@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Role of Experimentation in Building Future Naval Forces", isbn = "978-0-309-08873-2", abstract = "The Department of Defense is in the process of transforming the nation\u2019s\narmed forces to meet the military challenges of the 21st century. Currently, the\nopportunity exists to carry out experiments at individual and joint service levels to\nfacilitate this transformation. Experimentation, which involves a spectrum of activities\nincluding analyses, war games, modeling and simulation, small focused experiments, and\nlarge field events among other things, provides the means to enhance naval and joint\nforce development. To assist the Navy in this effort, the Chief of Naval Operations\n(CNO) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct a study to examine the\nrole of experimentation in building future naval forces to operate in the joint\nenvironment. The NRC formed the Committee for the Role of Experimentation in\nBuilding Future Naval Forces to perform the study.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11125/the-role-of-experimentation-in-building-future-naval-forces", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Naval Forces' Defense Capabilities Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Threats", isbn = "978-0-309-08872-5", abstract = "U.S. naval forces must be prepared to respond to a broad array of threats. Of increasing importance are those from chemical and biological warfare (CW and BW). To help review its current state of preparedness, the Chief of Naval Operations asked the National Research Council (NRC) to assess the U.S. Navy\u2019s defense capabilities against CW and BW threats. In particular to what extent are they being developed to enable naval forces to sense and analyze quickly the presence of chemical and biological agents, withstand or avoid exposure to such agents, deal with contamination under a broad spectrum of operational conditions, and over what period will these capabilities be realized. This report presents the results of that assessment. It provides an overview of the potential threats, and an evaluation of the Navy\u2019s operations, non-medical programs, and medical countermeasures designed to confront those threats. The report also presents a series of general and specific findings and recommendations based on these assessments.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11034/naval-forces-defense-capabilities-against-chemical-and-biological-warfare-threats", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Transit-Oriented Development in the United States: Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects", abstract = "TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 102: Transit-Oriented Development in the United States--Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects examines the state of the practice and the benefits of transit-oriented development and joint development throughout the United States.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23360/transit-oriented-development-in-the-united-states-experiences-challenges-and-prospects", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses: U.S.-Russian Workshop Proceedings", isbn = "978-0-309-08971-5", abstract = "This book is devoted primarily to papers prepared by American and Russian specialists\non cyber terrorism and urban terrorism. It also includes papers on biological and\nradiological terrorism from the American and Russian perspectives. Of particular\ninterest are the discussions of the hostage situation at Dubrovko in Moscow, the\ndamge inflicted in New York during the attacks on 9\/11, and Russian priorities in\naddressing cyber terrorism.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10968/terrorism-reducing-vulnerabilities-and-improving-responses-us-russian-workshop-proceedings", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Advanced Energetic Materials", isbn = "978-0-309-09160-2", abstract = "Advanced energetic materials\u2014explosive fill and propellants\u2014are a critical technology for national security. While several new promising concepts and formulations have emerged in recent years, the Department of Defense is concerned about the nation\u2019s ability to maintain and improve the knowledge base in this area. To assist in addressing these concerns, two offices within DOD asked the NRC to investigate and assess the scope and health of the U.S. R&D efforts in energetic materials. This report provides that assessment. It presents several findings about the current R&D effort and recommendations aimed at improving U.S. capabilities in developing new energetic materials technology.\n\nThis study reviewed U.S. research and development in advanced energetics being conducted by DoD, the DoE national laboratories, industries, and academia, from a list provided by the sponsors. It also: (a) reviewed papers and technology assessments of non-U.S. work in advanced energetics, assessed important parameters, such as validity, viability, and the likelihood that each of these materials can be produced in quantity; (b) identified barriers to scale-up and production, and suggested technical approaches for addressing potential problems; and (c) suggested specific opportunities, strategies, and priorities for government sponsorship of technologies and manufacturing process development. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10918/advanced-energetic-materials", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Evaluation of the National Aerospace Initiative", isbn = "978-0-309-09175-6", abstract = "The National Aerospace Initiative (NAI) was conceived as a joint effort between the Department of Defense (DOD) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to sustain the aerospace leadership of the United States through the acceleration of selected aerospace technologies: hypersonic flight, access to space, and space technologies. The Air Force became concerned about the NAI\u2019s possible consequences on Air Force programs and budget if NAI program decisions differed from Air Force priorities. To examine this issue, it asked the NRC for an independent review of the NAI. This report presents the results of that assessment. It focuses on three questions asked by the Air Force: is NAI technically feasible in the time frame laid out; is it financially feasible over that period; and is it operationally relevant. \n\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10980/evaluation-of-the-national-aerospace-initiative", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Science and Technology in Armenia: Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy", isbn = "978-0-309-09278-4", abstract = "An NRC ad hoc committee analyzed the current status and future development potential of Armenia's science and technology base, including human and infrastructural resources and research and educational capabilities. The committee identified those fields and institutions offering promising opportunities for contributing to economic and social development, and particularly institutions having unique and important capabilities, worthy of support from international financial institutions, private investment sources, and the Armenian and U.S. governments. The scope of the study included both pure and applied research as well as education in science-related fields. The committee's report addresses the existing capacity of state and private research institutions, higher education capabilities and trends, scientific funding sources, innovative investment models, relevant success stories, factors hindering development of the science sector, potential domestic Armenian customers for scientific results and products, and opportunities for regional scientific collaboration. An Armenian language version of the report is also available.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11107/science-and-technology-in-armenia-toward-a-knowledge-based-economy", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security: Report 2: C4ISR", isbn = "978-0-309-09164-0", abstract = "Shortly after the events of September 11, 2001, the U.S. Army asked the National Research Council (NRC) for a series of reports on how science and technology could assist the Army meet its Homeland defense obligations. The first report, Science and Technology for Army Homeland Security\u2014Report 1, presented a survey of a road range of technologies and recommended applying Future Force technologies to homeland security wherever possible. In particular, the report noted that the Army should play a major role in providing emergency command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) capabilities and that the technology and architecture needed for homeland security C4ISR was compatible with that of the Army\u2019s Future Force. This second report focuses on C4ISR and how it can facilitate the Army\u2019s efforts to assist the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and emergency responders meet a catastrophic event.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11053/army-science-and-technology-for-homeland-security-report-2-c4isr", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "2003 Assessment of the Office of Naval Research's Marine Corps Science and Technology Program", isbn = "978-0-309-08981-4", abstract = "The Office of Naval Research (ONR) funds research across a broad range of scientific and engineering disciplines in support of the Navy and Marine Corps. To ensure that its investments are serving those ends and are of high quality, ONR requires each of its departments to undergo annual review. Since 1999, the Naval Expeditionary Warfare Department of ONR has requested that the NRC conduct these reviews. This report presents the results of the second review of the Marine Corps Science and Technology program. The first review was conducted in 2000. The 2003 assessment examines the overall Marine Corps S&T program, the littoral combat future naval capability, the core thrusts of the program, and basic research activities.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10917/2003-assessment-of-the-office-of-naval-researchs-marine-corps-science-and-technology-program", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Capturing the Full Power of Biomaterials for Military Medicine: Report of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-09283-8", abstract = "Recent results in biomaterials R&D suggest that there are exceptional opportunities for these emerging materials in military medicine. To facilitate this possibility, the National Research Council convened a workshop at the request of the Department of Defense to help create a technology development roadmap to enhance military R&D into biomaterials technology. The workshop focused primarily on identifying useful near- and mid-term applications of biomaterials including wound care, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and physiological sensors and diagnostics. This report presents a summary of the workshop. It provides a review of biomaterials and their importance to military medicine, the roadmap, and a discussion of ways to enable biomaterials development. Several important outcomes of successful capture of potential benefits of these materials are also discussed. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11063/capturing-the-full-power-of-biomaterials-for-military-medicine-report", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Sidney Perkowitz", title = "Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids", abstract = "Robots, androids, and bionic people pervade popular culture, from classics like Frankenstein and R.U.R. to modern tales such as The Six Million Dollar Man, The Terminator, and A.I. Our fascination is obvious \u2013 and the technology is quickly moving from books and films to real life.\n\nIn a lab at MIT, scientists and technicians have created an artificial being named COG. To watch COG interact with the environment \u2013 to recognize that this machine has actual body language \u2013 is to experience a hair-raising, gut-level reaction. Because just as we connect to artificial people in fiction, the merest hint of human-like action or appearance invariably engages us. \n\nDigital People examines the ways in which technology is inexorably driving us to a new and different level of humanity. As scientists draw on nanotechnology, molecular biology, artificial intelligence, and materials science, they are learning how to create beings that move, think, and look like people. Others are routinely using sophisticated surgical techniques to implant computer chips and drug-dispensing devices into our bodies, designing fully functional man-made body parts, and linking human brains with computers to make people healthier, smarter, and stronger. \n\nIn short, we are going beyond what was once only science fiction to create bionic people with fully integrated artificial components \u2013 and it will not be long before we reach the ultimate goal of constructing a completely synthetic human-like being.\n\nIt seems quintessentially human to look beyond our natural limitations. Science has long been the lens through which we squint to discern our future. Although we are rightfully fearful about manipulating the boundaries between animate and inanimate, the benefits are too great to ignore. This thoughtful and provocative book shows us just where technology is taking us, in directions both wonderful and terrible, to ponder what it means to be human.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10738/digital-people-from-bionic-humans-to-androids", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", title = "Biographical Memoirs: Volume 84", isbn = "978-0-309-08957-9", abstract = "Biographic Memoirs Volume 84 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10992/biographical-memoirs-volume-84", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Gulf War and Health: Updated Literature Review of Sarin", isbn = "978-0-309-09294-4", abstract = "The Gulf War in 1990-1991 was considered a brief and successful military operation, with few injuries or deaths of US troops. The war began in August 1990, and the last US ground troops returned home by June 1991. Although most Gulf War veterans resumed their normal activities, many soon began reporting a variety of nonexplained health problems that they attributed to their participation in the Gulf War, including chronic fatigue, muscle and joint pain, loss of concentration, forgetfulness, headache, and rash. Because of concerns about the veterans' health problems, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) review the scientific and medical literature on the long-term adverse health effects of agents to which the Gulf War veterans may have been exposed. This report is a broad overview of the toxicology of sarin and cyclosarin. It assesses the biologic plausibility with respect to the compounds in question and health effects.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11064/gulf-war-and-health-updated-literature-review-of-sarin", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Edmund Blair Bolles", title = "Einstein Defiant: Genius Versus Genius in the Quantum Revolution", isbn = "978-0-309-09617-1", abstract = "\"I find the idea quite intolerable that an electron exposed to radiation should choose of its own free will, not only its moment to jump off, but also its direction. In that case, I would rather be a cobbler, or even an employee in a gaming house, than a physicist.\" -Albert Einstein\nA scandal hovers over the history of 20th century physics. Albert Einstein -- the century's greatest physicist -- was never able to come to terms with quantum mechanics, the century's greatest theoretical achievement. For physicists who routinely use both quantum laws and Einstein's ideas, this contradiction can be almost too embarrassing to dwell on. Yet Einstein was one of the founders of quantum physics and he spent many years preaching the quantum's importance and its revolutionary nature.\nThe Danish genius Neils Bohr was another founder of quantum physics. He had managed to solve one of the few physics problems that Einstein ever shied away from, linking quantum mathematics with a new model of the atom. This leap immediately yielded results that explained electron behavior and the periodic table of the elements.\nDespite their mutual appreciation of the quantum's importance, these two giants of modern physics never agreed on the fundamentals of their work. In fact, they clashed repeatedly throughout the 1920s, arguing first over Einstein's theory of \"light quanta\"(photons), then over Niels Bohr's short-lived theory that denied the conservation of energy at the quantum level, and climactically over the new quantum mechanics that Bohr enthusiastically embraced and Einstein stubbornly defied.\nThis contest of visions stripped the scientific imagination naked. Einstein was a staunch realist, demanding to know the physical reasons behind physical events. At odds with this approach was Bohr's more pragmatic perspective that favored theories that worked, even if he might not have a corresponding explanation of the underlying reality. Powerful and illuminating, Einstein Defiant is the first book to capture the soul and the science that inspired this dramatic duel, revealing the personalities and the passions -- and, in the end, what was at stake for the world.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10737/einstein-defiant-genius-versus-genius-in-the-quantum-revolution", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of the Army's Technical Guides on Assessing and Managing Chemical Hazards to Deployed Personnel", isbn = "978-0-309-09221-0", abstract = "To guide mission planning, military decision makers need information on the health risks of potential exposures to individual soldiers and their potential impact on mission operations. To help with the assessment of chemical hazards, the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine developed three technical guides for characterizing chemicals in terms of their risks to the mission and to the health of the force. The report reviews these guides for their scientific validity and conformance with current risk-assessment practices. The report finds that the military exposure guidelines are appropriate (with some modification) for providing force health protection, but that for assessing mission risk, a new set of exposure guidelines is needed that predict concentrations at which health effects would degrade the performance of enough soldiers to hinder mission accomplishment. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10974/review-of-the-armys-technical-guides-on-assessing-and-managing-chemical-hazards-to-deployed-personnel", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Improved Operational Testing and Evaluation and Methods of Combining Test Information for the Stryker Family of Vehicles and Related Army Systems: Phase II Report", isbn = "978-0-309-09102-2", abstract = "The U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) is responsible for the operational testing and evaluation of Army systems in development. ATECrequested that the National Research Council form the Panel on Operational Test Design and Evaluation of the Interim Armored Vehicle (Stryker). The charge to this panel was to explore three issues concerning the IOT plans for the Stryker\/SBCT. First, the panel was asked to examine the measures selected to assess the performance and effectiveness of the Stryker\/SBCT in comparison both to requirements and to the baseline system. Second, the panel was asked to review the test design for the Stryker\/SBCT initial operational test to see whether it is consistent with best practices. Third, the panel was asked to identify the advantages and disadvantages of techniques for combining operational test data with data from other sources and types of use. In a previous report (appended to the current report) the panel presented findings, conclusions, and recommendations pertaining to the first two issues: measures of performance and effectiveness, and test design. In the current report, the panel discusses techniques for combining information.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10871/improved-operational-testing-and-evaluation-and-methods-of-combining-test-information-for-the-stryker-family-of-vehicles-and-related-army-systems", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Engineering", editor = "James R. Phimister and Vicki M. Bier and Howard C. Kunreuther", title = "Accident Precursor Analysis and Management: Reducing Technological Risk Through Diligence", isbn = "978-0-309-09216-6", abstract = "In the aftermath of catastrophes, it is common to find prior indicators, missed signals, and dismissed alerts that, had they been recognized and appropriately managed before the event, could have resulted in the undesired event being averted. These indicators are typically called \"precursors.\" Accident Precursor Analysis and Management: Reducing Technological Risk Through Diligence documents various industrial and academic approaches to detecting, analyzing, and benefiting from accident precursors and examines public-sector and private-sector roles in the collection and use of precursor information. The book includes the analysis, findings and recommendations of the authoring NAE committee as well as eleven individually authored background papers on the opportunity of precursor analysis and management, risk assessment, risk management, and linking risk assessment and management.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11061/accident-precursor-analysis-and-management-reducing-technological-risk-through-diligence", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", title = "Biographical Memoirs: Volume 85", isbn = "978-0-309-10363-3", abstract = "Biographic Memoirs Volume 85 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11172/biographical-memoirs-volume-85", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Overcoming Impediments to U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation: Report of a Joint Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-09177-0", abstract = "The U.S. National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences convened a joint workshop to identify methods of overcoming impediments to cooperation between the United States and Russia on nonproliferation. The workshop emphasized approaches and techniques that have already been shown to work in U.S.-Russian programs and that might be applied in other areas. The workshop was intended to facilitate frank discussion between individuals in the United States and Russia who have some responsibility for cooperative nonproliferation programs in the hope of identifying both the impediments to cooperation and potential methods of addressing them. This report summarizes the discussions at the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10928/overcoming-impediments-to-us-russian-cooperation-on-nuclear-nonproliferation-report", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Paul R. Sackett and Anne S. Mavor", title = "Evaluating Military Advertising and Recruiting: Theory and Methodology", isbn = "978-0-309-09127-5", abstract = "It is anticipated that in the coming decade the Department of Defense (DoD) will\nfield and test new advertising and recruiting initiatives designed to improve the\nrecruiting outlook. The DoD needs a comprehensive research and evaluation strategy\nbased on sound research principles that will ensure valid, reliable, and relevant results\nto discover the most promising policies. The primary objective of this book is to help\nthe DoD improve its research on advertising and recruiting policies.\n\nEvaluating Military Advertising and Recruiting: Theory and Methodology presents a\nframework for evaluation that links different types of research questions to various\nresearch methodologies. The framework identifies four major categories of research\nquestions and four broad methodological approaches. The first category of research\nquestion asks \u201cWhat does a target audience see as attractive or unattractive features\nof a program?\u201d It is well suited to examination via qualitative methods, such as focus\ngroups, unstructured or open-ended surveys, and interviews. The second category of\nresearch question asks \u201cWhat is the effect of a program on specified attitudes or\nbehavioral intentions?\u201d It is well suited to examination via surveys, experiments, and\nquasi experiments. The third category of research question asks \u201cWhat is the effect\nof a proposed new program on enlistment?\u201d It is well suited to examination via\nexperiments and quasi experiments. The final category of research question asks\n\u201cWhat is the effect of an existing program on enlistment?\u201d It is well suited to examination\nvia econometric modeling.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10867/evaluating-military-advertising-and-recruiting-theory-and-methodology", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }