%0 Book %T Who Are These People?: A Guide for Child Care Professionals %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10696/who-are-these-people-a-guide-for-child-care-professionals %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10696/who-are-these-people-a-guide-for-child-care-professionals %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 16 %X As children spend an increasing portion of their day outside the home, it has become even more important that they are consistently exposed to positive and productive experiences, especially during their formative years. High-quality care is no longer a plus—it's a must. With the goal of making daily caregiving easier and more enjoyable, the National Academies and the McCormick Tribune Foundation have partnered to produce this useful and informative booklet. Based on key findings described in two recent reports on early childhood development and education from the National Academies—From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development and Eager to Learn: Educating Our Preschoolers—it offers helpful suggestions and practical guidance to child care providers, educators, and even interested parents. Concentrating specifically on infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, Who Are These People?: A Guide for Child Care Professionals provides information and inspiration to everyone who interacts with young children on a regular basis. Copies are available free of charge in English or Spanish. Get yours today by phoning Customer Service toll free at 1-800-624-6242. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Hawley, Willis D. %E Ready, Timothy %T Measuring Access to Learning Opportunities %@ 978-0-309-08897-8 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10673/measuring-access-to-learning-opportunities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10673/measuring-access-to-learning-opportunities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 143 %X Since 1968 the Elementary and Secondary School Civil Rights Compliance Report (known as the E&S survey) has been used to gather information about possible disparities in access to learning opportunities and violations of students’ civil rights. Thirty-five years after the initiation of the E&S survey, large disparities remain both in educational outcomes and in access to learning opportunities and resources. These disparities may reflect violations of students’ civil rights, the failure of education policies and practices to provide students from all backgrounds with a similar educational experience, or both. They may also reflect the failure of schools to fully compensate for disparities and current differences in parents’ education, income, and family structure. The Committee on Improving Measures of Access to Equal Educational Opportunities concludes that the E&S survey continues to play an essential role in documenting these disparities and in providing information that is useful both in guiding efforts to protect students’ civil rights and for informing educational policy and practice. The committee also concludes that the survey’s usefulness and access to the survey data could be improved. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Ostriker, Jeremiah P. %E Kuh, Charlotte V. %E Voytuk, James A. %T Assessing Research-Doctorate Programs: A Methodology Study %@ 978-0-309-09058-2 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10859/assessing-research-doctorate-programs-a-methodology-study %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10859/assessing-research-doctorate-programs-a-methodology-study %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 164 %X How should we assess and present information about the quality of research-doctorate programs? In recommending that the 1995 NRC rankings in Assessing the Quality of Research-Doctorate Programs: Continuity and Change be updated as soon as possible, this study presents an improved approach to doctoral program assessment which will be useful to administrators, faculty, and others with an interest in improving the education of Ph.D.s in the United States. It reviews the methodology of the 1995 NRC rankings and recommends changes, including the collection of new data about Ph.D. students, additional data about faculty, and new techniques to present data on the qualitative assessment of doctoral program reputation. It also recommends revision of the taxonomy of fields from that used in the 1995 rankings. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Committee on Performance Levels for Adult Literacy: Letter Report %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10762/committee-on-performance-levels-for-adult-literacy-letter-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10762/committee-on-performance-levels-for-adult-literacy-letter-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %P 9 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Pea, Roy %E Wulf, William A. %E Elliott, Stuart W. %E Darling, Martha A. %T Planning for Two Transformations in Education and Learning Technology: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08954-8 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10789/planning-for-two-transformations-in-education-and-learning-technology-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10789/planning-for-two-transformations-in-education-and-learning-technology-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 144 %X In response to concerns about the continued unrealized potential of IT in K-12 education, the National Research Council’s Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Center for Education (CFE), Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences (BBCSS), and Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) undertook a collaborative project to help the IT, education research, and practitioner communities work together to find ways of improving the use of IT in K-12 education for the benefit of all students. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Safety is Seguridad: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-08706-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10641/safety-is-seguridad-a-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10641/safety-is-seguridad-a-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Earth Sciences %P 160 %X Approximately 32.8 million persons of Hispanic descent live in the United States, half of whom were born outside the United States (Therrien and Ramirez, 2000). By the year 2050, it is expected that Hispanics will constitute more than 25 percent of the total U.S. population and approximately 15 percent of the U.S. labor force. These estimates and the fact that 90 percent of Hispanic American men and 60 percent of Hispanic American women participate in the U.S. workforce strongly suggest a need for occupational safety and health information in Spanish. The growing presence of Spanish-speaking workers and employers in the United States and the unprecedented 12-percent increase in the overall rate of workplace fatalities among Hispanic workers in 2000 highlights the need to better communicate occupational safety and health information in Spanish to both employees and employers. To address this need the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is preparing a strategy for developing and disseminating Spanish-language occupational safety and health educational and technical material. To gather information necessary to create this strategic plan the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to host a workshop. The committee commissioned five white papers (see Appendices D-H) and organized a workshop on May 29-30, in San Diego, California. Safety is Seguridad: A Workshop Summary is a synopsis of the presentations and discussions at the workshop. It does not contain any conclusions and recommendations. The conclusions and recommendations in the white papers represent the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the committee or the NRC. It is intended as input to the NIOSH strategic planning in this area. Chapter 2 discusses the available information and identifies information gaps regarding risks and adverse events for Latino workers. Chapter 3 examines the available health and safety training resource materials for Latino workers, especially for those with little or no English capabilities; in particular, it discusses issues of the linguistic and cultural appropriateness of materials. Chapter 4 considers issues surrounding the assessment of existing materials and the development of new materials. Chapter 5 discusses the various means of conveying information to Spanish-speaking workers, again focusing on cultural appropriateness and ways of maximizing understanding. Chapter 6 summarizes the discussion in the prior chapters and presents some overarching issues raised by the workshop attendees. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Chabbott, Colette %E Elliott, Emerson J. %T Understanding Others, Educating Ourselves: Getting More from International Comparative Studies in Education %@ 978-0-309-08855-8 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10622/understanding-others-educating-ourselves-getting-more-from-international-comparative-studies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10622/understanding-others-educating-ourselves-getting-more-from-international-comparative-studies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 99 %X Since 1988, the Board on International Comparative Studies in Education (BICSE) at the (U.S.) National Research Council of the National Academies has engaged in activities designed to increase the rigor and sophistication of international comparative studies in education by encouraging synergies between large and smaller scale international comparative education research, to identify gaps in the existing research base, and to assist in communicating results to policy makers and the public. Under the current grant (1998-2002), funded by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics, BICSE has sponsored public events and commissioned papers on the effects of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), the power of video technology in international education research, international perspectives on teacher quality, and advances in the methodology of cross-national surveys of education achievement. This report responds to a request from the board's sponsors under the current grant to produce a report that builds on its previous work. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Cork, Daniel L. %E Cohen, Michael L. %E King, Benjamin F. %T Planning the 2010 Census: Second Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-08968-5 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10776/planning-the-2010-census-second-interim-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10776/planning-the-2010-census-second-interim-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 147 %X The Panel on Research on Future Census Methods has a broad charge to review the early planning process for the 2010 census. Its work includes observing the operation of the 2000 census, deriving lessons for 2010, and advising on effective evaluations and tests. This is the panel's third report; they have previously issued an interim report offering suggestions on the Census Bureau's evaluation plan for 2000 and a letter report commenting on the bureau's proposed general structure for the 2010 census. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Hollweg, Karen S. %E Hill, David %T What Is the Influence of the National Science Education Standards?: Reviewing the Evidence, A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-08743-8 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10618/what-is-the-influence-of-the-national-science-education-standards %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10618/what-is-the-influence-of-the-national-science-education-standards %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 222 %X In 2001, with support from National Science Foundation, the National Research Council began a review of the evidence concerning whether or not the National Science Education Standards have had an impact on the science education enterprise to date, and if so, what that impact has been. This publication represents the second phase of a three-phase effort by the National Research Council to answer that broad and very important question.Phase I began in 1999 and was completed in 2001, with publication of Investigating the Influence of Standards: A Framework for Research in Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education (National Research Council, 2002). That report provided organizing principles for the design, conduct, and interpretation of research regarding the influence of national standards. The Framework developed in Phase I was used to structure the current review of research that is reported here.Phase II began in mid-2001, involved a thorough search and review of the research literature on the influence of the NSES, and concludes with this publication, which summarizes the proceedings of a workshop conducted on May 10, 2002, in Washington, DC.Phase III will provide input, collected in 2002, from science educators, administrators at all levels, and other practitioners and policy makers regarding their views of the NSES, the ways and extent to which the NSES are influencing their work and the systems that support science education, and what next steps are needed. %0 Book %E Derbyshire, John %T Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics %@ 978-0-309-51257-2 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10532/prime-obsession-bernhard-riemann-and-the-greatest-unsolved-problem-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10532/prime-obsession-bernhard-riemann-and-the-greatest-unsolved-problem-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 446 %X In August 1859 Bernhard Riemann, a little-known 32-year old mathematician, presented a paper to the Berlin Academy titled: "On the Number of Prime Numbers Less Than a Given Quantity." In the middle of that paper, Riemann made an incidental remark — a guess, a hypothesis. What he tossed out to the assembled mathematicians that day has proven to be almost cruelly compelling to countless scholars in the ensuing years. Today, after 150 years of careful research and exhaustive study, the question remains. Is the hypothesis true or false? Riemann's basic inquiry, the primary topic of his paper, concerned a straightforward but nevertheless important matter of arithmetic — defining a precise formula to track and identify the occurrence of prime numbers. But it is that incidental remark — the Riemann Hypothesis — that is the truly astonishing legacy of his 1859 paper. Because Riemann was able to see beyond the pattern of the primes to discern traces of something mysterious and mathematically elegant shrouded in the shadows — subtle variations in the distribution of those prime numbers. Brilliant for its clarity, astounding for its potential consequences, the Hypothesis took on enormous importance in mathematics. Indeed, the successful solution to this puzzle would herald a revolution in prime number theory. Proving or disproving it became the greatest challenge of the age. It has become clear that the Riemann Hypothesis, whose resolution seems to hang tantalizingly just beyond our grasp, holds the key to a variety of scientific and mathematical investigations. The making and breaking of modern codes, which depend on the properties of the prime numbers, have roots in the Hypothesis. In a series of extraordinary developments during the 1970s, it emerged that even the physics of the atomic nucleus is connected in ways not yet fully understood to this strange conundrum. Hunting down the solution to the Riemann Hypothesis has become an obsession for many — the veritable "great white whale" of mathematical research. Yet despite determined efforts by generations of mathematicians, the Riemann Hypothesis defies resolution. Alternating passages of extraordinarily lucid mathematical exposition with chapters of elegantly composed biography and history, Prime Obsession is a fascinating and fluent account of an epic mathematical mystery that continues to challenge and excite the world. Posited a century and a half ago, the Riemann Hypothesis is an intellectual feast for the cognoscenti and the curious alike. Not just a story of numbers and calculations, Prime Obsession is the engrossing tale of a relentless hunt for an elusive proof — and those who have been consumed by it. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States %@ 978-0-309-08724-7 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10667/end-points-for-spent-nuclear-fuel-and-high-level-radioactive-waste-in-russia-and-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10667/end-points-for-spent-nuclear-fuel-and-high-level-radioactive-waste-in-russia-and-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 153 %X End Points for spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russian and the United States provides an analysis of the management of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in Russia and the United States, describing inventories, comparing approaches, and assessing the end-point options for storage and disposal of materials and wastes. The authoring committee finds that despite differences in philosophy about nuclear fuel cycles, Russia and the United States need similar kinds of facilities and face similar challenges, although in Russia many of the problems are worse and funding is less available. This book contains recommendations for immediate and near-term actions, for example, protecting and stabilizing materials that are security and safety hazards, actions for the longer term, such as developing more interim storage capacity and studying effects of deep injection, and areas for collaboration. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Hewitt, Maria %E Weiner, Susan L. %E Simone, Joseph V. %T Childhood Cancer Survivorship: Improving Care and Quality of Life %@ 978-0-309-08898-5 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10767/childhood-cancer-survivorship-improving-care-and-quality-of-life %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10767/childhood-cancer-survivorship-improving-care-and-quality-of-life %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 224 %X Only more recently has it been realized that the intense effort to care for and cure a child with cancer does not end with survival. Continued surveillance and a variety of interventions may, in many cases, be needed to identify and care for consequences of treatment that can appear early or only after several decades and impair survivors’ health and quality of life. The more than two-thirds of childhood cancer survivors who experience late effects -- that is, complications, disabilities, or adverse outcomes -- as a result of their disease, its treatment, or both, are the focus of this report which outlines a comprehensive policy agenda that links improved health care delivery and follow-up, investments in education and training for health care providers, and expanded research to improve the long-term outlook for this growing population now exceeding 270,000 Americans. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Loughry, Maryanne %E Eyber, Carola %T Psychosocial Concepts in Humanitarian Work with Children: A Review of the Concepts and Related Literature %@ 978-0-309-08933-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10698/psychosocial-concepts-in-humanitarian-work-with-children-a-review-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10698/psychosocial-concepts-in-humanitarian-work-with-children-a-review-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 144 %X This report is concerned with reviewing psychosocial concepts in research related to humanitarian work, with particular emphasis on research related to children affected by prolonged violence and armed conflict. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Biographical Memoirs: Volume 82 %@ 978-0-309-09286-9 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10683/biographical-memoirs-volume-82 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10683/biographical-memoirs-volume-82 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %P 394 %X Biographic Memoirs Volume 82 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-08704-9 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10548/the-future-of-the-publics-health-in-the-21st-century %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10548/the-future-of-the-publics-health-in-the-21st-century %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 536 %X The anthrax incidents following the 9/11 terrorist attacks put the spotlight on the nation's public health agencies, placing it under an unprecedented scrutiny that added new dimensions to the complex issues considered in this report. The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century reaffirms the vision of Healthy People 2010, and outlines a systems approach to assuring the nation's health in practice, research, and policy. This approach focuses on joining the unique resources and perspectives of diverse sectors and entities and challenges these groups to work in a concerted, strategic way to promote and protect the public's health. Focusing on diverse partnerships as the framework for public health, the book discusses: The need for a shift from an individual to a population-based approach in practice, research, policy, and community engagement. The status of the governmental public health infrastructure and what needs to be improved, including its interface with the health care delivery system. The roles nongovernment actors, such as academia, business, local communities and the media can play in creating a healthy nation. Providing an accessible analysis, this book will be important to public health policy-makers and practitioners, business and community leaders, health advocates, educators and journalists. %0 Book %E Bailey, J. Michael %T The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10530/the-man-who-would-be-queen-the-science-of-gender %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10530/the-man-who-would-be-queen-the-science-of-gender %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %P 249 %X Gay. Straight. Or lying. It's as simple and straightforward as black or white, right? Or is there a gray area, where the definitions of sex and gender become blurred or entirely refocused with the deft and practiced use of a surgeon's knife? For some, the concept of gender – the very idea we have of ourselves as either male or female beings – is neither simple nor straightforward. Written by cutting-edge researcher and sex expert J. Michael Bailey, The Man Who Would Be Queen is a frankly controversial, intensely poignant, and boldly forthright book about sex and gender. Based on his original research, Bailey's book is grounded firmly in science. But as he demonstrates, science doesn't always deliver predictable or even comfortable answers. Indeed, much of what he has to say will be sure to generate as many questions as it does answers. Are gay men genuinely more feminine than other men? And do they really prefer to be hairdressers rather than lumberjacks? Are all male transsexuals women trapped in men's bodies – or are some of them men who are just plain turned on by the idea of becoming a woman? And how much of a role do biology and genetics play in sexual orientation? But while Bailey's science is provocative, it is the portraits of the boys and men who struggle with these questions – and often with anger, fear, and hurt feelings – that will move you. You will meet Danny, an eight-year old boy whose favorite game is playing house and who yearns to dress up as a princess for Halloween. And Martin, an expert makeup artist who was plagued by inner turmoil as a youth but is now openly homosexual and has had many men as sex partners. And Kim, a strikingly sexy transsexual who still has a penis and works as a dancer and a call girl for men who like she-males while she awaits sex reassignment surgery. These and other stories make it clear that there are men – and men who become women – who want only to understand themselves and the society that makes them feel like outsiders. That there are parents, friends, and families that seek answers to confusing and complicated questions. And that there are researchers who hope one day to grasp the very nature of human sexuality. As the striking cover image – a distinctly muscular and obviously male pair of legs posed in a pair of low-heeled pumps – makes clear, the concept of gender, the very idea we have of ourselves as either male or female beings, is neither simple nor straightforward for some. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Breiger, Ronald %E Carley, Kathleen %E Pattison, Philippa %T Dynamic Social Network Modeling and Analysis: Workshop Summary and Papers %@ 978-0-309-08952-4 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10735/dynamic-social-network-modeling-and-analysis-workshop-summary-and-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10735/dynamic-social-network-modeling-and-analysis-workshop-summary-and-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 392 %X In the summer of 2002, the Office of Naval Research asked the Committee on Human Factors to hold a workshop on dynamic social network and analysis. The primary purpose of the workshop was to bring together scientists who represent a diversity of views and approaches to share their insights, commentary, and critiques on the developing body of social network analysis research and application. The secondary purpose was to provide sound models and applications for current problems of national importance, with a particular focus on national security. This workshop is one of several activities undertaken by the National Research Council that bears on the contributions of various scientific disciplines to understanding and defending against terrorism. The presentations were grouped in four sessions – Social Network Theory Perspectives, Dynamic Social Networks, Metrics and Models, and Networked Worlds – each of which concluded with a discussant-led roundtable discussion among the presenters and workshop attendees on the themes and issues raised in the session. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Curry, Susan J. %E Byers, Tim %E Hewitt, Maria %T Fulfilling the Potential of Cancer Prevention and Early Detection %@ 978-0-309-08254-9 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10263/fulfilling-the-potential-of-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10263/fulfilling-the-potential-of-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 564 %X Cancer ranks second only to heart disease as a leading cause of death in the United States, making it a tremendous burden in years of life lost, patient suffering, and economic costs. Fulfilling the Potential for Cancer Prevention and Early Detection reviews the proof that we can dramatically reduce cancer rates. The National Cancer Policy Board, part of the Institute of Medicine, outlines a national strategy to realize the promise of cancer prevention and early detection, including specific and wide-ranging recommendations. Offering a wealth of information and directly addressing major controversies, the book includes: A detailed look at how significantly cancer could be reduced through lifestyle changes, evaluating approaches used to alter eating, smoking, and exercise habits. An analysis of the intuitive notion that screening for cancer leads to improved health outcomes, including a discussion of screening methods, potential risks, and current recommendations. An examination of cancer prevention and control opportunities in primary health care delivery settings, including a review of interventions aimed at improving provider performance. Reviews of professional education and training programs, research trends and opportunities, and federal programs that support cancer prevention and early detection. This in-depth volume will be of interest to policy analysts, cancer and public health specialists, health care administrators and providers, researchers, insurers, medical journalists, and patient advocates. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Materials Research to Meet 21st-Century Defense Needs %@ 978-0-309-08700-1 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10631/materials-research-to-meet-21st-century-defense-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10631/materials-research-to-meet-21st-century-defense-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 330 %X In order to achieve the revolutionary new defense capabilities offered by materials science and engineering, innovative management to reduce the risks associated with translating research results will be needed along with the R&D. While payoff is expected to be high from the promising areas of materials research, many of the benefits are likely to be evolutionary. Nevertheless, failure to invest in more speculative areas of research could lead to undesired technological surprises. Basic research in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science will provide the seeds for potentially revolutionary technologies later in the 21st century. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Setting the Course: A Strategic Vision for Immunization: Part 3: Summary of the Los Angeles Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08712-4 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10607/setting-the-course-a-strategic-vision-for-immunization-part-3 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10607/setting-the-course-a-strategic-vision-for-immunization-part-3 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 68 %X Immunization is essential to disease prevention efforts in public health, but the nation's immunization system faces financing challenges that are affecting the delivery of services. A 2000 report from the Institute of Medicine (IOM), Calling the Shots: Immunization Finance Policies and Practices (IOM, 2000), pointed to the instability of the fundamental infrastructure that supports immunization programs throughout the United States, including unpredictable federal funding levels, growing financial burdens and operational complexities in immunization services, shortcomings in public- and private-sector investments in vaccine purchases and immunization programs, and fluctuations in coverage plans in the public and private health care sectors that create uncertainties regarding vaccine purchase and service delivery arrangements. In January 2002, health officials, public health experts, health care providers, health plan representatives, health care purchasers, and community leaders met at the University of California at Los Angeles to explore the implications of the IOM findings and recommendations for California in general and for Los Angeles and San Diego County in particular. The one-day workshop was the third in a series of four meetings organized by IOM with support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to foster informed discussions about challenges for immunization finance and future financing strategies for immunization activities and the public health infrastructure that supports those activities.This report of the Los Angeles workshop summarizes the findings of the IOM study, reviews progress in responding to the IOM recommendations at the federal level, and highlights continuing challenges in immunization finance for the nation and at the state and local levels in California.