%0 Book %A National Research Council %T C4ISR for Future Naval Strike Groups %@ 978-0-309-09600-3 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11605/c4isr-for-future-naval-strike-groups %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11605/c4isr-for-future-naval-strike-groups %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Space and Aeronautics %P 300 %X The Navy has put forth a new construct for its strike forces that enables more effective forward deterrence and rapid response. A key aspect of this construct is the need for flexible, adaptive command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. To assist development of this capability, the Navy asked the NRC to examine C4ISR for carrier, expeditionary, and strike and missile defense strike groups, and for expeditionary strike forces. This report provides an assessment of C4ISR capabilities for each type of strike group; recommendations for C4ISR architecture for use in major combat operations; promising technology trends; and an examination of organizational improvements that can enable the recommended architecture. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Veterans: Review of the Scientific Literature %@ 978-0-309-10254-4 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11757/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-in-veterans-review-of-the-scientific-literature %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11757/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-in-veterans-review-of-the-scientific-literature %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 62 %X Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) our Lou Gehrig's disease is a fatal, mostly non-familial disease that affects the nervous system of humans by causing the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The degeneration halts communication between the nervous system and voluntary muscles in the body. This leads to muscle paralysis and eventually the muscles that aid in breathing are affect; causing respiration to fail. The disease, which affects 20,000-30,000 men and women in the United States at any given time, has no effective treatment; most people with ALS die from respiratory failure within 5 years of the onset of symptoms. Recent epidemiologic studies report an association between the development of ALS and prior service in the U.S. military. The studies evaluated either veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War or veterans who served in the military in the period 1910-1982. Due to these findings, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) asked the National Academies to conduct an assessment of the potential relationship between military service and the later development of ALS. The project was assigned to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), which appointed a committee and gave it the task of evaluating the scientific literature on ALS in veterans. The committee began its work by identifying medical and scientific literature on ALS. PubMed, a database created and managed by the National Library of Medicine. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Veterans; Review of the Scientific Literature presents the findings of this committee. The committee reviewed, evaluated, and summarized the scientific literature on ALS in veterans, composed primarily of peer-reviewed, published literature. This report includes the recommendations of the committee. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis and Assessment %@ 978-0-309-10207-0 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11674/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-diagnosis-and-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11674/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-diagnosis-and-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Health and Medicine %P 86 %X In response to growing national concern about the number of veterans who might be at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of their military service, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to conduct a study on the diagnosis and assessment of, and treatment and compensation for PTSD. An existing IOM committee, the Committee on Gulf War and Health: Physiologic, Psychologic and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress, was asked to conduct the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment aspects of the study because its expertise was well-suited to the task. The committee was specifically tasked to review the scientific and medical literature related to the diagnosis and assessment of PTSD, and to review PTSD treatments (including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy) and their efficacy. In addition, the committee was given a series of specific questions from VA regarding diagnosis, assessment, treatment, and compensation. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a brief elaboration of the committee's responses to VA's questions, not a detailed discussion of the procedures and tools that might be used in the diagnosis and assessment of PTSD. The committee decided to approach its task by separating diagnosis and assessment from treatment and preparing two reports. This first report focuses on diagnosis and assessment of PTSD. Given VA's request for the report to be completed within 6 months, the committee elected to rely primarily on reviews and other well-documented sources. A second report of this committee will focus on treatment for PTSD; it will be issued in December 2006. A separate committee, the Committee on Veterans' Compensation for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, has been established to conduct the compensation study; its report is expected to be issued in December 2006. %0 Book %E Skelton, Renee %T Forecast Earth: The Story of Climate Scientist Inez Fung %@ 978-0-309-26993-3 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11547/forecast-earth-the-story-of-climate-scientist-inez-fung %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11547/forecast-earth-the-story-of-climate-scientist-inez-fung %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K %P 128 %X Inez Fung forecasts the future—a future when Earth could look and feel a lot different than it does now. Why care about climate change? Because it affects every living thing on Earth, including you. What if the climate where you live began to change dramatically? What if a warmer climate caused the polar ice caps to melt and sea levels to rise? Inez Fung is a climate scientist, someone who studies the causes of weather patterns and how they change over time. Inzez investigates why climate changes happen and how we can prepare for them, using data about the planet's land masses, oceans, and atmosphere to create computer models of Earth. Even gas and dust embedded in polar ice half a millions years ago can tell Inez about climates of the past—and give clues about Earth's climate future. Forecast Earth takes readers on a tour of the planet with a brilliant scientist as our guide. How did a quiet girl from Hong Kong grow up to become one of the world's most respected climate scientists? The life story of Inez Fung makes it clear that there are opportunities out there for everyone. This title aligns to Common Core standards: Interest Level Grades 6 - 8; Reading Level Grade level Equivalent: 7.1: Lexile Measure: 1080L; DRA: Not Available; Guided Reading: Z %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Biographical Memoirs: Volume 88 %@ 978-0-309-10389-3 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11807/biographical-memoirs-volume-88 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11807/biographical-memoirs-volume-88 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %P 396 %X Biographic Memoirs Volume 88 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Gulf War and Health: Volume 4: Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War %@ 978-0-309-10176-9 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11729/gulf-war-and-health-volume-4-health-effects-of-serving %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11729/gulf-war-and-health-volume-4-health-effects-of-serving %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Health and Medicine %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 292 %X In 1998, in response to the growing concerns that many returning Gulf War veterans began reporting numerous health problems that they believed to be associated with their service in the Persian Gulf, Congress passed two laws which directed the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to enter into a contract with the National Academy of Sciences. They were tasked to review and evaluate the scientific and medical literature regarding associations between illness and exposure to toxic agents, environmental or wartime hazards, and preventive medicines or vaccines associated with Gulf War service. In addition, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences provided conclusions to these studies that were considered when making decisions about compensation to veterans. Gulf War and Health Volume 4: Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War summarizes in one place the current status of health effects in veterans deployed to the Persian Gulf irrespective of exposure information. This book reviews, evaluates, and summarizes both peer-reviewed scientific and medical literature addressing the health status of Gulf War veterans. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Identification of Promising Naval Aviation Science and Technology Opportunities %@ 978-0-309-09729-1 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11566/identification-of-promising-naval-aviation-science-and-technology-opportunities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11566/identification-of-promising-naval-aviation-science-and-technology-opportunities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 112 %X The Department of Defense is developing the means to transform the nation’s armed forces to meet future military challenges. For the Navy and Marine Corps, this vision is encompassed in Naval Power 21. Many new war-fighting concepts will be needed to implement this vision, and the ONR has requested the NRC to identify new science and technology opportunities for new naval aviation capabilities to support those concepts. This report presents an assessment of what they imply for naval aviation, an analysis of some capabilities that, if developed, would make a significant contribution to realizing those concepts, and an identification of key technologies in which ONR could invest to achieve those capabilities. In particular, the report focuses on seven key capabilities: multispectral defense, unmanned air operations, hypersonic weapons delivery, fast-kill weapons, heavy-lift air transport, intelligent combat information management, and omniscient intelligence. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Disposition of the Air Force Health Study %@ 978-0-309-10099-1 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11590/disposition-of-the-air-force-health-study %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11590/disposition-of-the-air-force-health-study %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 276 %X The Vietnam War was fought in a jungle environment that provided cover to the enemy and made battlefield observations difficult, so military strategists used herbicides to remove foliage along key roads and waterways, defoliate areas surrounding enemy bases and supply and communications routes, and improve visibility in heavily canopied forests. The last three decades have seen an ongoing debate about the effects of this military use of herbicides and the potential adverse long-term health effects on those who may have been exposed to these herbicides. In response to these concerns, the Air Force Health Study (AFHS) was created to investigate the potential relationship between the herbicides used and the health problems of those exposed. Disposition of the Air Force Health Study assesses the scientific merit of the AFHS operations and procedures, and makes recommendations for improvement. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Defense Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis: Meeting the Challenge %@ 978-0-309-10303-9 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11726/defense-modeling-simulation-and-analysis-meeting-the-challenge %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11726/defense-modeling-simulation-and-analysis-meeting-the-challenge %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Engineering and Technology %P 96 %X Modeling, simulation, and analysis (MS&A) is a crucial tool for military affairs. MS&A is one of the announced pillars of a strategy for transforming the U.S. military. Yet changes in the enterprise of MS&A have not kept pace with the new demands arising from rapid changes in DOD processes and missions or with the rapid changes in the technology available to meet those demands. To help address those concerns, DOD asked the NRC to identify shortcomings in current practice of MS&A and suggest where and how they should be resolved. This report provides an assessment of the changing mission of DOD and environment in which it must operate, an identification of high-level opportunities for MS&A research to address the expanded mission, approaches for improving the interface between MS&A practitioners and decision makers, a discussion of training and continuing education of MS&A practitioners, and an examination of the need for coordinated military science research to support MS&A. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %E Sharber, A. Chelsea %T Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-10245-2 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11698/countering-urban-terrorism-in-russia-and-the-united-states-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11698/countering-urban-terrorism-in-russia-and-the-united-states-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 256 %X In January-February 2005, the National Academies Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States and the Russian Academy of Sciences Standing Committee on Counterterrorism held a workshop on urban terrorism in Washington, D.C. Prior to the workshop, three working groups convened to focus on the topics of energy systems vulnerabilities, transportation systems vulnerabilities, and cyberterrorism issues. The working groups met with local experts and first responders, prepared reports, and presented their findings at the workshop. Other workshop papers focused on various organizations' integrated response to acts of urban terrorism, recent acts of terrorism, radiological terrorism, biological terrorism, cyberterrorism, and the roots of terrorism. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Basic Research in Information Science and Technology for Air Force Needs %@ 978-0-309-10031-1 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11529/basic-research-in-information-science-and-technology-for-air-force-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11529/basic-research-in-information-science-and-technology-for-air-force-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 116 %X The U.S. Air Force is developing new force capabilities appropriate to an emerging array of threats. It is clear that advances in information science and technology (IS&T) are essential for most of these new capabilities. As a consequence, the Air Force is finding it necessary to refocus its IS&T basic research program to provide stronger support for reaching these goals. To assist this effort, the AFOSR asked the NRC for a study to create a vision and plan for the IS&T-related programs within the Office’s Mathematics and Space Science Directorate. This report provides an assessment of basic research needs for Air Force systems and communications, software, information management and integration, and human interactions with IS&T systems. The report also offers a set of priorities for basic IS&T research, and an analysis of funding mechanisms its support. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Innovative Techniques in the Planning and Financing of Public Transportation Projects %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23256/innovative-techniques-in-the-planning-and-financing-of-public-transportation-projects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23256/innovative-techniques-in-the-planning-and-financing-of-public-transportation-projects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 16 %X TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Results Digest 77: Innovative Techniques in the Planning and Financing of Public Transportation Projects provides an overview of the study mission performed October 20–November 5, 2005, that investigated innovative techniques in the planning and financing of public transportation projects in Spain, Denmark, the People’s Republic of China, and Japan. The mission was performed under the International Transit Studies Program, which is part of TCRP. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Appendixes to TCRP Report 118: Bus Rapid Transit Practitioner's Guide %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22043/appendixes-to-tcrp-report-118-bus-rapid-transit-practitioners-guide %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22043/appendixes-to-tcrp-report-118-bus-rapid-transit-practitioners-guide %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 0 %X TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Web-Only Document 39, Appendixes to TCRP Report 118: Bus Rapid Transit Practitioner’s Guide includes the appendixes to TCRP Report 118. The appendixes contain summaries of research that analyzed the ability of express bus and bus rapid transit services to attract riders relative to the ability of rail transit to attract riders, describes key ridership studies, and includes the survey and responses used to help developed the report. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Instrumentation for a Better Tomorrow: Proceedings of a Symposium in Honor of Arnold Beckman %@ 978-0-309-10116-5 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11695/instrumentation-for-a-better-tomorrow-proceedings-of-a-symposium-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11695/instrumentation-for-a-better-tomorrow-proceedings-of-a-symposium-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 76 %X On November 15, 2004, the National Academies sponsored a symposium at the Beckman Center in honor of Arnold O. Beckman. The symposium concentrated on the wide-ranging practical applications of scientific instrumentation as was the focus of much of Arnold Beckman’s career. The report begins with two presentations: a remembrance by Arnold Beckman’s daughter, Pat, and an overview of his life and accomplishments by Arnold Thackray, President of the Chemical Heritage Foundation. The next section contains presentations on the application of instrumentation in seven, diverse areas: organic chemistry, molecular and systems biology, synchrotron x-ray sources, nanoscale chemistry, forensics, and clinical medicine. Finally, there is a summary of a panel discussion on the evolving relationship between instrumentation and research. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Modeling Community Containment for Pandemic Influenza: A Letter Report %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11800/modeling-community-containment-for-pandemic-influenza-a-letter-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11800/modeling-community-containment-for-pandemic-influenza-a-letter-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 46 %X Scientists and policymakers have expressed concerns that the U.S. may soon face a pandemic in which neither vaccines nor sufficient antivirals will be available to protect the public. Some have argued that nonpharmaceutical community containment strategies may help in the absence of sufficient medical interventions. There has been some research - historical and modeling - examining the possible utility of these strategies. This report assesses the possible utility of these strategies and formulates conclusions and recommendations for policymakers. While the report's primary and intended purpose is to advise policymakers, the report will be useful in educating other stakeholders about pandemic influenza, including current state-of-affairs, state of science, and ongoing considerations for confronting the disease. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Bus Transit Service in Land Development Planning %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14002/bus-transit-service-in-land-development-planning %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14002/bus-transit-service-in-land-development-planning %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 72 %X TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 67: Bus Transit Service in Land Development Planning examines successful strategies that assist in the incorporation of bus transit service into land developments, as well as the challenges that transit agencies face when attempting to do so. The report also explores the state of the practice regarding the use and components of transit agency development guidelines. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Marcus, Steven %T ICT Fluency and High Schools: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-10246-9 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11709/ict-fluency-and-high-schools-a-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11709/ict-fluency-and-high-schools-a-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 102 %X Information and communications technology (ICT) pervades virtually all domains of modern life—educational, professional, social, and personal. Yet although there have been numerous calls for linkages that enable ICT competencies acquired in one domain to benefit another, this goal has largely remained unrealized. In particular, while technology skills and applications at work could be greatly enhanced by earlier complementary learning at school—particularly in K-12 education, a formative and influential stage in a person's life—little progress has been made on such linkages. At present, the curricula of most U.S. high schools focus on skills in the use of tools such as specific word-processing software or contemporary Internet search engines. Although these kinds of skills are certainly valuable—at least for a while—they comprise just one component, and the most rudimentary component, of ICT competencies. The National Academies held a workshop in October 2005 to address the specifics of ICT learning during the high school years would require an explicit effort to build on that report. The workshop was designed to extend the work begun in the report Being Fluent with Information Technology, which identified key components of ICT fluency and discussed their implications for undergraduate education. ICT Fluency and High Schools summarizes the workshop, which had three primary objectives: (1) to examine the need for updates to the ICT-fluency framework presented in the 1999 study; (2) to identify and analyze the most promising current efforts to provide in high schools many of the ICT competencies required not only in the workplace but also in people's day-to-day functioning as citizens; and (3) to consider what information or research is needed to inform efforts to help high school students develop ICT fluency. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Smartcard Interoperability Issues for the Transit Industry %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14012/smartcard-interoperability-issues-for-the-transit-industry %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14012/smartcard-interoperability-issues-for-the-transit-industry %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 99 %X TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 115: Smartcard Interoperability Issues for the Transit Industry explores interoperability; identifies information needed by public agencies to implement smartcard payment systems interoperability; examines the necessary information flows; and outlines a set of functions needed for a standard public domain application programming interface (API) that may be used in the development of a uniform application protocol data unit (APDU). The report also includes a prototype for an API and an APDU that demonstrates this “proof of concept” for International Organization for Standardization-compliant Type A and Type B cards. %0 Book %E McKernan, Ruth %T Billy's Halo: Love, Science and My Father's Death %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11555/billys-halo-love-science-and-my-fathers-death %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11555/billys-halo-love-science-and-my-fathers-death %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %P 292 %X As Ruth McKernan’s father slowly succumbs to a mysterious illness, she relies on her professional training as a neuroscientist to help her work through her fear and grief. This moving memoir of love, science, and a parent’s death is an inspired blend of personal revelations and professional insights. Science is just one way of looking at life. As a neuroscientist working at the forefront of medical research, it is Ruth McKernan’s way. For a while it was her father Billy’s way, too. Indeed, science was a language they shared—until Billy inexplicably lapsed into a coma after being admitted to the hospital. As Ruth watches her father’s life ebbing away, she struggles to understand what is happening, grasping for control of the scientific knowledge that would allow her to objectify and analyze his medical condition. A postman’s son who parlayed his formidable intellect and natural strength of character into a successful career, Billy was always a difficult and demanding father. But it took his collapse and slow slide toward death for Ruth to realize how intense her feelings were for him. Ruth recounts the story of Billy’s last year while exploring a collection of cutting-edge scientific themes—delving into memory, consciousness, microbes, and stem cells—gracefully linking them together like pearls strung upon the thread of her father’s life. A true labor of love, Billy’s Halo shines with heartfelt emotion, yet manages to provide a crystal-clear explanation of the way our brains and bodies work in sickness and in health. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wessner, Charles W. %T The Telecommunications Challenge: Changing Technologies and Evolving Policies: Report of a Symposium %@ 978-0-309-10087-8 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11680/the-telecommunications-challenge-changing-technologies-and-evolving-policies-report-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11680/the-telecommunications-challenge-changing-technologies-and-evolving-policies-report-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Engineering and Technology %P 218