TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/11289 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11289/policy-implications-of-international-graduate-students-and-postdoctoral-scholars-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States explores the role and impact of students and scholars on US educational institutions and the US economy. The nation has drawn increasingly on human resources abroad for its science and engineering workforce. However, competition for talent has grown as other countries have expanded their research infrastructure and created more opportunities for international students. The report discusses trends in international student enrollments, stay rates, and examines the impact of visa policies on international mobility of the highly skilled. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - On-Board and Intercept Transit Survey Techniques DO - 10.17226/13866 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13866/on-board-and-intercept-transit-survey-techniques PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 63: On-Board and Intercept Transit Survey Techniques examines transit agencies’ experiences with planning and implementing on-board and intercept surveys. On-board and intercept surveys include self-administered surveys distributed on board buses and railcars, and in stations, as well as interviews conducted in these environments. The report provides an overview of industry practices and covers a broad range of issues addressed in planning a given survey. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Lisa Towne A2 - Lauress L. Wise A2 - Tina M. Winters TI - Advancing Scientific Research in Education SN - DO - 10.17226/11112 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11112/advancing-scientific-research-in-education PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Transforming education into an evidence-based field depends in no small part on a strong base of scientific knowledge to inform educational policy and practice. Advancing Scientific Research in Education makes select recommendations for strengthening scientific education research and targets federal agencies, professional associations, and universities—particularly schools of education—to take the lead in advancing the field. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Robert A. Dobie A2 - Susan B. Van Hemel TI - Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits SN - DO - 10.17226/11099 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11099/hearing-loss-determining-eligibility-for-social-security-benefits PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Millions of Americans experience some degree of hearing loss. The Social Security Administration (SSA) operates programs that provide cash disability benefits to people with permanent impairments like hearing loss, if they can show that their impairments meet stringent SSA criteria and their earnings are below an SSA threshold. The National Research Council convened an expert committee at the request of the SSA to study the issues related to disability determination for people with hearing loss. This volume is the product of that study. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits reviews current knowledge about hearing loss and its measurement and treatment, and provides an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the current processes and criteria. It recommends changes to strengthen the disability determination process and ensure its reliability and fairness. The book addresses criteria for selection of pure tone and speech tests, guidelines for test administration, testing of hearing in noise, special issues related to testing children, and the difficulty of predicting work capacity from clinical hearing test results. It should be useful to audiologists, otolaryngologists, disability advocates, and others who are concerned with people who have hearing loss. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Biographical Memoirs: Volume 87 SN - DO - 10.17226/11522 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11522/biographical-memoirs-volume-87 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Biographic Memoirs Volume 87 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation SN - DO - 10.17226/11258 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11258/signposts-in-cyberspace-the-domain-name-system-and-internet-navigation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The Domain Name System (DNS) enables user-friendly alphanumeric names—domain names—to be assigned to Internet sites. Many of these names have gained economic, social, and political value, leading to conflicts over their ownership, especially names containing trademarked terms. Congress, in P.L. 105-305, directed the Department of Commerce to request the NRC to perform a study of these issues. When the study was initiated, steps were already underway to address the resolution of domain name conflicts, but the continued rapid expansion of the use of the Internet had raised a number of additional policy and technical issues. Furthermore, it became clear that the introduction of search engines and other tools for Internet navigation was affecting the DNS. Consequently, the study was expanded to include policy and technical issues related to the DNS in the context of Internet navigation. This report presents the NRC’s assessment of the current state and future prospects of the DNS and Internet navigation, and its conclusions and recommendations concerning key technical and policy issues. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Richard F. Thompson A2 - Stephen A. Madigan TI - Memory: The Key to Consciousness DO - 10.17226/10746 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10746/memory-the-key-to-consciousness PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Memory is perhaps the most extraordinary phenomenon in the natural world. Every person’s brain holds literally millions of bits of information in long-term storage. This vast memory store includes our extensive vocabulary and knowledge of language; the tremendous and unique variety of facts we’ve amassed; all the skills we’ve learned, from walking and talking to musical and athletic performance; many of the emotions we feel; and the continuous sensations, feelings, and understandings of the world we term “consciousness.” And we routinely access this tremendous volume of data in the blink of an eye. Without memory there can be no mind as we understand it. Focusing on cutting edge research in behavioral and neuroscience, Memory, the second title in the Science Essentials series, is a primer of our current scientific understanding of the mechanics of memory and learning. During the past two decades, memory research has accelerated and we have seen an explosion of new knowledge about the brain. For example, there now exists a wide-ranging and successful applied science devoted specifically and exclusively to the study of memory that has yielded better procedures for eliciting valid recollections in legal settings and improved our track record for diagnosing and treating memory disorders. Everyone fascinated by the cutting-edge scientific research that is revealing the incredible scope and power of the human brain will find this to be an unforgettable book. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Mary Mycio TI - Wormwood Forest: A Natural History of Chernobyl SN - DO - 10.17226/11318 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11318/wormwood-forest-a-natural-history-of-chernobyl PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - When a titanic explosion ripped through the Number Four reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant in 1986, spewing flames and chunks of burning, radioactive material into the atmosphere, one of our worst nightmares came true. As the news gradually seeped out of the USSR and the extent of the disaster was realized, it became clear how horribly wrong things had gone. Dozens died - two from the explosion and many more from radiation illness during the following months - while scores of additional victims came down with acute radiation sickness. Hundreds of thousands were evacuated from the most contaminated areas. The prognosis for Chernobyl and its environs - succinctly dubbed the Zone of Alienation - was grim. Today, 20 years after the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, intrepid journalist Mary Mycio dons dosimeter and camouflage protective gear to explore the world's most infamous radioactive wilderness. As she tours the Zone to report on the disaster's long-term effects on its human, faunal, and floral inhabitants, she meets pockets of defiant local residents who have remained behind to survive and make a life in the Zone. And she is shocked to discover that the area surrounding Chernobyl has become Europe's largest wildlife sanctuary, a flourishing - at times unearthly - wilderness teeming with large animals and a variety of birds, many of them members of rare and endangered species. Like the forests, fields, and swamps of their unexpectedly inviting habitat, both the people and the animals are all radioactive. Cesium-137 is packed in their muscles and strontium-90 in their bones. But quite astonishingly, they are also thriving. If fears of the Apocalypse and a lifeless, barren radioactive future have been constant companions of the nuclear age, Chernobyl now shows us a different view of the future. A vivid blend of reportage, popular science, and illuminating encounters that explode the myths of Chernobyl with facts that are at once beautiful and horrible, Wormwood Forest brings a remarkable land - and its people and animals - to life to tell a unique story of science, surprise and suspense. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Literature Review on Health and Fatigue Issues Associated with Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Hours of Work DO - 10.17226/13839 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13839/literature-review-on-health-and-fatigue-issues-associated-with-commercial-motor-vehicle-driver-hours-of-work PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 9: Literature Review on Health and Fatigue Issues Associated with Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Hours of Work examines literature relevant to health and fatigue issues associated with commercial vehicle driver hours of service. This literature review was specifically requested by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) to provide information related to its Hours of Service regulations issued in January 2004. The report contains a general literature review of the health issues from 1975 to the present, and fatigue issues from January 2004 to present, associated with commercial vehicle driver hours of service. The report also contains a literature review of references that were cited in response to a related FMCSA January 2005 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Strictly a literature review, the report does not contain any conclusions or recommendations.CTBSSP Synthesis 9 Errata Sheet -- Some citation information and abstracts were inadvertently omitted from CTBSSP Synthesis 9 as published. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Mike Hally TI - Electronic Brains: Stories from the Dawn of the Computer Age DO - 10.17226/11319 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11319/electronic-brains-stories-from-the-dawn-of-the-computer-age PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - We've come so far, so fast. Within a relatively short period of time, we've managed to put enormous computing power in offices and homes around the globe. But before there was an IBM computer, before there were laptops and personal PCs, there were small independent teams of pioneers working on the development of the very first computer. Scattered around the globe and ranging in temperament and talent, they forged the future in basement labs, backyard, workshops, and old horse barns. Tracing the period just after World War II when the first truly modern computers were developed, Electronic Brains chronicles the escapades of the world's first "techies." Some of the initial projects are quite famous and well known, such as "LEO", the Lyons Electronic Office, which was developed by the catering company J. Lyons & Co. in London in the 1940s. Others are a bit more arcane, such as the ABC, which was built in a basement at Iowa State College and was abandoned to obscurity at the beginning of WWII. And then - like the tale of the Rand 409 which wss constructed in a barn in Connecticut under the watchful eye of a stuffed moose - there are the stories that are virtually unknown. All combine to create a fascinating history of a now-ubiquitous technology. Relying on extensive interviews from surviving members of the original teams of hardware jockeys, author Mike Hally recreates the atmosphere of the early days of computing. Rich with provocative and entertaining descriptions, we are introduced go the many eccentric, obsessive, and fiercely loyal men and women who laid the foundations for the computerized world in which we now live. As the acronyms fly fast and furious - UNIVAC, CSIRAC, and MESM, to name just a few - Electronic Brains provides a vivid sense of time, place, and science. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Assessment of NIH Minority Research and Training Programs: Phase 3 SN - DO - 10.17226/11329 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11329/assessment-of-nih-minority-research-and-training-programs-phase-3 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Health and Medicine AB - This report provides an assessment of NIH’s programs for increasing the participation in biomedical science of individuals from underrepresented minority groups. The report examines, using available data and the results of a survey of NIH trainees, the characteristics and outcomes of programs at the undergraduate, graduate, postdoctoral, and junior faculty levels. The report provides recommendations for improving these programs and their administration. It also recommends how NIH can improve the data it collects on trainees in all NIH research training programs so as to enhance training program evaluation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council TI - Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety SN - DO - 10.17226/10882 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10882/dietary-supplements-a-framework-for-evaluating-safety PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The growing consumer interest in health and fitness has expanded the market for a wide range of products, from yoga mats to the multiple dietary supplements now on the market. Supplements are popular, but are they safe? Many dietary supplements are probably safe when used as recommended. However, since 1994 when Congress decided that they should be regulated as if they were foods, they are assumed to be safe unless the Food and Drug Administration can demonstrate that they pose a significant risk to the consumer. But there are many types of products that qualify as dietary supplements, and the distinctions can become muddled and vague. Manufacturers are not legally required to provide specific information about safety before marketing their products. And the sales of supplements have been steadily increasing—all together, the various types now bring in almost $16 billion per year. Given these confounding factors, what kind of information can the Food and Drug Administration use to effectively regulate dietary supplements? This book provides a framework for evaluating dietary supplement safety and protecting the health of consumers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Trademarking and Licensing for Transit Providers DO - 10.17226/23291 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23291/trademarking-and-licensing-for-transit-providers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Legal Research Digest 21: Trademarking and Licensing for Transit Providers examines the process of creating and protecting trademark assets. The report includes a step-by-step explanation of the process used to prepare and file an application for a federal trademark. The electronic version of the report also contains links to useful websites and additional information regarding trademark law. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Research Council A2 - Mary C. Mattis A2 - John Sislin TI - Enhancing the Community College Pathway to Engineering Careers SN - DO - 10.17226/11438 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11438/enhancing-the-community-college-pathway-to-engineering-careers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Community colleges play an important role in starting students on the road to engineering careers, but students often face obstacles in transferring to four-year educational institutions to continue their education. Enhancing the Community College Pathway to Engineering Careers, a new book from the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council, discusses ways to improve the transfer experience for students at community colleges and offers strategies to enhance partnerships between those colleges and four-year engineering schools to help students transfer more smoothly. In particular, the book focuses on challenges and opportunities for improving transfer between community colleges and four-year educational institutions, recruitment and retention of students interested in engineering, the curricular content and quality of engineering programs, opportunities for community colleges to increase diversity in the engineering workforce, and a review of sources of information on community college and transfer students. It includes a number of current policies, practices, and programs involving community college–four-year institution partnerships. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Guide for Reducing Work Zone Collisions DO - 10.17226/13889 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13889/a-guide-for-reducing-work-zone-collisions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 500, Vol. 17, Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan: A Guide for Reducing Work Zone Collisions provides strategies that can be employed to reduce work zone crashes.In 1998, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved its Strategic Highway Safety Plan, which was developed by the AASHTO Standing Committee for Highway Traffic Safety with the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation Safety Management. The plan includes strategies in 22 key emphasis areas that affect highway safety. The plan's goal is to reduce the annual number of highway deaths by 5,000 to 7,000. Each of the 22 emphasis areas includes strategies and an outline of what is needed to implement each strategy.Over the next few years the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) will be developing a series of guides, several of which are already available, to assist state and local agencies in reducing injuries and fatalities in targeted areas. The guides correspond to the emphasis areas outlined in the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan. Each guide includes a brief introduction, a general description of the problem, the strategies/countermeasures to address the problem, and a model implementation process. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Quality Through Collaboration: The Future of Rural Health SN - DO - 10.17226/11140 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11140/quality-through-collaboration-the-future-of-rural-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Building on the innovative Institute of Medicine reports To Err Is Human and Crossing the Quality Chasm, Quality Through Collaboration: The Future of Rural Health offers a strategy to address the quality challenges in rural communities. Rural America is a vital, diverse component of the American community, representing nearly 20% of the population of the United States. Rural communities are heterogeneous and differ in population density, remoteness from urban areas, and the cultural norms of the regions of which they are a part. As a result, rural communities range in their demographics and environmental, economic, and social characteristics. These differences influence the magnitude and types of health problems these communities face. Quality Through Collaboration: The Future of Rural Health assesses the quality of health care in rural areas and provides a framework for core set of services and essential infrastructure to deliver those services to rural communities. The book recommends: Adopting an integrated approach to addressing both personal and population health needs Establishing a stronger health care quality improvement support structure to assist rural health systems and professionals Enhancing the human resource capacity of health care professionals in rural communities and expanding the preparedness of rural residents to actively engage in improving their health and health care Assuring that rural health care systems are financially stable Investing in an information and communications technology infrastructure It is critical that existing and new resources be deployed strategically, recognizing the need to improve both the quality of individual-level care and the health of rural communities and populations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Car-Sharing: Where and How It Succeeds DO - 10.17226/13559 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13559/car-sharing-where-and-how-it-succeeds PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 108: Car-Sharing--Where and How It Succeeds examines development and implementation of car-sharing services. Issues addressed in the report include the roles of car-sharing in enhancing mobility as part of the transportation system; the characteristics of car-sharing members and neighborhoods where car-sharing has been established; and the environmental, economic, and social impacts of car-sharing. The report also focuses on car-sharing promotional efforts, barriers to car-sharing and ways to mitigate these barriers, and procurement methods and evaluation techniques for achieving car-sharing goals. Appendices A through E of TCRP Report 108 are included with the report on CRP-CD-60 that is packaged with the report. The appendices include an annotated bibliography; a list of partner organizations surveyed and interviewed; survey instruments; and sample documents such as Requests for Proposals (RFPs) and zoning ordinances related to car-sharing. Appendix E was designed as a resource for introducing organizations to car-sharing and encouraging partnerships to initiate car-sharing programs.Links to the download site for the CRP-CD-60 and to instructions on burning an .ISO CD-ROM are below.Help on Burning an .ISO CD-ROM ImageDownload the CRP-CD-60 CD-ROM Image(Warning: This file is large--23.9 MB--and will take approximately 15 minutes to download using a high-speed connection.) ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - James Curran A2 - Haile Debas A2 - Monisha Arya A2 - Patrick Kelley A2 - Stacey Knobler A2 - Leslie Pray TI - Scaling Up Treatment for the Global AIDS Pandemic: Challenges and Opportunities SN - DO - 10.17226/11043 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11043/scaling-up-treatment-for-the-global-aids-pandemic-challenges-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - An estimated forty million people carry the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and five million more become newly infected annually. In recent years, many HIV-infected patients in wealthy nations have enjoyed significantly longer, good-quality lives as a result of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, most infected individuals live in the poorest regions of the world, where ART is virtually nonexistent. The consequent death toll in these regions—especially sub-Saharan Africa—is begetting economic and social collapse. To inform the multiple efforts underway to deploy antiretroviral drugs in resource-poor settings, the Institute of Medicine committee was asked to conduct an independent review and assessment of rapid scale-up ART programs. It was also asked to identify the components of effective implementation programs. At the heart of the committee's report lie five imperatives: Immediately introduce and scale up ART programs in resource-poor settings. Devise strategies to ensure high levels of patient adherence to complicated treatment regimens. Rapidly address human-resource shortages to avoid the failure of program implementation. Continuously monitor and evaluate the programs to form the most effective guidelines and treatment regimens for each population. Prepare to sustain ART for decades. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - M. Suzanne Donovan A2 - John D. Bransford TI - How Students Learn: Mathematics in the Classroom SN - DO - 10.17226/11101 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11101/how-students-learn-mathematics-in-the-classroom PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - How Students Learn: Mathematics in the Classroom builds on the discoveries detailed in the best-selling How People Learn. Now these findings are presented in a way that teachers can use immediately, to revitalize their work in the classroom for even greater effectiveness. This book shows how to overcome the difficulties in teaching math to generate real insight and reasoning in math students. It also features illustrated suggestions for classroom activities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Fitzhugh Mullan A2 - Claire Panosian A2 - Patricia Cuff TI - Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS SN - DO - 10.17226/11270 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11270/healers-abroad-americans-responding-to-the-human-resource-crisis-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Healers Abroad:Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS calls for the federal government to create and fund the United States Global Health Service (GHS) to mobilize the nation�s best health care professionals and other highly skilled experts to help combat HIV/AIDS in hard-hit African, Caribbean, and Southeast Asian countries. The dearth of qualified health care workers in many lowincome nations is often the biggest roadblock to mounting effective responses to public health needs. The proposal�s goal is to build the capacity of targeted countries to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic over the long run. The GHS would be comprised of six multifaceted components. Full-time, salaried professionals would make up the organization�s pivotal �service corps,� working side-by-side with other colleagues already on the ground to provide medical care and drug therapy to affected populations while offering local counterparts training and assistance in clinical, technical, and managerial areas. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 SN - DO - 10.17226/11242 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11242/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2004 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Sixth in a series of congressionally mandated studies, this book is an updated review and evaluation of the available evidence regarding the statistical assoication between exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam and various adverse health outcomes suspected to be linked with such exposure. This book builds upon the information contained in the earlier books in the series: Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (1994) Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides and Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes (2000) Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans (2002) Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 focuses primarily on scientific studies and other information developed since the release of these earlier books. The previous volumes have noted that sufficient evidence exists to link chronic lymphocytic leukemia, soft-tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, and chloracne with exposure. The books also noted that there is “limited or suggestive” evidence of an association between exposure and respiratory cancers, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, the metabolic disorder porphyria cutanea tarda, early-onset transient peripheral neuropathies, Type 2 diabetes, and the congenital birth defect spinal bifida in veterans’ children. This volume will be critically important to both policymakers and physicians in the federal government, Vietnam veterans and their families, veterans’ organizations, researchers, and health professionals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Assessment of the Scientific Information for the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program SN - DO - 10.17226/11279 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11279/assessment-of-the-scientific-information-for-the-radiation-exposure-screening-and-education-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) was set up by Congress in 1990 to compensate people who have been diagnosed with specified cancers and chronic diseases that could have resulted from exposure to nuclear-weapons tests at various U.S. test sites. Eligible claimants include civilian onsite participants, downwinders who lived in areas currently designated by RECA, and uranium workers and ore transporters who meet specified residence or exposure criteria. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), which oversees the screening, education, and referral services program for RECA populations, asked the National Academies to review its program and assess whether new scientific information could be used to improve its program and determine if additional populations or geographic areas should be covered under RECA. The report recommends Congress should establish a new science-based process using a method called "probability of causation/assigned share" (PC/AS) to determine eligibility for compensation. Because fallout may have been higher for people outside RECA-designated areas, the new PC/AS process should apply to all residents of the continental US, Alaska, Hawaii, and overseas US territories who have been diagnosed with specific RECA-compensable diseases and who may have been exposed, even in utero, to radiation from U.S. nuclear-weapons testing fallout. However, because the risks of radiation-induced disease are generally low at the exposure levels of concern in RECA populations, in most cases it is unlikely that exposure to radioactive fallout was a substantial contributing cause of cancer. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Glenn E. Schweitzer A2 - A. Chelsea Sharber TI - An International Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility: Exploring a Russian Site as a Prototype: Proceedings of an International Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/11320 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11320/an-international-spent-nuclear-fuel-storage-facility-exploring-a-russian PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - As part of a long-standing collaboration on nuclear nonproliferation, the National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences held a joint workshop in Moscow in 2003 on the scientific aspects of an international radioactive disposal site in Russia. The passage of Russian laws permitting the importation and storage of high-level radioactive material (primarily spent nuclear fuel from reactors) has engendered interest from a number of foreign governments, including the U.S., in exploring the possibility of transferring material to Russia on a temporary or permanent basis. The workshop focused on the environmental aspects of the general location and characteristics of a possible storage site, transportation to and within the site, containers for transportation and storage, inventory and accountability, audits and inspections, and handling technologies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Bernard Lo A2 - Mary Ellen O'Connell TI - Ethical Considerations for Research on Housing-Related Health Hazards Involving Children SN - DO - 10.17226/11450 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11450/ethical-considerations-for-research-on-housing-related-health-hazards-involving-children PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Ethical Considerations for Research on Housing-Related Health Hazards Involving Children explores the ethical issues posed when conducting research designed to identify, understand, or ameliorate housing-related health hazards among children. Such research involves children as subjects and is conducted in the home and in communities. It is often conducted with children in low-income families given the disproportionate prevalence of housing-related conditions such as lead poisoning, asthma, and fatal injuries among these children. This book emphasizes five key elements to address the particular ethical concerns raised by these characteristics: involving the affected community in the research and responding to their concerns; ensuring that parents understand the essential elements of the research; adopting uniform federal guidelines for such research by all sponsors (Subpart D of 45 CFR 46); providing guidance on key terms in the regulations; and viewing research oversight as a system with important roles for researchers, IRBs and their research institutions, sponsors and regulators of research, and the community. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Gulf War and Health: Volume 3: Fuels, Combustion Products, and Propellants SN - DO - 10.17226/11180 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11180/gulf-war-and-health-volume-3-fuels-combustion-products-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The third in a series of congressionally mandated reports on Gulf War veterans’ health, this volume evaluates the long-term, human health effects associated with exposure to selected environmental agents, pollutants, and synthetic chemical compounds believed to have been present during the Gulf War. The committee specifically evaluated the literature on hydrogen sulfide, combustion products, hydrazine and red fuming nitric acid. Both the epidemiologic and toxicologic literature were reviewed. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Susan Okie TI - Fed Up!: Winning the War Against Childhood Obesity SN - DO - 10.17226/11023 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11023/fed-up-winning-the-war-against-childhood-obesity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Once dismissed by the medical profession as a purely cosmetic problem, obesity now ranks second only to smoking as a wholly preventable cause of death. Indeed, it's implicated in 300,000 deaths each year and is a major contributor to heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and depression. Even conservative estimates show that 15% of all children are now considered to be overweight--worldwide there are 22 million kids under five years old that are defined as fat. Supersized portions, unhealthy diets, and too little physical activity certainly contribute to what's making kids 'fat.' But that's not the whole story. Researchers are at a loss to explain why obesity rates have risen so suddenly and so steeply in the closing decades of the 20th century. But head out to the beaches, playgrounds, and amusement parks, and it's obvious that overweight children are more numerous and conspicuous. We see it in our neighborhoods and we read it in the headlines. Our nation--indeed the world--is in crisis. But knowledge is power and it's time to arm ourselves in the battle to win the war on obesity. Fed Up! is just what the doctor ordered. Based in part on the Institute of Medicine's ground-breaking report on childhood obesity, this new book from family physician and journalist Susan Okie provides in-depth background on the issue; shares heartrending but instructive case studies that illustrate just how serious and widespread the problem is; and gives honest, authoritative, science-based advice that constitute our best weapons in this critical battle. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - M. Suzanne Donovan A2 - John D. Bransford TI - How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom SN - DO - 10.17226/10126 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10126/how-students-learn-history-mathematics-and-science-in-the-classroom PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - How do you get a fourth-grader excited about history? How do you even begin to persuade high school students that mathematical functions are relevant to their everyday lives? In this volume, practical questions that confront every classroom teacher are addressed using the latest exciting research on cognition, teaching, and learning. How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom builds on the discoveries detailed in the bestselling How People Learn. Now, these findings are presented in a way that teachers can use immediately, to revitalize their work in the classroom for even greater effectiveness. Organized for utility, the book explores how the principles of learning can be applied in teaching history, science, and math topics at three levels: elementary, middle, and high school. Leading educators explain in detail how they developed successful curricula and teaching approaches, presenting strategies that serve as models for curriculum development and classroom instruction. Their recounting of personal teaching experiences lends strength and warmth to this volume. The book explores the importance of balancing students' knowledge of historical fact against their understanding of concepts, such as change and cause, and their skills in assessing historical accounts. It discusses how to build straightforward science experiments into true understanding of scientific principles. And it shows how to overcome the difficulties in teaching math to generate real insight and reasoning in math students. It also features illustrated suggestions for classroom activities. How Students Learn offers a highly useful blend of principle and practice. It will be important not only to teachers, administrators, curriculum designers, and teacher educators, but also to parents and the larger community concerned about children's education. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Stacey L. Knobler A2 - Alison Mack A2 - Adel Mahmoud A2 - Stanley M. Lemon TI - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11150 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11150/the-threat-of-pandemic-influenza-are-we-ready-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Public health officials and organizations around the world remain on high alert because of increasing concerns about the prospect of an influenza pandemic, which many experts believe to be inevitable. Moreover, recent problems with the availability and strain-specificity of vaccine for annual flu epidemics in some countries and the rise of pandemic strains of avian flu in disparate geographic regions have alarmed experts about the world's ability to prevent or contain a human pandemic. The workshop summary, The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? addresses these urgent concerns. The report describes what steps the United States and other countries have taken thus far to prepare for the next outbreak of "killer flu." It also looks at gaps in readiness, including hospitals' inability to absorb a surge of patients and many nations' incapacity to monitor and detect flu outbreaks. The report points to the need for international agreements to share flu vaccine and antiviral stockpiles to ensure that the 88 percent of nations that cannot manufacture or stockpile these products have access to them. It chronicles the toll of the H5N1 strain of avian flu currently circulating among poultry in many parts of Asia, which now accounts for the culling of millions of birds and the death of at least 50 persons. And it compares the costs of preparations with the costs of illness and death that could arise during an outbreak. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Cynthia B. Lloyd TI - Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries SN - DO - 10.17226/11174 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11174/growing-up-global-the-changing-transitions-to-adulthood-in-developing PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The challenges for young people making the transition to adulthood are greater today than ever before. Globalization, with its power to reach across national boundaries and into the smallest communities, carries with it the transformative power of new markets and new technology. At the same time, globalization brings with it new ideas and lifestyles that can conflict with traditional norms and values. And while the economic benefits are potentially enormous, the actual course of globalization has not been without its critics who charge that, to date, the gains have been very unevenly distributed, generating a new set of problems associated with rising inequality and social polarization. Regardless of how the globalization debate is resolved, it is clear that as broad global forces transform the world in which the next generation will live and work, the choices that today's young people make or others make on their behalf will facilitate or constrain their success as adults. Traditional expectations regarding future employment prospects and life experiences are no longer valid. Growing Up Global examines how the transition to adulthood is changing in developing countries, and what the implications of these changes might be for those responsible for designing youth policies and programs, in particular, those affecting adolescent reproductive health. The report sets forth a framework that identifies criteria for successful transitions in the context of contemporary global changes for five key adult roles: adult worker, citizen and community participant, spouse, parent, and household manager. ER -