnic-differences-in-the-health-of-older-americans PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - Older Americans, even the oldest, can now expect to live years longer than those who reached the same ages even a few decades ago. Although survival has improved for all racial and ethnic groups, strong differences persist, both in life expectancy and in the causes of disability and death at older ages. This book examines trends in mortality rates and selected causes of disability (cardiovascular disease, dementia) for older people of different racial and ethnic groups. The determinants of these trends and differences are also investigated, including differences in access to health care and experiences in early life, diet, health behaviors, genetic background, social class, wealth and income. Groups often neglected in analyses of national data, such as the elderly Hispanic and Asian Americans of different origin and immigrant generations, are compared. The volume provides understanding of research bearing on the health status and survival of the fastest-growing segment of the American population. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Science for All Children: A Guide to Improving Elementary Science Education in Your School District SN - DO - 10.17226/4964 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4964/science-for-all-children-a-guide-to-improving-elementary-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Remember the first time you planted a seed and watched it sprout? Or explored how a magnet attracted a nail? If these questions bring back memories of joy and wonder, then you understand the idea behind inquiry-based science—an approach to science education that challenges children to ask questions, solve problems, and develop scientific skills as well as gain knowledge. Inquiry-based science is based on research and experience, both of which confirm that children learn science best when they engage in hands-on science activities rather than read from a textbook. The recent National Science Education Standards prepared by the National Research Council call for a revolution in science education. They stress that the science taught must be based on active inquiry and that science should become a core activity in every grade, starting in kindergarten. This easy-to-read and practical book shows how to bring about the changes recommended in the standards. It provides guidelines for planning and implementing an inquiry-based science program in any school district. The book is divided into three parts. "Building a Foundation for Change," presents a rationale for inquiry-based science and describes how teaching through inquiry supports the way children naturally learn. It concludes with basic guidelines for planning a program. School administrators, teachers, and parents will be especially interested in the second part, "The Nuts and Bolts of Change." This section describes the five building blocks of an elementary science program: Community and administrative support. A developmentally appropriate curriculum. Opportunities for professional development. Materials support. Appropriate assessment tools. Together, these five elements provide a working model of how to implement hands-on science. The third part, "Inquiry-Centered Science in Practice," presents profiles of the successful inquiry-based science programs in districts nationwide. These profiles show how the principles of hands-on science can be adapted to different school settings. If you want to improve the way science is taught in the elementary schools in your community, Science for All Children is an indispensable resource. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation's Information Infrastructure SN - DO - 10.17226/5780 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5780/more-than-screen-deep-toward-every-citizen-interfaces-to-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - The national information infrastructure (NII) holds the promise of connecting people of all ages and descriptions—bringing them opportunities to interact with businesses, government agencies, entertainment sources, and social networks. Whether the NII fulfills this promise for everyone depends largely on interfaces—technologies by which people communicate with the computing systems of the NII. More Than Screen Deep addresses how to ensure NII access for every citizen, regardless of age, physical ability, race/ethnicity, education, ability, cognitive style, or economic level. This thoughtful document explores current issues and prioritizes research directions in creating interface technologies that accommodate every citizen's needs. The committee provides an overview of NII users, tasks, and environments and identifies the desired characteristics in every-citizen interfaces, from power and efficiency to an element of fun. The book explores: Technological advances that allow a person to communicate with a computer system. Methods for designing, evaluating, and improving interfaces to increase their ultimate utility to all people. Theories of communication and collaboration as they affect person-computer interactions and person-person interactions through the NII. Development of agents: intelligent computer systems that "understand" the user's needs and find the solutions. Offering data, examples, and expert commentary, More Than Screen Deep charts a path toward enabling the broadest-possible spectrum of citizens to interact easily and effectively with the NII. This volume will be important to policymakers, information system designers and engineers, human factors professionals, and advocates for special populations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - H. Norman Abramson A2 - Jose Encarnacao A2 - Proctor P. Reid A2 - Ulrich Schmoch TI - Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany: Lessons and Perspectives SN - DO - 10.17226/5271 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5271/technology-transfer-systems-in-the-united-states-and-germany-lessons PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - This book explores major similarities and differences in the structure, conduct, and performance of the national technology transfer systems of Germany and the United States. It maps the technology transfer landscape in each country in detail, uses case studies to examine the dynamics of technology transfer in four major technology areas, and identifies areas and opportunities for further mutual learning between the two national systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Janet S. Hansen A2 - Clinton V. Oster, Jr. TI - Taking Flight: Education and Training for Aviation Careers SN - DO - 10.17226/5433 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5433/taking-flight-education-and-training-for-aviation-careers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - The commercial aviation industry is a major part of the U.S. transportation infrastructure and a key contributor to the nation's economy. The industry is facing the effects of a reduced role by the military as a source of high-quality trained personnel, particularly pilots and mechanics. At the same time, it is facing the challenges of a changing American workforce. This book is a study of the civilian training and education programs needed to satisfy the work-force requirements of the commercial aviation industry in the year 2000 and beyond, with particular emphasis on issues related to access to aviation careers by women and minorities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Richard S. Dick A2 - Elaine B. Steen A2 - Don E. Detmer TI - The Computer-Based Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Health Care, Revised Edition SN - DO - 10.17226/5306 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5306/the-computer-based-patient-record-an-essential-technology-for-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Most industries have plunged into data automation, but health care organizations have lagged in moving patients' medical records from paper to computers. In its first edition, this book presented a blueprint for introducing the computer-based patient record (CPR). The revised edition adds new information to the original book. One section describes recent developments, including the creation of a computer-based patient record institute. An international chapter highlights what is new in this still-emerging technology. An expert committee explores the potential of machine-readable CPRs to improve diagnostic and care decisions, provide a database for policymaking, and much more, addressing these key questions: Who uses patient records? What technology is available and what further research is necessary to meet users' needs? What should government, medical organizations, and others do to make the transition to CPRs? The volume also explores such issues as privacy and confidentiality, costs, the need for training, legal barriers to CPRs, and other key topics. ER -