TY - BOOK TI - Who Are These People?: A Guide for Child Care Professionals DO - 10.17226/10696 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10696/who-are-these-people-a-guide-for-child-care-professionals PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - As children spend an increasing portion of their day outside the home, it has become even more important that they are consistently exposed to positive and productive experiences, especially during their formative years. High-quality care is no longer a plus—it's a must. With the goal of making daily caregiving easier and more enjoyable, the National Academies and the McCormick Tribune Foundation have partnered to produce this useful and informative booklet. Based on key findings described in two recent reports on early childhood development and education from the National Academies—From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development and Eager to Learn: Educating Our Preschoolers—it offers helpful suggestions and practical guidance to child care providers, educators, and even interested parents. Concentrating specifically on infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, Who Are These People?: A Guide for Child Care Professionals provides information and inspiration to everyone who interacts with young children on a regular basis. Copies are available free of charge in English or Spanish. Get yours today by phoning Customer Service toll free at 1-800-624-6242. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Safety is Seguridad: A Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10641 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10641/safety-is-seguridad-a-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Earth Sciences AB - Approximately 32.8 million persons of Hispanic descent live in the United States, half of whom were born outside the United States (Therrien and Ramirez, 2000). By the year 2050, it is expected that Hispanics will constitute more than 25 percent of the total U.S. population and approximately 15 percent of the U.S. labor force. These estimates and the fact that 90 percent of Hispanic American men and 60 percent of Hispanic American women participate in the U.S. workforce strongly suggest a need for occupational safety and health information in Spanish. The growing presence of Spanish-speaking workers and employers in the United States and the unprecedented 12-percent increase in the overall rate of workplace fatalities among Hispanic workers in 2000 highlights the need to better communicate occupational safety and health information in Spanish to both employees and employers. To address this need the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is preparing a strategy for developing and disseminating Spanish-language occupational safety and health educational and technical material. To gather information necessary to create this strategic plan the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to host a workshop. The committee commissioned five white papers (see Appendices D-H) and organized a workshop on May 29-30, in San Diego, California. Safety is Seguridad: A Workshop Summary is a synopsis of the presentations and discussions at the workshop. It does not contain any conclusions and recommendations. The conclusions and recommendations in the white papers represent the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the committee or the NRC. It is intended as input to the NIOSH strategic planning in this area. Chapter 2 discusses the available information and identifies information gaps regarding risks and adverse events for Latino workers. Chapter 3 examines the available health and safety training resource materials for Latino workers, especially for those with little or no English capabilities; in particular, it discusses issues of the linguistic and cultural appropriateness of materials. Chapter 4 considers issues surrounding the assessment of existing materials and the development of new materials. Chapter 5 discusses the various means of conveying information to Spanish-speaking workers, again focusing on cultural appropriateness and ways of maximizing understanding. Chapter 6 summarizes the discussion in the prior chapters and presents some overarching issues raised by the workshop attendees. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Constance F. Citro A2 - Daniel R. Ilgen A2 - Cora B. Marrett TI - Protecting Participants and Facilitating Social and Behavioral Sciences Research SN - DO - 10.17226/10638 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10638/protecting-participants-and-facilitating-social-and-behavioral-sciences-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Institutional review boards (IRBs) are the linchpins of the protection systems that govern human participation in research. In recent years, high-profile cases have focused attention on the weaknesses of the procedures for protecting participants in medical research. The issues surrounding participants protection in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences may be less visible to the public eye, but they are no less important in ensuring ethical and responsible research. This report examines three key issues related to human participation in social, behavioral, and economic sciences research: (1) obtaining informed, voluntary consent from prospective participants: (2) guaranteeing the confidentiality of information collected from participants, which is a particularly challenging problem in social sciences research; and (3) using appropriate review procedures for “minimal-risk” research. Protecting Participants and Facilitating Social and Behavioral Sciences Research will be important to policy makers, research administrators, research sponsors, IRB members, and investigators. More generally, it contains important information for all who want to ensure the best protection—for participants and researchers alike—in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences.   ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Brian D. Smedley A2 - Adrienne Y. Stith A2 - Alan R. Nelson TI - Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care SN - DO - 10.17226/10260 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10260/unequal-treatment-confronting-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-in-health-care PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider–patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Richard Morris TI - The Last Sorcerers: The Path from Alchemy to the Periodic Table SN - DO - 10.17226/10722 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10722/the-last-sorcerers-the-path-from-alchemy-to-the-periodic PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - They started with four: earth, air, fire, and water. From these basics, they sought to understand the essential ingredients of the world. Those who could see further, those who understood that the four were just the beginning, were the last sorcerers – and the world’s first chemists. What we now call chemistry began in the fiery cauldrons of mystics and sorcerers seeking not to make a better world through science, but rather to make themselves richer through magic formulas and con games. But among these early magicians, frauds, and con artists were a few far-seeing “alchemists” who, through rigorous experimentation, transformed mysticism into science. By the 18th century the building blocks of nature, the elements of which all matter is composed, were on the verge of being discovery. Initially, it was not easy to determine whether a substance really was an element. Was water just water, plain and simple? Or could it be the sum of other (unknown and maybe unknowable) parts? And if water was made up of other substances, how could it be broken down into discreet, fundamental, and measurable components? Scientific historians generally credit the great 18th century French chemist Antoine Lavoisier with addressing these fundamental questions and ultimately modernizing the field of chemistry. Through his meticulous and precise work this chaotic new field of scientific inquiry was given order. Exacting by nature, Lavoisier painstakingly set about performing experiments that would provide lasting and verifiable proofs of various chemical theories. Unfortunately, the outspoken Lavoisier eventually lost his head in the Terror, but others would follow his lead, carefully examining, measuring, and recording their findings. As the field slowly progressed, another pioneer was to emerged almost 100 years later. Dimitri Mendeleev, an eccentric genius who cut his flowing hair and beard but once a year, sought to answer the most pressing questions that remained to chemists: Why did some elements have properties that resembled those of others? Were there certain natural groups of elements? And, if so, how many, and what elements fit into them? It was Mendeleev who finally addressed all these issues when he constructed the first Periodic Table in the late 1800s. But between and after Lavoisier and Mendeleev were a host of other colorful, brilliant scientists who made their mark on the field of chemistry. Depicting the lively careers of these scientists and their contributions while carefully deconstructing the history and the science, author Richard Morris skillfully brings it all to life. Hailed by Kirkus Reviews as a “clear and lively writer with a penchant for down-to-earth examples” Morris’s gift for explanation – and pure entertainment – is abundantly obvious. Taking a cue from the great chemists themselves, Morris has brewed up a potent combination of the alluringly obscure and the historically momentous, spiked with just the right dose of quirky and ribald detail to deliver a magical brew of history, science, and personalities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Brian D. Smedley A2 - Adrienne Y. Stith A2 - Alan R. Nelson TI - Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care DO - 10.17226/12875 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12875/unequal-treatment-confronting-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-in-health-care PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Robert Zimmerman TI - Leaving Earth: Space Stations, Rival Superpowers, and the Quest for Interplanetary Travel DO - 10.17226/10531 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10531/leaving-earth-space-stations-rival-superpowers-and-the-quest-for PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Charged with the ever-present potential for danger and occasionally punctuated by terrible moments of disaster, the history of space exploration has been keenly dramatic. The recent disaster of the Space Shuttle Columbia was a sad but certain reminder that space travel is an extraordinarily dangerous occupation. Oddly enough, it often takes a tragic accident to remind us that we still have a presence in space. In the decades between triumph and tragedy we tend to ignore the fact that there have been scores of space pioneers who have risked their lives to explore our solar system. Indeed, the International Space Station is sometimes referred to as “Alpha,” a moniker that implies that it is our first real permanent presence in space. But this notion is frowned upon by the Russians – and for good reason. Prior to the construction of the controversial International Space Station, a host of daring Russian cosmonauts, and a smaller number of intrepid American astronauts, were living in space for months, some of them for over a year. In this definitive account of man’s quest to become citizens of the cosmos, noted space historian Robert Zimmerman reveals the great global gamesmanship between Russian and American political leaders that drove us to the stars. Beaten to the Moon by their Cold War enemies, the Russians were intent on being first to the planets. They believed that manned space stations held the greatest promise for reaching other worlds and worked feverishly to build a viable space station program – one that would dwarf American efforts and allow the Russians to claim the vast territories of space as their own. Although unthinkable at the time, the ponderously bureaucratic Soviet Union actually managed to overtake the United States in the space station race. Leveraging their propaganda machine and tyrannical politics to launch a series of daring, dangerous, and scientifically brilliant space exploits, their efforts not only put them far ahead of NASA, they also helped to reshape their own society, transforming it from dictatorship to democracy. At the same time, the American space program at NASA was also evolving, but not necessarily for the better. In fact, the two programs were slowly but inexorably trading places. Drawing on his vast store of knowledge about space travel, as well as hundreds of interviews with cosmonauts, astronauts, and scientists, Zimmerman has superbly captured the excitement and suspense of our recent space-traveling past. For space and history enthusiasts alike, Leaving Earth describes a rich heritage of adventure, exploration, research, and discovery. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Committee on Performance Levels for Adult Literacy: Letter Report DO - 10.17226/10762 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10762/committee-on-performance-levels-for-adult-literacy-letter-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Willis D. Hawley A2 - Timothy Ready TI - Measuring Access to Learning Opportunities SN - DO - 10.17226/10673 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10673/measuring-access-to-learning-opportunities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Since 1968 the Elementary and Secondary School Civil Rights Compliance Report (known as the E&S survey) has been used to gather information about possible disparities in access to learning opportunities and violations of students’ civil rights. Thirty-five years after the initiation of the E&S survey, large disparities remain both in educational outcomes and in access to learning opportunities and resources. These disparities may reflect violations of students’ civil rights, the failure of education policies and practices to provide students from all backgrounds with a similar educational experience, or both. They may also reflect the failure of schools to fully compensate for disparities and current differences in parents’ education, income, and family structure. The Committee on Improving Measures of Access to Equal Educational Opportunities concludes that the E&S survey continues to play an essential role in documenting these disparities and in providing information that is useful both in guiding efforts to protect students’ civil rights and for informing educational policy and practice. The committee also concludes that the survey’s usefulness and access to the survey data could be improved. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Jeremiah P. Ostriker A2 - Charlotte V. Kuh A2 - James A. Voytuk TI - Assessing Research-Doctorate Programs: A Methodology Study SN - DO - 10.17226/10859 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10859/assessing-research-doctorate-programs-a-methodology-study PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - How should we assess and present information about the quality of research-doctorate programs? In recommending that the 1995 NRC rankings in Assessing the Quality of Research-Doctorate Programs: Continuity and Change be updated as soon as possible, this study presents an improved approach to doctoral program assessment which will be useful to administrators, faculty, and others with an interest in improving the education of Ph.D.s in the United States. It reviews the methodology of the 1995 NRC rankings and recommends changes, including the collection of new data about Ph.D. students, additional data about faculty, and new techniques to present data on the qualitative assessment of doctoral program reputation. It also recommends revision of the taxonomy of fields from that used in the 1995 rankings. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - William A. Corsaro TI - We're Friends, Right?: Inside Kids' Culture SN - DO - 10.17226/10723 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10723/were-friends-right-inside-kids-culture PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education AB - Sociologists often study exotic cultures by immersing themselves in an environment until they become accepted as insiders. In this fascinating account by acclaimed researcher William A. Corsaro, a scientist "goes native" to study the secret world of children. Here, for the first time, are the children themselves, heard through an expert who knows that the only way to truly understand them is by becoming a member of their community. That's just what Corsaro did when he traded in his adult perspective for a seat in the sandbox alongside groups of preschoolers. Corsaro's journey of discovery is as fascinating as it is revealing. Living among and gaining the acceptance of children, he gradually comes to understand that a child's world is far more complex than anyone ever suspected. He documents a special culture, unique unto itself, in which children create their own social structures and exert their own influences. At a time when many parents fear that they don't spend enough time with their children, and experts debate the best path to healthy development, seeing childhood through the eyes of a child offers parents and caregivers fresh and compelling insights. Corsaro calls upon all adults to appreciate, embrace, and savor their children's culture. He asks us to take a cue from those we hold so precious and understand that "we're all friends, right?" ER - TY - BOOK A2 - John Derbyshire TI - Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics SN - DO - 10.17226/10532 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10532/prime-obsession-bernhard-riemann-and-the-greatest-unsolved-problem-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - In August 1859 Bernhard Riemann, a little-known 32-year old mathematician, presented a paper to the Berlin Academy titled: "On the Number of Prime Numbers Less Than a Given Quantity." In the middle of that paper, Riemann made an incidental remark — a guess, a hypothesis. What he tossed out to the assembled mathematicians that day has proven to be almost cruelly compelling to countless scholars in the ensuing years. Today, after 150 years of careful research and exhaustive study, the question remains. Is the hypothesis true or false? Riemann's basic inquiry, the primary topic of his paper, concerned a straightforward but nevertheless important matter of arithmetic — defining a precise formula to track and identify the occurrence of prime numbers. But it is that incidental remark — the Riemann Hypothesis — that is the truly astonishing legacy of his 1859 paper. Because Riemann was able to see beyond the pattern of the primes to discern traces of something mysterious and mathematically elegant shrouded in the shadows — subtle variations in the distribution of those prime numbers. Brilliant for its clarity, astounding for its potential consequences, the Hypothesis took on enormous importance in mathematics. Indeed, the successful solution to this puzzle would herald a revolution in prime number theory. Proving or disproving it became the greatest challenge of the age. It has become clear that the Riemann Hypothesis, whose resolution seems to hang tantalizingly just beyond our grasp, holds the key to a variety of scientific and mathematical investigations. The making and breaking of modern codes, which depend on the properties of the prime numbers, have roots in the Hypothesis. In a series of extraordinary developments during the 1970s, it emerged that even the physics of the atomic nucleus is connected in ways not yet fully understood to this strange conundrum. Hunting down the solution to the Riemann Hypothesis has become an obsession for many — the veritable "great white whale" of mathematical research. Yet despite determined efforts by generations of mathematicians, the Riemann Hypothesis defies resolution. Alternating passages of extraordinarily lucid mathematical exposition with chapters of elegantly composed biography and history, Prime Obsession is a fascinating and fluent account of an epic mathematical mystery that continues to challenge and excite the world. Posited a century and a half ago, the Riemann Hypothesis is an intellectual feast for the cognoscenti and the curious alike. Not just a story of numbers and calculations, Prime Obsession is the engrossing tale of a relentless hunt for an elusive proof — and those who have been consumed by it. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Roy Pea A2 - William A. Wulf A2 - Stuart W. Elliott A2 - Martha A. Darling TI - Planning for Two Transformations in Education and Learning Technology: Report of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/10789 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10789/planning-for-two-transformations-in-education-and-learning-technology-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - In response to concerns about the continued unrealized potential of IT in K-12 education, the National Research Council’s Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Center for Education (CFE), Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences (BBCSS), and Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) undertook a collaborative project to help the IT, education research, and practitioner communities work together to find ways of improving the use of IT in K-12 education for the benefit of all students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Daniel L. Cork A2 - Michael L. Cohen A2 - Robert Groves A2 - William Kalsbeek TI - Survey Automation: Report and Workshop Proceedings SN - DO - 10.17226/10695 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10695/survey-automation-report-and-workshop-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - For over 100 years, the evolution of modern survey methodology—using the theory of representative sampling to make interferences from a part of the population to the whole—has been paralleled by a drive toward automation, harnessing technology and computerization to make parts of the survey process easier, faster, and better. The availability of portable computers in the late 1980s ushered in computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI), in which interviewers administer a survey instrument to respondents using a computerized version of the questionnaire on a portable laptop computer. Computer assisted interviewing (CAI) methods have proven to be extremely useful and beneficial in survey administration. However, the practical problems encountered in documentation and testing CAI instruments suggest that this is an opportune time to reexamine not only the process of developing CAI instruments but also the future directions of survey automation writ large. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Information Technology (IT)-Based Educational Materials: Workshop Report with Recommendations SN - DO - 10.17226/10768 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10768/information-technology-it-based-educational-materials-workshop-report-with-recommendations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Engineering and Technology AB - In the last half-century, we have witnessed the birth and development of a new era: the information age. Information Technology (IT), the primary vehicle of the information age, has transformed the modern workplace and is pervasive in the development of new knowledge and wealth. IT has also dramatically influenced our capacity to educate. Yet, the application of IT in education has been disorganized and uneven. Pockets of innovation in localized environments are thriving, but the promise of open access, greatly enhanced teaching and learning, and large-scale use has not been realized. IT-Based Educational Materials: Workshop Report with Recommendations identifies critical components that support the development and use of IT-based educational materials. The report points to three high priority action areas that would produce a transitional strategy from our fragmented environment to an IT-transformed future in engineering education--Build Community; Create Organizational Enablers; and Coordinate Action. The report outlines six recommendations, including a call to establish a national laboratory to carry out evidenced-based investigations and other activities to insure interoperability and effective teaching and learning. The report stresses the need to pursue open architectures and to engage multidisciplinary researchers, including social scientists and others who address the transformation of faculty cultures. The report also discusses the need to engage users and developers of the IT-products in activities that are driven by student learning outcomes. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - William J. Mitchell A2 - Alan S. Inouye A2 - Marjory S. Blumenthal TI - Beyond Productivity: Information Technology, Innovation, and Creativity SN - DO - 10.17226/10671 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10671/beyond-productivity-information-technology-innovation-and-creativity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - Computer science has drawn from and contributed to many disciplines and practices since it emerged as a field in the middle of the 20th century. Those interactions, in turn, have contributed to the evolution of information technology – new forms of computing and communications, and new applications – that continue to develop from the creative interactions between computer science and other fields. Beyond Productivity argues that, at the beginning of the 21st century, information technology (IT) is forming a powerful alliance with creative practices in the arts and design to establish the exciting new, domain of information technology and creative practices—ITCP. There are major benefits to be gained from encouraging, supporting, and strategically investing in this domain. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Crispin Rigby TI - Monitoring International Labor Standards: National Legal Frameworks: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/10712 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10712/monitoring-international-labor-standards-national-legal-frameworks-summary-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The National Research Council has convened the Committee on Monitoring International Labor Standards to provide expert, science-based advice on monitoring compliance with international labor standards. The committee has undertaken a two-year project with multiple intersecting activities.The committee is charged with assembling information on country compliance with international labor standards and organizing these data into an easily accessible, web-based format for use by the DOL. As one step in this process, a workshop in November 2002 was held to discuss national legal frameworks and the challenges of measuring the extent to which international standards have been incorporated into national laws and practices. Monitoring International Labor Standards is the summary of that workshop. This report communicates the key ideas and themes that emerged from the workshop presentations and discussions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Jessica Aungst A2 - Amy Haas A2 - Alexander Ommaya A2 - Lawrence W. Green TI - Exploring Challenges, Progress, and New Models for Engaging the Public in the Clinical Research Enterprise: Clinical Research Roundtable Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10757 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10757/exploring-challenges-progress-and-new-models-for-engaging-the-public-in-the-clinical-research-enterprise PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - This report is a summary of a workshop focused on exploring the role of the public in the Clinical Research Enterprise. The Clinical Research Enterprise depends upon practitioners, policy makers, and others for participation in trials, ethical review of research, and continued support of research funding. However, the role of the public has expanded beyond this traditional model as consumers have begun to demand a role in the formulation of the research agenda and in the design, review, and pursuit of research. This report identifies four major challenges to the Clinical Research Enterprise: enhancing public participation in clinical research, which includes making the system safer and faster; developing the necessary information systems that are needed to make the clinical research enterprise a coordinated and seamless whole; fostering an adequately trained workforce; and ensuring adequate funding for clinical research. In addition, the report identifies two translational blocks--from basic science into clinical practice and from the clinical identification of things that work into broader application to improve medical care and the public's health. This workshop summary addresses the contribution of the public to overcoming these obstacles. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Innovation in Information Technology SN - DO - 10.17226/10795 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10795/innovation-in-information-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Industry and Labor AB - Progress in information technology (IT) has been remarkable, but the best truly is yet to come: the power of IT as a human enabler is just beginning to be realized. Whether the nation builds on this momentum or plateaus prematurely depends on today's decisions about fundamental research in computer science (CS) and the related fields behind IT.The Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) has often been asked to examine how innovation occurs in IT, what the most promising research directions are, and what impacts such innovation might have on society. Consistent themes emerge from CSTB studies, notwithstanding changes in information technology itself, in the IT-producing sector, and in the U.S. university system, a key player in IT research.In this synthesis report, based largely on the eight CSTB reports enumerated below, CSTB highlights these themes and updates some of the data that support them. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Conflict and Reconstruction in Multiethnic Societies: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/10879 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10879/conflict-and-reconstruction-in-multiethnic-societies-proceedings-of-a-russian PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - This report is the proceedings of a December 2001 international symposium in Washington, DC organized by the National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The symposium addressed (1) characteristics of peaceful management of tensions in multiethnic societies, particularly in Russia; (2) policies that have contributed to violence in such societies; (3) steps toward reconciliation; and (4) post-conflict reconstruction. ER -