TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Karen J. Mitchell A2 - David Z. Robinson A2 - Barbara S. Plake A2 - Kaeli T. Knowles TI - Testing Teacher Candidates: The Role of Licensure Tests in Improving Teacher Quality SN - DO - 10.17226/10090 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10090/testing-teacher-candidates-the-role-of-licensure-tests-in-improving PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Americans have adopted a reform agenda for their schools that calls for excellence in teaching and learning. School officials across the nation are hard at work targeting instruction at high levels for all students. Gaps remain, however, between the nation's educational aspirations and student achievement. To address these gaps, policy makers have recently focused on the qualifications of teachers and the preparation of teacher candidates. This book examines the appropriateness and technical quality of teacher licensure tests currently in use, evaluates the merits of using licensure test results to hold states and institutions of higher education accountable for the quality of teacher preparation and licensure, and suggests alternatives for developing and assessing beginning teacher competence. Teaching is a complex activity. Definitions of quality teaching have changed and will continue to change over time as society's values change. This book provides policy makers, teacher testers, and teacher educators with advice on how to use current tests to assess teacher candidates and evaluate teacher preparation, ensuring that America's youth are being taught by the most qualified candidates. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alexandra Beatty A2 - Ulric Neisser A2 - William T. Trent A2 - Jay P. Heubert TI - Understanding Dropouts: Statistics, Strategies, and High-Stakes Testing SN - DO - 10.17226/10166 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10166/understanding-dropouts-statistics-strategies-and-high-stakes-testing PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The role played by testing in the nation's public school system has been increasing steadily—and growing more complicated—for more than 20 years. The Committee on Educational Excellence and Testing Equity (CEETE) was formed to monitor the effects of education reform, particularly testing, on students at risk for academic failure because of poverty, lack of proficiency in English, disability, or membership in population subgroups that have been educationally disadvantaged. The committee recognizes the important potential benefits of standards-based reforms and of test results in revealing the impact of reform efforts on these students. The committee also recognizes the valuable role graduation tests can potentially play in making requirements concrete, in increasing the value of a diploma, and in motivating students and educators alike to work to higher standards. At the same time, educational testing is a complicated endeavor, that reality can fall far short of the model, and that testing cannot by itself provide the desired benefits. If testing is improperly used, it can have negative effects, such as encouraging school leaving, that can hit disadvantaged students hardest. The committee was concerned that the recent proliferation of high school exit examinations could have the unintended effect of increasing dropout rates among students whose rates are already far higher than the average, and has taken a close look at what is known about influences on dropout behavior and at the available data on dropouts and school completion. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Barbara T. Bowman A2 - M. Suzanne Donovan A2 - M. Susan Burns TI - Eager to Learn: Educating Our Preschoolers SN - DO - 10.17226/9745 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9745/eager-to-learn-educating-our-preschoolers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Clearly babies come into the world remarkably receptive to its wonders. Their alertness to sights, sounds, and even abstract concepts makes them inquisitive explorers—and learners—every waking minute. Well before formal schooling begins, children's early experiences lay the foundations for their later social behavior, emotional regulation, and literacy. Yet, for a variety of reasons, far too little attention is given to the quality of these crucial years. Outmoded theories, outdated facts, and undersized budgets all play a part in the uneven quality of early childhood programs throughout our country. What will it take to provide better early education and care for our children between the ages of two and five? Eager to Learn explores this crucial question, synthesizing the newest research findings on how young children learn and the impact of early learning. Key discoveries in how young children learn are reviewed in language accessible to parents as well as educators: findings about the interplay of biology and environment, variations in learning among individuals and children from different social and economic groups, and the importance of health, safety, nutrition and interpersonal warmth to early learning. Perhaps most significant, the book documents how very early in life learning really begins. Valuable conclusions and recommendations are presented in the areas of the teacher-child relationship, the organization and content of curriculum, meeting the needs of those children most at risk of school failure, teacher preparation, assessment of teaching and learning, and more. The book discusses: Evidence for competing theories, models, and approaches in the field and a hard look at some day-to-day practices and activities generally used in preschool. The role of the teacher, the importance of peer interactions, and other relationships in the child's life. Learning needs of minority children, children with disabilities, and other special groups. Approaches to assessing young children's learning for the purposes of policy decisions, diagnosis of educational difficulties, and instructional planning. Preparation and continuing development of teachers. Eager to Learn presents a comprehensive, coherent picture of early childhood learning, along with a clear path toward improving this important stage of life for all children. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Approaches to Improve Engineering Design DO - 10.17226/10502 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10502/approaches-to-improve-engineering-design PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Approaches to Improve Engineering Design examines the theories and techniques for decision making under conditions of risk, uncertainty, and conflicting human values. This report attempts not only to analyze existing tools but also to identify opportunities to establish a more rigorous fundamental basis for decision making in engineering design. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Theoretical Foundations for Decision Making in Engineering Design DO - 10.17226/10566 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10566/theoretical-foundations-for-decision-making-in-engineering-design PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - ER - TY - BOOK TI - Early Childhood Development and Learning: New Knowledge for Policy DO - 10.17226/10067 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10067/early-childhood-development-and-learning-new-knowledge-for-policy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Issues for Science and Engineering Researchers in the Digital Age SN - DO - 10.17226/10100 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10100/issues-for-science-and-engineering-researchers-in-the-digital-age PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Global Networks and Local Values: A Comparative Look at Germany and the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/10033 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10033/global-networks-and-local-values-a-comparative-look-at-germany PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - Whether you call it the third wave, the information revolution, or the virtually connected world, the implications of a global information network are profound. As a society, we want to forestall the possible negative impacts without closing the door to the potential benefits. But how? Global Networks and Local Values provides perspective and direction, focusing on the relationship between global information networks and local values-that is, the political, economic, and cultural norms that shape our daily lives. This book is structured around an illuminating comparison between U.S. and German approaches toward global communication and information flow. (The United States and Germany are selected as two industrialized, highly networked countries with significant social differences.) Global Networks and Local Values captures the larger context of technology and culture, explores the political and commercial institutions where the global network functions, and highlights specific issues such as taxation, privacy, free speech, and more. The committee contrasts the technical uniformity that makes global communication possible with the diversity of the communities being served and explores the prospects that problems resulting from technology can be resolved by still more technology. This thoughtful volume will be of interest to everyone concerned about the social implications of the global Internet. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - James W. Pellegrino A2 - Naomi Chudowsky A2 - Robert Glaser TI - Knowing What Students Know: The Science and Design of Educational Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/10019 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10019/knowing-what-students-know-the-science-and-design-of-educational PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Education is a hot topic. From the stage of presidential debates to tonight's dinner table, it is an issue that most Americans are deeply concerned about. While there are many strategies for improving the educational process, we need a way to find out what works and what doesn't work as well. Educational assessment seeks to determine just how well students are learning and is an integral part of our quest for improved education. The nation is pinning greater expectations on educational assessment than ever before. We look to these assessment tools when documenting whether students and institutions are truly meeting education goals. But we must stop and ask a crucial question: What kind of assessment is most effective? At a time when traditional testing is subject to increasing criticism, research suggests that new, exciting approaches to assessment may be on the horizon. Advances in the sciences of how people learn and how to measure such learning offer the hope of developing new kinds of assessments-assessments that help students succeed in school by making as clear as possible the nature of their accomplishments and the progress of their learning. Knowing What Students Know essentially explains how expanding knowledge in the scientific fields of human learning and educational measurement can form the foundations of an improved approach to assessment. These advances suggest ways that the targets of assessment-what students know and how well they know it-as well as the methods used to make inferences about student learning can be made more valid and instructionally useful. Principles for designing and using these new kinds of assessments are presented, and examples are used to illustrate the principles. Implications for policy, practice, and research are also explored. With the promise of a productive research-based approach to assessment of student learning, Knowing What Students Know will be important to education administrators, assessment designers, teachers and teacher educators, and education advocates. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Bernard M. Rosof A2 - Lyla M. Hernandez TI - Gulf War Veterans: Treating Symptoms and Syndromes SN - DO - 10.17226/10185 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10185/gulf-war-veterans-treating-symptoms-and-syndromes PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Ten years after the end of the Gulf War, questions continue to be raised about the health of U.S. service personnel who fought in that war. A primary concern is whether Gulf War veterans are receiving effective treatments for their health problems. Section 105 of the Veterans Program Enhancement Act of 1998 mandates that the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) ask the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a committee that would identify a method for assessing treatment effectiveness and describe already-validated treatments for Gulf War veterans' health problems, including the problem of medically unexplained symptoms. The specific charge to the committee is to (1) identify and describe approaches for assessing treatment effectiveness; (2) identify illnesses and conditions among veterans of the Gulf War, using data obtained from the VA and the Department of Defense (DoD) Gulf War Registries, as well as information in published articles; and (3) for these identified conditions and illnesses, identify validated models of treatment (to the extent that such treatments exist), or identify new approaches, theories, or research on the management of patients with these conditions if validated treatment models are not available. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Neil J. Smelser A2 - William Julius Wilson A2 - Faith Mitchell TI - America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume II SN - DO - 10.17226/9719 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9719/america-becoming-racial-trends-and-their-consequences-volume-ii PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The 20th Century has been marked by enormous change in terms of how we define race. In large part, we have thrown out the antiquated notions of the 1800s, giving way to a more realistic, sociocultural view of the world. The United States is, perhaps more than any other industrialized country, distinguished by the size and diversity of its racial and ethnic minority populations. Current trends promise that these features will endure. Fifty years from now, there will most likely be no single majority group in the United States. How will we fare as a nation when race-based issues such as immigration, job opportunities, and affirmative action are already so contentious today? In America Becoming, leading scholars and commentators explore past and current trends among African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans in the context of a white majority. This volume presents the most up-to-date findings and analysis on racial and social dynamics, with recommendations for ongoing research. It examines compelling issues in the field of race relations, including: Race and ethnicity in criminal justice. Demographic and social trends for Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. Trends in minority-owned businesses. Wealth, welfare, and racial stratification. Residential segregation and the meaning of "neighborhood." Disparities in educational test scores among races and ethnicities. Health and development for minority children, adolescents, and adults. Race and ethnicity in the labor market, including the role of minorities in America's military. Immigration and the dynamics of race and ethnicity. The changing meaning of race. Changing racial attitudes. This collection of papers, compiled and edited by distinguished leaders in the behavioral and social sciences, represents the most current literature in the field. Volume 1 covers demographic trends, immigration, racial attitudes, and the geography of opportunity. Volume 2 deals with the criminal justice system, the labor market, welfare, and health trends, Both books will be of great interest to educators, scholars, researchers, students, social scientists, and policymakers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Neil J. Smelser A2 - William Julius Wilson A2 - Faith Mitchell TI - America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences: Volume I SN - DO - 10.17226/9599 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9599/america-becoming-racial-trends-and-their-consequences-volume-i PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The 20th Century has been marked by enormous change in terms of how we define race. In large part, we have thrown out the antiquated notions of the 1800s, giving way to a more realistic, sociocultural view of the world. The United States is, perhaps more than any other industrialized country, distinguished by the size and diversity of its racial and ethnic minority populations. Current trends promise that these features will endure. Fifty years from now, there will most likely be no single majority group in the United States. How will we fare as a nation when race-based issues such as immigration, job opportunities, and affirmative action are already so contentious today? In America Becoming, leading scholars and commentators explore past and current trends among African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans in the context of a white majority. This volume presents the most up-to-date findings and analysis on racial and social dynamics, with recommendations for ongoing research. It examines compelling issues in the field of race relations, including: Race and ethnicity in criminal justice. Demographic and social trends for Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. Trends in minority-owned businesses. Wealth, welfare, and racial stratification. Residential segregation and the meaning of "neighborhood." Disparities in educational test scores among races and ethnicities. Health and development for minority children, adolescents, and adults. Race and ethnicity in the labor market, including the role of minorities in America's military. Immigration and the dynamics of race and ethnicity. The changing meaning of race. Changing racial attitudes. This collection of papers, compiled and edited by distinguished leaders in the behavioral and social sciences, represents the most current literature in the field. Volume 1 covers demographic trends, immigration, racial attitudes, and the geography of opportunity. Volume 2 deals with the criminal justice system, the labor market, welfare, and health trends. Both books will be of great interest to educators, scholars, researchers, students, social scientists, and policymakers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Jeremy Kilpatrick A2 - Jane Swafford A2 - Bradford Findell TI - Adding It Up: Helping Children Learn Mathematics SN - DO - 10.17226/9822 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9822/adding-it-up-helping-children-learn-mathematics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Adding It Up explores how students in pre-K through 8th grade learn mathematics and recommends how teaching, curricula, and teacher education should change to improve mathematics learning during these critical years. The committee identifies five interdependent components of mathematical proficiency and describes how students develop this proficiency. With examples and illustrations, the book presents a portrait of mathematics learning: Research findings on what children know about numbers by the time they arrive in pre-K and the implications for mathematics instruction. Details on the processes by which students acquire mathematical proficiency with whole numbers, rational numbers, and integers, as well as beginning algebra, geometry, measurement, and probability and statistics. The committee discusses what is known from research about teaching for mathematics proficiency, focusing on the interactions between teachers and students around educational materials and how teachers develop proficiency in teaching mathematics. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research SN - DO - 10.17226/10120 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10120/preparing-for-an-aging-world-the-case-for-cross-national PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Aging is a process that encompasses virtually all aspects of life. Because the speed of population aging is accelerating, and because the data needed to study the aging process are complex and expensive to obtain, it is imperative that countries coordinate their research efforts to reap the most benefits from this important information. Preparing for an Aging World looks at the behavioral and socioeconomic aspects of aging, and focuses on work, retirement, and pensions; wealth and savings behavior; health and disability; intergenerational transfers; and concepts of well-being. It makes recommendations for a collection of new, cross-national data on aging populations—data that will allow nations to develop policies and programs for addressing the major shifts in population age structure now occurring. These efforts, if made internationally, would advance our understanding of the aging process around the world. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Brian D. Smedley A2 - Adrienne Y. Stith A2 - Lois Colburn A2 - Clyde H. Evans TI - The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do: Enhancing Diversity in the Health Professions -- Summary of the Symposium on Diversity in Health Professions in Honor of Herbert W. Nickens, M.D. SN - DO - 10.17226/10186 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10186/the-right-thing-to-do-the-smart-thing-to-do PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Symposium on Diversity in the Health Professions in Honor of Herbert W. Nickens, M.D., was convened in March 2001 to provide a forum for health policymakers, health professions educators, education policymakers, researchers, and others to address three significant and contradictory challenges: the continued under-representation of African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans in health professions; the growth of these populations in the United States and subsequent pressure to address their health care needs; and the recent policy, legislative, and legal challenges to affirmative action that may limit access for underrepresented minority students to health professions training. The symposium summary along with a collection of papers presented are to help stimulate further discussion and action toward addressing these challenges. The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do: Enhancing Diversity in Health Professions illustrates how the health care industry and health care professions are fighting to retain the public's confidence so that the U.S. health care system can continue to be the world's best. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Kathleen J. Tierney A2 - Michael K. Lindell A2 - Ronald W. Perry TI - Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/9834 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9834/facing-the-unexpected-disaster-preparedness-and-response-in-the-united PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Facing the Unexpected presents the wealth of information derived from disasters around the world over the past 25 years. The authors explore how these findings can improve disaster programs, identify remaining research needs, and discuss disaster within the broader context of sustainable development. How do different people think about disaster? Are we more likely to panic or to respond with altruism? Why are 110 people killed in a Valujet crash considered disaster victims while the 50,000 killed annually in traffic accidents in the U.S. are not? At the crossroads of social, cultural, and economic factors, this book examines these and other compelling questions. The authors review the influences that shape the U.S. governmental system for disaster planning and response, the effectiveness of local emergency agencies, and the level of professionalism in the field. They also compare technological versus natural disaster and examine the impact of technology on disaster programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Robert A. Moffitt A2 - Michele Ver Ploeg TI - Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition SN - DO - 10.17226/10020 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10020/evaluating-welfare-reform-in-an-era-of-transition PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Reform of welfare is one of the nation's most contentious issues, with debate often driven more by politics than by facts and careful analysis. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition identifies the key policy questions for measuring whether our changing social welfare programs are working, reviews the available studies and research, and recommends the most effective ways to answer those questions. This book discusses the development of welfare policy, including the landmark 1996 federal law that devolved most of the responsibility for welfare policies and their implementation to the states. A thorough analysis of the available research leads to the identification of gaps in what is currently known about the effects of welfare reform. Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition specifies what-and why-we need to know about the response of individual states to the federal overhaul of welfare and the effects of the many changes in the nation's welfare laws, policies, and practices. With a clear approach to a variety of issues, Evaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition will be important to policy makers, welfare administrators, researchers, journalists, and advocates on all sides of the issue. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Learning from Our Buildings: A State-of-the-Practice Summary of Post-Occupancy Evaluation SN - DO - 10.17226/10288 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10288/learning-from-our-buildings-a-state-of-the-practice-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Space and Aeronautics KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - In 1986, the FFC requested that the NRC appoint a committee to examine the field and propose ways by which the POE process could be improved to better serve public and private sector organizations. The resulting report, Post-Occupancy Evaluation Practices in the Building Process: Opportunities for Improvement, proposed a broader view of POEs—from being simply the end phase of a building project to being an integral part of the entire building process. The authoring committee recommended a series of actions related to policy, procedures, and innovative technologies and techniques to achieve that broader view. In 2000, the FFC funded a second study to look at the state of the practice of POEs and lessons-learned programs among federal agencies and in private, public, and academic organizations both here and abroad. The sponsor agencies specifically wanted to determine whether and how information gathered during POE processes could be used to help inform decisions made in the programming, budgeting, design, construction, and operation phases of facility acquisition in a useful and timely way. To complete this study, the FFC commissioned a set of papers by recognized experts in this field, conducted a survey of selected federal agencies with POE programs, and held a forum at the National Academy of Sciences on March 13, 2001, to address these issues. This report is the result of those efforts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Memorial Tributes: Volume 9 SN - DO - 10.17226/10094 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10094/memorial-tributes-volume-9 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - This is the 9th Volume in the series Memorial Tributes compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and foreign associates. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who had personal knowledge of the interests and the engineering accomplishments of the deceased. Through its members and foreign associates, the Academy carries out the responsibilities for which it was established in 1964. Under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering was formed as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. Members are elected on the basis of significant contributions to engineering theory and practice and to the literature of engineering or on the basis of demonstrated unusual accomplishments in the pioneering of new and developing fields of technology. The National Academies share a responsibility to advise the federal government on matters of science and technology. The expertise and credibility that the National Academy of Engineering brings to that task stem directly from the abilities, interests, and achievements of our members and foreign associates, our colleagues and friends, whose special gifts we remember in this book. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - J. Scott Long TI - From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers SN - DO - 10.17226/5363 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5363/from-scarcity-to-visibility-gender-differences-in-the-careers-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Industry and Labor KW - Education AB - Although women have made important inroads in science and engineering since the early 1970s, their progress in these fields has stalled over the past several years. This study looks at women in science and engineering careers in the 1970s and 1980s, documenting differences in career outcomes between men and women and between women of different races and ethnic backgrounds. The panel presents what is known about the following questions and explores their policy implications: In what sectors are female Ph.D.s employed? What salary disparities exist between men and women in these fields? How is marital status associated with career attainment? Does it help a career to have a postdoctoral appointment? How well are female scientists and engineers represented in management? Within the broader context of education and the labor market, the book provides detailed comparisons between men and women Ph.D.s in a number of measures: financial support for education, academic rank achieved, salary, and others. The study covers engineering; the mathematical, physical, life, and social and behavioral sciences; medical school faculty; and recipients of National Institutes of Health grants. Findings and recommendations in this volume will be of interest to practitioners, faculty, and students in science and engineering as well as education administrators, employers, and researchers in these fields. ER -