%0 Book %A National Research Council %E Hakuta, Kenji %E Beatty, Alexandra %T Testing English-Language Learners in U.S. Schools: Report and Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-07297-7 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9998/testing-english-language-learners-in-us-schools-report-and-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9998/testing-english-language-learners-in-us-schools-report-and-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 57 %X The Committee on Educational Excellence and Testing Equity was created under the auspices of the National Research Council (NRC), and specifically under the oversight of the Board on Testing and Assessment (BOTA). The committee's charge is to explore the challenges that face U.S. schools as they work to achieve the related goals of academic excellence and equity for all students. This report provides not only the summary of a workshop held by the forum on the testing of English-language learners (students learning English as an additional language) in U.S. schools, but also a report on the committee's conclusions derived from that workshop and from subsequent deliberations. %0 Book %T Cooperation in the Energy Futures of China and the United States--Chinese Version %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9962/cooperation-in-the-energy-futures-of-china-and-the-united-states-chinese-version %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9962/cooperation-in-the-energy-futures-of-china-and-the-united-states-chinese-version %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 116 %0 Book %T Letter Report to the Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9880/letter-report-to-the-office-for-civil-rights-department-of-education %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9880/letter-report-to-the-office-for-civil-rights-department-of-education %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 7 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E DeVito, Pasquale J. %E Koenig, Judith A. %T Reporting District-Level NAEP Data: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-06893-2 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9768/reporting-district-level-naep-data-summary-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9768/reporting-district-level-naep-data-summary-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 65 %X The National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) has earned a reputation as one of the nation's best measures of student achievement in key subject areas. Since its inception in 1969, NAEP has summarized academic performance for the nation as a whole and, beginning in 1990, for the individual states. Increasingly, NAEP results get the attention of the press, the public, and policy makers. With this increasing prominence have come calls for reporting NAEP results below the national and state levels. Some education leaders argue that NAEP can provide important and useful information to local educators and policy makers. They want NAEP to serve as a district-level indicator of educational progress and call for NAEP results to be summarized at the school district level. Reporting District-Level NAEP Data explores with various stakeholders their interest in and perceptions regarding the likely impacts of district level reporting. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards: A Guide for Teaching and Learning %@ 978-0-309-06476-7 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9596/inquiry-and-the-national-science-education-standards-a-guide-for %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9596/inquiry-and-the-national-science-education-standards-a-guide-for %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 222 %X Humans, especially children, are naturally curious. Yet, people often balk at the thought of learning science—the "eyes glazed over" syndrome. Teachers may find teaching science a major challenge in an era when science ranges from the hardly imaginable quark to the distant, blazing quasar. Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards is the book that educators have been waiting for—a practical guide to teaching inquiry and teaching through inquiry, as recommended by the National Science Education Standards. This will be an important resource for educators who must help school boards, parents, and teachers understand "why we can't teach the way we used to." "Inquiry" refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and in which students grasp science knowledge and the methods by which that knowledge is produced. This book explains and illustrates how inquiry helps students learn science content, master how to do science, and understand the nature of science. This book explores the dimensions of teaching and learning science as inquiry for K-12 students across a range of science topics. Detailed examples help clarify when teachers should use the inquiry-based approach and how much structure, guidance, and coaching they should provide. The book dispels myths that may have discouraged educators from the inquiry-based approach and illuminates the subtle interplay between concepts, processes, and science as it is experienced in the classroom. Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards shows how to bring the standards to life, with features such as classroom vignettes exploring different kinds of inquiries for elementary, middle, and high school and Frequently Asked Questions for teachers, responding to common concerns such as obtaining teaching supplies. Turning to assessment, the committee discusses why assessment is important, looks at existing schemes and formats, and addresses how to involve students in assessing their own learning achievements. In addition, this book discusses administrative assistance, communication with parents, appropriate teacher evaluation, and other avenues to promoting and supporting this new teaching paradigm. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Hewitt, Maria %T Interpreting the Volume-Outcome Relationship in the Context of Health Care Quality: Workshop Summary %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10005/interpreting-the-volume-outcome-relationship-in-the-context-of-health-care-quality %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10005/interpreting-the-volume-outcome-relationship-in-the-context-of-health-care-quality %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 127 %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers: A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies %@ 978-0-309-06996-0 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9831/enhancing-the-postdoctoral-experience-for-scientists-and-engineers-a-guide %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9831/enhancing-the-postdoctoral-experience-for-scientists-and-engineers-a-guide %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 210 %X The concept of postdoctoral training came to science and engineering about a century ago. Since the 1960s, the performance of research in the United States has increasingly relied on these recent PhDs who work on a full-time, but on a temporary basis, to gain additional research experience in preparation for a professional research career. Such experiences are increasingly seen as central to careers in research, but for many, the postdoctoral experience falls short of expectations. Some postdocs indicate that they have not received the recognition, standing or compensation that is commensurate with their experience and skills. Is this the case? If so, how can the postdoctoral experience be enhanced for the over 40,000 individuals who hold these positions at university, government, and industry laboratories? This new book offers its assessment of the postdoctoral experience and provides principles, action points, and recommendations for enhancing that experience. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Safe Work in the 21st Century: Education and Training Needs for the Next Decade's Occupational Safety and Health Personnel %@ 978-0-309-07026-3 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9835/safe-work-in-the-21st-century-education-and-training-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9835/safe-work-in-the-21st-century-education-and-training-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 264 %X Despite many advances, 20 American workers die each day as a result of occupational injuries. And occupational safety and health (OSH) is becoming even more complex as workers move away from the long-term, fixed-site, employer relationship. This book looks at worker safety in the changing workplace and the challenge of ensuring a supply of top-notch OSH professionals. Recommendations are addressed to federal and state agencies, OSH organizations, educational institutions, employers, unions, and other stakeholders. The committee reviews trends in workforce demographics, the nature of work in the information age, globalization of work, and the revolution in health care delivery—exploring the implications for OSH education and training in the decade ahead. The core professions of OSH (occupational safety, industrial hygiene, and occupational medicine and nursing) and key related roles (employee assistance professional, ergonomist, and occupational health psychologist) are profiled—how many people are in the field, where they work, and what they do. The book reviews in detail the education, training, and education grants available to OSH professionals from public and private sources. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Bridging Boundaries Through Regional Marine Research %@ 978-0-309-06832-1 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9772/bridging-boundaries-through-regional-marine-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9772/bridging-boundaries-through-regional-marine-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 128 %X As appreciation of the interdisciplinary and multidimensional character of environmental issues has increased, there have been attempts to address regional needs more directly. One of these, the Regional Marine Research Program (RMRP), was established by Congress in 1990 to provide a mechanism to fund coastal marine research based on regionally-defined priorities. The RMRP legislation established a system of nine regional marine research boards around the United States. Each board was responsible for planning marine research to address issues of water quality and ecosystem health on a regional scale. Although all nine regions received funding for planning activities and development of a research plan, only the Gulf of Maine RMRP received funding for program implementation. The completion of the Gulf of Maine program, in 1997, presents an opportunity to evaluate whether the process for planning and managing the Gulf of Maine research was adequate, whether the research fulfilled the goals of the program, and whether this experience should serve as a model for similar regional programs elsewhere. Bridging Boundaries through Regional Marine Research is a study of the RMRP, with a specific review of the Gulf of Maine program as well as an assessment of other modesl for regional marine research. This report assesses the need for regional marine research,reviews processes by which regional marine research needs can be defined, and discusses existing programs for regional marine research in the United States. It also identifies short- and long-term approaches that might be taken by NOAA. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Surviving Supply Chain Integration: Strategies for Small Manufacturers %@ 978-0-309-06878-9 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6369/surviving-supply-chain-integration-strategies-for-small-manufacturers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6369/surviving-supply-chain-integration-strategies-for-small-manufacturers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 162 %X The managed flow of goods and information from raw material to final sale also known as a "supply chain" affects everything—from the U.S. gross domestic product to where you can buy your jeans. The nature of a company's supply chain has a significant effect on its success or failure—as in the success of Dell Computer's make-to-order system and the failure of General Motor's vertical integration during the 1998 United Auto Workers strike. Supply Chain Integration looks at this crucial component of business at a time when product design, manufacture, and delivery are changing radically and globally. This book explores the benefits of continuously improving the relationship between the firm, its suppliers, and its customers to ensure the highest added value. This book identifies the state-of-the-art developments that contribute to the success of vertical tiers of suppliers and relates these developments to the capabilities that small and medium-sized manufacturers must have to be viable participants in this system. Strategies for attaining these capabilities through manufacturing extension centers and other technical assistance providers at the national, state, and local level are suggested. This book identifies action steps for small and medium-sized manufacturers—the "seed corn" of business start-up and development—to improve supply chain management. The book examines supply chain models from consultant firms, universities, manufacturers, and associations. Topics include the roles of suppliers and other supply chain participants, the rise of outsourcing, the importance of information management, the natural tension between buyer and seller, sources of assistance to small and medium-sized firms, and a host of other issues. Supply Chain Integration will be of interest to industry policymakers, economists, researchers, business leaders, and forward-thinking executives. %0 Book %E Berenbaum, May R. %T Buzzwords: A Scientist Muses on Sex, Bugs, and Rock 'n' Roll %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9744/buzzwords-a-scientist-muses-on-sex-bugs-and-rock-n %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9744/buzzwords-a-scientist-muses-on-sex-bugs-and-rock-n %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Agriculture %P 318 %X What sort of person devotes their life to the study of bugs? How do you picture your average, every-day entomologist? "I've been photographed on several occasions," writes author May Berenbaum, "and it seems that every time, photographers ask me to pose in one of three ways: seated in front of a microscope, with an insect (usually a cockroach) on my face, or with an insect net clutched in my hand." In Buzzwords, Berenbaum expertly blows away these stereotypes with short takes on all things entomological—from the story of a pet ant kept for 14 years to major motion pictures featuring cockroaches. Buzzwords showcases the Best of Berenbaum, a selection from her humor column in the American Entomologist professional journal, accompanied by a number of original pieces written for this book. "I know people are reading these columns," she notes, "because they write me letters that point out all the mistakes I've made!" The book comes in four parts: How entomologists see insects, including their view of a U.S. government plan to eradicate illicit coca fields by dropping caterpillars from airplanes. How the rest of the world sees insects, with Berenbaum's proposed classificatory scheme for placing Spider Man, Firefly, and other cartoon superheroes into well-defined taxa. How entomologists view themselves—featuring Bambi Berenbaum, a gorgeous entomologist created for an episode of TV's popular "The X-Files," whose character was inspired when the scriptwriter consulted Berenbaum's books. How entomologists see their colleagues, with various views on scholarly citation, motion sickness, and more. Along the way are some thought-provoking observations—for example, about the impact of television on public knowledge of science. In one poll, Berenbaum writes, 35% of adults said they believed that prehistoric humans coexisted with dinosaurs, a la the Flintstones. Berenbaum even takes on the controversy over alternative medicine, fearlessly purchasing Chinese medicinal insects during a professional trip to Vancouver, which also happened to be her honeymoon. "Okay, so maybe giving two talks at an International Congress of Entomology is not everybody's idea of a romantic honeymoon venue, but it seemed like a good idea at the time." Berenbaum is a noted scientist in a field that doesn't always gets the respect it deserves, but she shows us that there's a fun and even freaky side of life with insects. While working on the University of Illinois' annual Insect Fear Film Festival she received a letter from a "crush freak" who waxed lyrical about a young, sexy babe with a size 9 or 10 shoe. Berenbaum writes, "On the one hand, it's almost gratifying to think that insect pest management can arouse people's interest to such an extreme extent. On the other hand, it has convinced me not to list my shoe size in the biographical sketch of my next book." Readers will appreciate learning how the word "shloop" was introduced to the medical literature when physicians used a metal suction tip to remove a cockroach from a patient's ear canal, and how one investigator named a series of subspecies bobana, cocana, dodana, and so forth, "anticipating by 60 years the song, 'The Name Game,' by Shirley Ellis." Although you'll chuckle all the way, Berenbaum has the last laugh, giving powerful lessons in the spectacular diversity of the insect world and the nature of scientific discovery, cleverly packaged as witty observations on subjects far and wide. If you're a scientist or you like reading about science—better yet, if you've ever found a fly in your soup (or worried that you might have unknowingly just slurped one down with your tomato bisque—this book is for you. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Stern, Paul C. %E Carstensen, Laura L. %T The Aging Mind: Opportunities in Cognitive Research %@ 978-0-309-06940-3 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9783/the-aging-mind-opportunities-in-cognitive-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9783/the-aging-mind-opportunities-in-cognitive-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 288 %X Possible new breakthroughs in understanding the aging mind that can be used to benefit older people are now emerging from research. This volume identifies the key scientific advances and the opportunities they bring. For example, science has learned that among older adults who do not suffer from Alzheimer's disease or other dementias, cognitive decline may depend less on loss of brain cells than on changes in the health of neurons and neural networks. Research on the processes that maintain neural health shows promise of revealing new ways to promote cognitive functioning in older people. Research is also showing how cognitive functioning depends on the conjunction of biology and culture. The ways older people adapt to changes in their nervous systems, and perhaps the changes themselves, are shaped by past life experiences, present living situations, changing motives, cultural expectations, and emerging technology, as well as by their physical health status and sensory-motor capabilities. Improved understanding of how physical and contextual factors interact can help explain why some cognitive functions are impaired in aging while others are spared and why cognitive capability is impaired in some older adults and spared in others. On the basis of these exciting findings, the report makes specific recommends that the U.S. government support three major new initiatives as the next steps for research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Tests and Teaching Quality: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-06946-5 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9788/tests-and-teaching-quality-interim-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9788/tests-and-teaching-quality-interim-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 50 %X Improving the quality of teaching in elementary and secondary schools is now high on the nation's educational policy agenda. Policy makers at the state and federal levels have focused on initiatives designed to improve the abilities of teachers already in schools and increase the numbers of well-qualified teachers available to fill current and future vacancies. Tests and Teaching Quality is an interim report of a study investigating the technical, educational, and legal issues surrounding the use of tests for licensing teachers. This report focuses on existing tests and their use. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Experiments in International Benchmarking of US Research Fields %@ 978-0-309-06898-7 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9784/experiments-in-international-benchmarking-of-us-research-fields %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9784/experiments-in-international-benchmarking-of-us-research-fields %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 316 %X How can the federal government gauge the overall health of scientific research—as a whole and in its parts—and determine whether national funding adequately supports national research objectives? It is feasible to monitor US performance with field-by-field peer assessments. This might be done through the establishment of independent panels consisting of researchers who work in a field, individuals who work in closely related fields, and research "users" who follow the field closely. Some of these individuals should be outstanding foreign scientists in the field being examined. This technique of comparative international assessments is also known as international benchmarking. Experiments in International Benchmarking of U.S. Research Fields evaluates the feasibility and utility of the benchmarking technique. In order to do this, the report internationally benchmarks three fields: mathematics, immunology, and materials science and engineering, then summarizes the results of these experiments. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Kohn, Linda T. %E Corrigan, Janet M. %E Donaldson, Molla S. %T To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System %@ 978-0-309-26174-6 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9728/to-err-is-human-building-a-safer-health-system %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9728/to-err-is-human-building-a-safer-health-system %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 312 %X Experts estimate that as many as 98,000 people die in any given year from medical errors that occur in hospitals. That's more than die from motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer, or AIDS—three causes that receive far more public attention. Indeed, more people die annually from medication errors than from workplace injuries. Add the financial cost to the human tragedy, and medical error easily rises to the top ranks of urgent, widespread public problems. To Err Is Human breaks the silence that has surrounded medical errors and their consequence—but not by pointing fingers at caring health care professionals who make honest mistakes. After all, to err is human. Instead, this book sets forth a national agenda—with state and local implications—for reducing medical errors and improving patient safety through the design of a safer health system. This volume reveals the often startling statistics of medical error and the disparity between the incidence of error and public perception of it, given many patients' expectations that the medical profession always performs perfectly. A careful examination is made of how the surrounding forces of legislation, regulation, and market activity influence the quality of care provided by health care organizations and then looks at their handling of medical mistakes. Using a detailed case study, the book reviews the current understanding of why these mistakes happen. A key theme is that legitimate liability concerns discourage reporting of errors—which begs the question, "How can we learn from our mistakes?" Balancing regulatory versus market-based initiatives and public versus private efforts, the Institute of Medicine presents wide-ranging recommendations for improving patient safety, in the areas of leadership, improved data collection and analysis, and development of effective systems at the level of direct patient care. To Err Is Human asserts that the problem is not bad people in health care—it is that good people are working in bad systems that need to be made safer. Comprehensive and straightforward, this book offers a clear prescription for raising the level of patient safety in American health care. It also explains how patients themselves can influence the quality of care that they receive once they check into the hospital. This book will be vitally important to federal, state, and local health policy makers and regulators, health professional licensing officials, hospital administrators, medical educators and students, health caregivers, health journalists, patient advocates—as well as patients themselves. First in a series of publications from the Quality of Health Care in America, a project initiated by the Institute of Medicine %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Stern, Paul C. %E Druckman, Daniel %T International Conflict Resolution After the Cold War %@ 978-0-309-07027-0 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9897/international-conflict-resolution-after-the-cold-war %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9897/international-conflict-resolution-after-the-cold-war %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 640 %X The end of the Cold War has changed the shape of organized violence in the world and the ways in which governments and others try to set its limits. Even the concept of international conflict is broadening to include ethnic conflicts and other kinds of violence within national borders that may affect international peace and security. What is not yet clear is whether or how these changes alter the way actors on the world scene should deal with conflict: Do the old methods still work? Are there new tools that could work better? How do old and new methods relate to each other? International Conflict Resolution After the Cold War critically examines evidence on the effectiveness of a dozen approaches to managing or resolving conflict in the world to develop insights for conflict resolution practitioners. It considers recent applications of familiar conflict management strategies, such as the use of threats of force, economic sanctions, and negotiation. It presents the first systematic assessments of the usefulness of some less familiar approaches to conflict resolution, including truth commissions, "engineered" electoral systems, autonomy arrangements, and regional organizations. It also opens up analysis of emerging issues, such as the dilemmas facing humanitarian organizations in complex emergencies. This book offers numerous practical insights and raises key questions for research on conflict resolution in a transforming world system. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Field, Marilyn J. %E Lawrence, Robert L. %E Zwanziger, Lee %T Extending Medicare Coverage for Preventive and Other Services %@ 978-0-309-06889-5 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9740/extending-medicare-coverage-for-preventive-and-other-services %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9740/extending-medicare-coverage-for-preventive-and-other-services %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 410 %X This report, which was developed by an expert committee of the Institute of Medicine, reviews the first three services listed above. It is intended to assist policymakers by providing syntheses of the best evidence available about the effectiveness of these services and by estimating the cost to Medicare of covering them. For each service or condition examined, the committee commissioned a review of the scientific literature that was presented and discussed at a public workshop. As requested by Congress, this report includes explicit estimates only of costs to Medicare, not costs to beneficiaries, their families, or others. It also does not include cost-effectiveness analyses. That is, the extent of the benefits relative to the costs to Medicare—or to society generally—is not evaluated for the services examined. The method for estimating Medicare costs follows the generic estimation practices of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). The objective was to provide Congress with estimates that were based on familiar procedures and could be compared readily with earlier and later CBO estimates. For each condition or service, the estimates are intended to suggest the order of magnitude of the costs to Medicare of extending coverage, but the estimates could be considerably higher or lower than what Medicare might actually spend were coverage policies changed. The estimates cover the five-year period 2000-2004. In addition to the conclusions about specific coverage issues, the report examines some broader concerns about the processes for making coverage decisions and about the research and organizational infrastructure for these decisions. It also briefly examines the limits of coverage as a means of improving health services and outcomes and the limits of evidence as a means of resolving policy and ethical questions. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Shonkoff, Jack P. %E Phillips, Deborah A. %T From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development %@ 978-0-309-48320-9 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9824/from-neurons-to-neighborhoods-the-science-of-early-childhood-development %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9824/from-neurons-to-neighborhoods-the-science-of-early-childhood-development %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Education %P 608 %X How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development—in the womb and in the first months and years—have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate—family, child care, community—within which the child grows. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade: Proceedings of a Conference %@ 978-0-309-07090-4 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9868/incorporating-science-economics-and-sociology-in-developing-sanitary-and-phytosanitary-standards-in-international-trade %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9868/incorporating-science-economics-and-sociology-in-developing-sanitary-and-phytosanitary-standards-in-international-trade %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 289 %X The rapid expansion of international trade has brought to the fore issues of conflicting national regulations in the area of plant, animal, and human health. These problems include the concern that regulations designed to protect health can also be used for protection of domestic producers against international competition. At a time when progressive tariff reform has opened up markets and facilitated trade, in part responding to consumer demands for access to a wide choice of products and services at reasonable prices, closer scrutiny of regulatory measures has become increasingly important. At the same time, there are clear differences among countries and cultures as to the types of risk citizens are willing to accept. The activities of this conference were based on the premise that risk analyses (i.e., risk assessment, management, and communication) are not exclusively the domain of the biological and natural sciences; the social sciences play a prominent role in describing how people in different contexts perceive and respond to risks. Any effort to manage sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) issues in international trade must integrate all the sciences to develop practices for risk assessment, management, and communication that recognize international diversity in culture, experience, and institutions. Uniform international standards can help, but no such norms are likely to be acceptable to all countries. Political and administrative structures also differ, causing differences in approaches and outcomes even when basic aims are compatible. Clearly there is considerable room for confusion and mistrust. The issue is how to balance the individual regulatory needs and approaches of countries with the goal of promoting freer trade. This issue arises not only for SPS standards but also in regard to regulations that affect other areas such as environmental quality, working conditions, and the exercise of intellectual property rights. This conference focused on these issues in the specific area of SPS measures. This area includes provisions to protect plant and animal health and life and, more generally, the environment, and regulations that protect humans from foodborne risks. The Society for Risk Analysis defines a risk as the potential for realization of unwanted, adverse consequences to human life, health, property, or the environment; estimation of risk is usually based on the expected value of the conditional probability of the event occurring times the consequence of the event given that it has occurred. The task of this conference and of this report was to elucidate the place of science, culture, politics, and economics in the design and implementation of SPS measures and in their international management. The goal was to explore the critical roles and the limitations of the biological and natural sciences and the social sciences, such as economics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and political science in the management of SPS issues and in judging whether particular SPS measures create unacceptable barriers to international trade. The conference's objective also was to consider the elements that would compose a multidisciplinary analytical framework for SPS decision making and needs for future research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences: Issues for the 21st Century: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-07130-7 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9898/graduate-education-in-the-chemical-sciences-issues-for-the-21st %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9898/graduate-education-in-the-chemical-sciences-issues-for-the-21st %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 185 %X Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences is a summary of the December 1999 workshop, "Graduate Education in the Chemical Sciences: Issues for the 21st Century." This workshop discussed the various features of graduate education in chemical science and technology. Using case histories and their individual experiences, speakers examined the current status of graduate education in the chemical sciences, identified problems and opportunities, and discussed possible strategies for improving the system. The discussion was oriented toward the goal of generating graduates who are well prepared to advance the chemical sciences in academia, government, and industry in the next 5 to 10 years. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition %@ 978-0-309-07036-2 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9853/how-people-learn-brain-mind-experience-and-school-expanded-edition %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9853/how-people-learn-brain-mind-experience-and-school-expanded-edition %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 384 %X First released in the Spring of 1999, How People Learn has been expanded to show how the theories and insights from the original book can translate into actions and practice, now making a real connection between classroom activities and learning behavior. This edition includes far-reaching suggestions for research that could increase the impact that classroom teaching has on actual learning. Like the original edition, this book offers exciting new research about the mind and the brain that provides answers to a number of compelling questions. When do infants begin to learn? How do experts learn and how is this different from non-experts? What can teachers and schools do-with curricula, classroom settings, and teaching methods—to help children learn most effectively? New evidence from many branches of science has significantly added to our understanding of what it means to know, from the neural processes that occur during learning to the influence of culture on what people see and absorb. How People Learn examines these findings and their implications for what we teach, how we teach it, and how we assess what our children learn. The book uses exemplary teaching to illustrate how approaches based on what we now know result in in-depth learning. This new knowledge calls into question concepts and practices firmly entrenched in our current education system. Topics include: How learning actually changes the physical structure of the brain. How existing knowledge affects what people notice and how they learn. What the thought processes of experts tell us about how to teach. The amazing learning potential of infants. The relationship of classroom learning and everyday settings of community and workplace. Learning needs and opportunities for teachers. A realistic look at the role of technology in education. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T The Role of Nutrition in Maintaining Health in the Nation's Elderly: Evaluating Coverage of Nutrition Services for the Medicare Population %@ 978-0-309-06846-8 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9741/the-role-of-nutrition-in-maintaining-health-in-the-nations-elderly %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9741/the-role-of-nutrition-in-maintaining-health-in-the-nations-elderly %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 382 %X Malnutrition and obesity are both common among Americans over age 65. There are also a host of other medical conditions from which older people and other Medicare beneficiaries suffer that could be improved with appropriate nutritional intervention. Despite that, access to a nutrition professional is very limited. Do nutrition services benefit older people in terms of morbidity, mortality, or quality of life? Which health professionals are best qualified to provide such services? What would be the cost to Medicare of such services? Would the cost be offset by reduced illness in this population? This book addresses these questions, provides recommendations for nutrition services for the elderly, and considers how the coverage policy should be approached and practiced. The book discusses the role of nutrition therapy in the management of a number of diseases. It also examines what the elderly receive in the way of nutrition services along the continuum of care settings and addresses the areas of expertise needed by health professionals to provide appropriate nutrition services and therapy. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures %@ 978-0-309-06496-5 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9610/clearing-the-air-asthma-and-indoor-air-exposures %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9610/clearing-the-air-asthma-and-indoor-air-exposures %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 456 %X Since about 1980, asthma prevalence and asthma-related hospitalizations and deaths have increased substantially, especially among children. Of particular concern is the high mortality rate among African Americans with asthma. Recent studies have suggested that indoor exposures—to dust mites, cockroaches, mold, pet dander, tobacco smoke, and other biological and chemical pollutants—may influence the disease course of asthma. To ensure an appropriate response, public health and education officials have sought a science-based assessment of asthma and its relationship to indoor air exposures. Clearing the Air meets this need. This book examines how indoor pollutants contribute to asthma—its causation, prevalence, triggering, and severity. The committee discusses asthma among the general population and in sensitive subpopulations including children, low-income individuals, and urban residents. Based on the most current findings, the book also evaluates the scientific basis for mitigating the effects of indoor air pollutants implicated in asthma. The committee identifies priorities for public health policy, public education outreach, preventive intervention, and further research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Measuring the Science and Engineering Enterprise: Priorities for the Division of Science Resources Studies %@ 978-0-309-06892-5 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9775/measuring-the-science-and-engineering-enterprise-priorities-for-the-division %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9775/measuring-the-science-and-engineering-enterprise-priorities-for-the-division %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 160 %X The science and engineering enterprise has continued to evolve, responding over the last decade to increased economic globalization, a post-cold war military, federal budget fluctuations, and structural changes in the way science and engineering are conducted and innovations are adopted. This report suggests ways to revise the data collection activities of the Science Resources Studies Division (SRS) of the National Science Foundation to better capture the current realities of R&D funding and S&E human resources. The report's recommendations would improve the relevance of the data on graduate education, the labor market for scientists and engineers, and the funding and conduct of research and development, and thus better meet the data needs of policymakers, managers, and researchers. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Smedley, Brian D. %E Sy, S. Leonard, me %T Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research %@ 978-0-309-07175-8 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9939/promoting-health-intervention-strategies-from-social-and-behavioral-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9939/promoting-health-intervention-strategies-from-social-and-behavioral-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 508 %X At the dawn of the twenty-first century, Americans enjoyed better overall health than at any other time in the nation's history. Rapid advancements in medical technologies, breakthroughs in understanding the genetic underpinnings of health and ill health, improvements in the effectiveness and variety of pharmaceuticals, and other developments in biomedical research have helped develop cures for many illnesses and improve the lives of those with chronic diseases. By itself, however, biomedical research cannot address the most significant challenges to improving public health. Approximately half of all causes of mortality in the United States are linked to social and behavioral factors such as smoking, diet, alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, and accidents. Yet less than five percent of the money spent annually on U.S. health care is devoted to reducing the risks of these preventable conditions. Behavioral and social interventions offer great promise, but as yet their potential has been relatively poorly tapped. Promoting Health identifies those promising areas of social science and behavioral research that may address public health needs. It includes 12 papers—commissioned from some of the nation's leading experts—that review these issues in detail, and serves to assess whether the knowledge base of social and behavioral interventions has been useful, or could be useful, in the development of broader public health interventions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Networking Health: Prescriptions for the Internet %@ 978-0-309-06843-7 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9750/networking-health-prescriptions-for-the-internet %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9750/networking-health-prescriptions-for-the-internet %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Health and Medicine %P 378 %X Consumer health websites have garnered considerable media attention, but only begin to scratch the surface of the more pervasive transformations the Internet could bring to health and health care. Networking Health examines ways in which the Internet may become a routine part of health care delivery and payment, public health, health education, and biomedical research. Building upon a series of site visits, this book: Weighs the role of the Internet versus private networks in uses ranging from the transfer of medical images to providing video-based medical consultations at a distance. Reviews technical challenges in the areas of quality of service, security, reliability, and access, and looks at the potential utility of the next generation of online technologies. Discusses ways health care organizations can use the Internet to support their strategic interests and explores barriers to a broader deployment of the Internet. Recommends steps that private and public sector entities can take to enhance the capabilities of the Internet for health purposes and to prepare health care organizations to adopt new Internet-based applications.