@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Forensic Analysis: Weighing Bullet Lead Evidence", isbn = "978-0-309-09079-7", abstract = "Since the 1960s, testimony by representatives of the Federal Bureau of Investigation\nin thousands of criminal cases has relied on evidence from Compositional Analysis of\nBullet Lead (CABL), a forensic technique that compares the elemental composition of\nbullets found at a crime scene to the elemental composition of bullets found in a\nsuspect's possession. Different from ballistics techniques that compare striations on\nthe barrel of a gun to those on a recovered bullet, CABL is used when no gun is\nrecovered or when bullets are too small or mangled to observe striations. Forensic\nAnalysis: Weighing Bullet Lead Evidence assesses the scientific validity of CABL, finding\nthat the FBI should use a different statistical analysis for the technique and that,\ngiven variations in bullet manufacturing processes, expert witnesses should make\nclear the very limited conclusions that CABL results can support. The report also recommends\nthat the FBI take additional measures to ensure the validity of CABL\nresults, which include improving documentation, publishing details, and improving\non training and oversight.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10924/forensic-analysis-weighing-bullet-lead-evidence", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Wesley Skogan and Kathleen Frydl", title = "Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence", isbn = "978-0-309-28965-8", abstract = "Because police are the most visible face of government power for most citizens, they are expected to deal effectively with crime and disorder and to be impartial. Producing justice through the fair, and restrained use of their authority. The standards by which the public judges police success have become more exacting and challenging.\n\nFairness and Effectiveness in Policing explores police work in the new century. It replaces myths with research findings and provides recommendations for updated policy and practices to guide it. The book provides answers to the most basic questions: What do police do? It reviews how police work is organized, explores the expanding responsibilities of police, examines the increasing diversity among police employees, and discusses the complex interactions between officers and citizens. It also addresses such topics as community policing, use of force, racial profiling, and evaluates the success of common police techniques, such as focusing on crime \u201chot spots.\u201d It goes on to look at the issue of legitimacy\u2014how the public gets information about police work, and how police are viewed by different groups, and how police can gain community trust. \n\nFairness and Effectiveness in Policing will be important to anyone concerned about police work: policy makers, administrators, educators, police supervisors and officers, journalists, and interested citizens. \n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }